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This book presents proceedings of the 17th Rencontres Sabeennes held in Paris, 6-8 June 2013.

Proceedings of the international conference, Iäi, Romania, November 6-10, 2013Archaeological heritage helps to define the age and origins of a culture, the history and traditions of a nation, a country or a certain ethno-cultural space in relation to other states or cultural spaces. Today, archaeological goods are treated as part of all humanity, which needs to be treated accordingly. The preservation of archaeological sites is strongly linked to the study, safeguarding and evaluation of unearthed archaeological vestiges. At the same time, this field is faced with the need to salvage or restore sites. As cultural heritage, archaeological goods are very attractive for collectors, and become subjects of illicit activities such as illegal excavations and trade. Hence, for preserving archaeological heritage we need an efficient management with a frame of activities focused on preserving, researching, conservation, and restoration of the cultural resources for future generations.European and international Conventions play an important role in the process of archaeological heritage preservation, but one of the most important acts is the revised European Convention on the Protection of Archaeological Heritage. Two decades after the signing of the Valletta Convention (Malta, 1992), it is the time to do a large evaluation of its implementation. All countries have a rich past, but they have different systems for cultural heritage preservation, from regional autonomy to federal control.Under the aegis of the lasi Institute of Archaeology of the Romanian Academy - lasi branch, the project entitled Current Trends in Archaeological Heritage Preservation: National and International Perspectives was launched in 2011 with the financial support of the Romanian National Council of Scientific Research (CNCS), with the intent purpose of analysing the archaeological-heritage preservation policies of Romania and their interplay with the European and international counterparts.Out of the project came the organisation of an international conference which took place in lasi on the 6th- 10th November 2013. The event was organised by the Iasi Institute of Archaeology in partnership with the European Association of Archaeologists, the "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University of Iasi, the "Moldova" National Museum Complex from Iasi and the National Museum of Romanian History, Bucharest. The conference's goal was to share the experience and to discuss actual situation on the field of archaeological heritage preservation in various countries. This volume gathers most of the papers presented at the conference, and itspublication is meant to disseminate to an audience, as wide as possible, the latest work of those working in the field and to promote the latest trends in the protection and management of the archaeological heritage.

The Moche art style is best known through its highly refined ceramic vessels, which frequently accompanied burials. Estimates suggest that there are over 100,000 Moche vessels in museum and private collections worldwide (Donnan 1976: 13). The vessels, often decorated in a strongly pictorial style uncharacteristic of art of the Central Andean region, offer modern viewers tantalizing glimpses of Moche worldview. The highly consistent and formalized iconography on Moche vessels has been the topic of numerous studies, beginning around the middle of the last century, which have shed light on important aspects of Moche society such as mythology, social organization and ceremonialism. A particularly confounding subset of Moche ceramics portrays figures, including deities, skeletal beings, humans and animals, engaged in sexual acts. While such vessels inevitably arouse the interest of modern museum visitors, to date, relatively few scholarly studies have investigated the emic meanings of Moche sexual vessels and the artistic intent behind their creation. This study focuses on portrayals of an often-depicted Moche deity who, in this instance, copulates with a woman figure and argues that such images drew upon widespread beliefs concerning the functions of a vital cosmos to make potent ideological claims of legitimacy in a richly metaphorical visual landscape.

This book presents the rich and varied archaeological record from excavations carried out between 2004-2010 in the Saja river basin, Cantabria, northern Spain.

The Valley of Sagittarius and the Peligna Dell between the fourth and first centuries BC: Trends and Delvelopments of Romanization. In the Peligna Valley, there is a poor understanding of Romanization as a phenomenon. The state of the documentation is very substantial but it is fragmentary and unsystematic in large parts. This book examines the most significant discoveries and studies in the Sagittarius valley and Peligna Dell from the beginning of the modern era to the present time. The theme of Romanization is introduced and defined from an historical point of view and the methodology that is followed is looked at, examining the advantages and limitations involved.

Contents: Introduction (Robert Hillenbrand); I. METALWORK AND TEXTILES: The Freer Canteen: Jerusalem or Jazira? (Teresa Fitzherbert); Mamluk Textiles (Maria Sardi); The Captivating Power of Textiles (Miriam Ali-de-Unzaga); II. CERAMICS: Unravelling the Enigmatic Fourteenth-Century Mamluk and Mongol Fine Wares: How to Solve the Problem (Rosalind A.

This publication is the first volume of what is intended to be a series of publications on the archaeology of the Timpone della Motta, a hill of 280m asl at Francavilla Marittima (Calabria, southern Italy) where the Groningen Institute of Archaeology has carried out a series of excavations between 1963 and 1969. Among the excavations, the 'acropolis' site has revealed the remains of an Oenotrian-Italic sanctuary dating from circa 800-730BC. This sanctuary contained among other features an apsidal timber building with a courtyard and altar, and a large room used for textile production. Significant among the Early Iron Age ceramics is the characteristic Italic/Oenotrian-Geometric production of matt-painted pottery that existed in Calabria, Basilicata and Campania. The Oenotrian pottery workshops of Francavilla-Lagaria were very much part of this Geometric, matt-painted tradition. From the pottery from the Timpone della Motta and the tombs of the Macchiabate necropolis at Francavilla Marittima a distinctive, local, Middle Geometric decorative style emerges, one mainly based on painted undulating bands as decorative elements, which were named the 'Undulating Band Style'. The style continued in a modified form during the Late Geometric period and is the specific subject of this volume in the series.

A collection of papers presented at the Third BICANE Colloquium held at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge in March of 2011.

This is the third volume on ceramics in a series of publications on research carried out by Groningen University in the period 1991-2004 on the Timpone della Motta, Francavilla Marittima (Calabria), under the direction of the author. This volume, on the 'Fringe Style', contains a fully illustrated catalogue of the material accompanied by a valuable discussion about material from this site, as well as relating it to Matt-painted pottery production at other sites, and discusses the chronological information. It therefore provides a valuable detailed account of an assemblage from pre-Roman Italy, a comparatively neglected period.

The two small-scale and hyper-intensive surface artifact surveys presented in this study were the first glimpse of the type and distribution of settlement on a parish level and in a rural context, in the regions along the Vardar Valley. Not attempting to offer a representative coverage of the region as a whole or of certain types of micro-geographic entities, the surveys were rather concentrated on 1) reconstructing the long-term history of individual settlements (by means of highly intensive and systematic survey coverage and careful study of the ceramic fabrics); 2) understanding the integral set of habitation practices (by adopting a site-less approach in the interpretation of the surface artifact scatters) and 3) exploring the type of micro-topographic elements preferred by the local farming communities (the concept of settlement niche). The study and interpretation of the field data faced us with the problem of understanding the settlement dynamic on a micro-level, but it also brought up a series of interpretative and methodological problems inherent to all studies of surface archaeological material.

RESUMEN El final del Pleistoceno en la Región Cantábrica (norte de la Península Ibérica) es testigo de una serie de importantes transformaciones ambientales, sociales y culturales. Desde el punto de vista climático y ambiental, el Tardiglaciar se caracteriza por una gran inestabilidad, y supone a grandes rasgos el fin de unas condiciones glaciares y la transición a otras más templadas y húmedas. Esto conlleva el desarrollo de masas forestales caducifolias, principalmente de robledales y bosques mixtos atlánticos, que van desplazando los bosques de pinos dominantes durante el Würm. La progresiva sustitución de bosques de coníferas por otros caducifolios pudo haber influido en los cambios económicos y la organización social de las sociedades del final del Paleolítico. En este trabajo, se analizan los cambios en el paisaje del valle del río Asón (Cantabria) a lo largo del Tardiglaciar. Para ello, se ha desarrollado, mediante el empleo de un Sistema de Información Geográfica (SIG), un modelo predictivo de distribución potencial de la vegetación arbórea. Este modelo, basado en los requerimientos ecológicos de las principales taxa arbóreos identificados en los diagramas políticos de la región, estima las áreas donde mayor probabilidad de desarrollo tendría cada especie. Los resultados obtenidos permiten comprobar un importante cambio en la distribución espacial de las principales masas forestales a lo largo del Tardiglaciar y del Holoceno inicial. Este cambio en el paisaje, y por lo tanto en la distribución de los recursos asociados a los bosques caducifolios, pudo haber influido en los cambios observados en las estrategias de subsistencia y los patrones de asentamiento de los grupos de cazadores y recolectores del Magdaleniense Superior y el Aziliense.ABSTRACT The end of the Pleistocene in the Cantabrian Region (northern Iberia) witnesses a series of major environmental, social and cultural changes. From a climatic and environmental point of view, the Lateglacial is characterized by a high instability, and broadly means the transition from glacial to warmer and milder conditions. This transition implies the development of deciduous forests, mainly oakwoods and Atlantic mixed forests, which displaced the pine forests dominant during the Würm glaciation. The continual substitution of conifers by deciduous forests might have had an influence on the changes in the economy and the social organization of Late Palaeolithic societies. In this work, changes in the landscape of the Asón river valley (Cantabria) during the Lateglacial are analysed. To do this, a GIS-based predictive model for the potential distribution of tree vegetation was developed. This model, based on the ecological requirements of the main taxa identified in pollen diagrams from the region, estimates the areas where each species could have had higher probabilities to develop. The results obtained allow verifying an important change in the spatial distribution of the main forest types during the Lateglacial and the early Holocene. This change in the landscape, and therefore in the distribution of the resources related to deciduous forests, might have had an influenced in the changes observed in the subsistence strategies and the settlement patterns of Upper Magdalenian and Azilian hunter and gatherer communities.

The main aim of this project was to document as many existing structures as possible due to the rapid development of rural areas, and a fear that these important historical features of the landscape would soon disappear. The book contains a detailed and illustrated catalogue of the water mills of Jordan, Cyprus and parts of Syria, and a concise one of those in Palestine. It also provides a useful summary of the historical and contemporary documentary evidence about the use of water technology for many socially and economically important functions, such as grain, water and sugar milling. What has emerged from a study of architecture, history, landscape and society is an intriguing picture of socio-economic interdependencies in both rural and urban societies, where the water mill had a defined and often vital role.

This volume presents the findings of the Michoacan III project, which aimed to investigate and illuminate the mysterious early post classic occupation phase in the Michoacan region, Mexico. It focuses on the settlements of the Milpillas region, particularly on group B, providing an extremely detailed and thorough catalogue of the structures here, as well as investigating what activities would have taken place there, to provide a thorough overview of the site. Accompanying it will be another volume to place this site in the wider context of the settlement patterns of the Tarascan empire more generally.

Though the Silk Road has long fascinated writers and archaeologists, its northern-most branch has been comparatively neglected in ancient and modern times. This timely volume about the route between the Volga and Kama Rivers Regions and the classical world, rectifies this imbalance. It provides a reader of literary sources regarding trade between these two regions, written by Greek and Roman authors, but also a catalogue of the archaeological remains of transit trade in the Volga and Kama Rivers Regions. As such, it contains a more rounded view than all previous accounts, as it does not only rely on Classical, literary perspectives on this trade network, but is able to examine its effects on both groups of traders. It also carefully traces how these trade relations changed over time as the societies at both ends of it constantly evolved, treating this subject over the course of thirteen hundred years, from the sixth century B.C. to the seventh century A.D. The value of this book lies in the fact that the comprehensive and thorough archaeological, and textual, analysis will allow a more precise and complete examination of the main mechanisms of trade and economic relationships between societies which occupied different levels of socio-economic and political development.

This work examines the development of votive offerings at Athens during the fourth century B.C., as well as the social and artistic changes this accompanied. It provides a valuable catalogue of the Attic votive inscriptions to Athena Ergane and the increasingly popular healing deities, in particular Asklepius. It not only provides a detailed epigraphic and linguistic analysis of the votive texts, but also contextualises them into the archaeological sites, artistic scene, religious landscape and society they belong to. Through this combination of detailed study and broad contextualisation, the affinities between 4th century votive habits and those of the preceding period are examined, as is the emergence of new motifs that became increasingly prevalent throughout the Hellenistic period. As a result this book provides a new insight into the dynamic and important subject of social change in late Classical and early Hellenistic Greece, through the lens of votive healing offerings, a highly evocative and insightful class of object.

Cerro Muriano is a small population centre situated 16 km to the north of the city of Córdoba, between the municipalities of Córdoba and Obejo (Andalusia, Spain). This territory is situated over a large field of copper veins, which has been exploited by the different peoples and societies that have populated Córdoba's mountain range Sierra Morena. The mining and metallurgy of this red metal have been used to track the evolution of this site over time. This has produced much archaeological evidence, ranging from the Copper Age to the 20th century. From 1897 to 1919, the mines of Cerro Muriano were worked -with the new technologies brought by industrialisation- by four different, but closely related, English companies. These companies generated a complete mining settlement; a plant of considerable dimensions for washing and concentrating the minerals, calcining them, smelting them, and finally converting the matte into blister copper; and a populated complex of various neighbourhoods composed of houses, shacks and barracks. In addition, there was other infrastructure required to sustain a society (e.g., a school, canteen, theatre, church, hospital, etc.), buildings for work (e.g., offices and a laboratory), and other spaces for production, storage, and distribution. It was specifically the train that connected the city of Córdoba with the coal-mining area of Peñarroya-Belmez-Espiel which permitted the English to set up their business in a mountainous location. However, at the end of the 19th century, the train did not stop at Cerro Muriano; in fact, there was nothing to motivate the construction of a train station there: neither a consolidated population nor any important economic activity. Thus, one of the primary objectives of the initial English capitalinvestment was to bring the rail line to its properties. Therefore, mining and railways marked the origin of Cerro Muriano as we know it today. This study case of Cerro Muriano during the English period found that it was a faithful reflection of its time. Spanish mining in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was heavily influenced by the involvement of foreign companies. This should not be seen as a distinctive feature of Spain as a whole, but rather as the result of an international situation in which mining underwent a kind of premature globalisation. It may be argued that the British Cerro Muriano was a standard product. In it, we can discern many of the features typical of the international expansion and industrialisation of mining and metallurgy operations: the key introduction of new technology in the exploitation of the mine, the fundamental importance of the railway, the eclectic nature of the whole in terms of the technology employed, and the creation of a mining village, in the town- planning and social senses. In short, Cerro Muriano is a good example of economically-colonialist mining activity that seems to show that the highly topical subject of globalization is not a new phenomenon, since the evolution of technology and the spread use of the same machines on an international scale -among other circumstances- facilitated the homogenization of the world we inhabit today.

La quarta spedizione di ricerca sulle strutture sotterranee di Ahlat (Turchia sud-orientale), nel 2010, si è sviluppata su quattro obiettivi principali che hanno aggiunto nuove significative conoscenze sull'habitat rupestre di questa vasta area vulcanica.La parziale asportazione dei sedimenti che occludono un lungo cu-nicolo sta rivelando un articolato reticolo ipogeo con interessanti prospettive su sviluppo, funzioni e tecnichedi scavo. L'individuazione di un quarto acquedotto sotterraneo e la probabile localizzazione della tomba diun martire cristiano del XV secolo in zone rupestri periferiche, si aggiungono a ulteriori ritrovamenti nel cuore stesso dell'area archeologica: un pozzo, diverse cavità adibite a depositi agricoli, un edificio interrato(zecca), una neviera, iscrizioni lapidee, ecc.The fourth research expedition on the underground structures of Ahlat (south-eastern Turkey), in 2010, developed on four main targets that added significant new knowledge about the rocky habitat of this wide volcanic area. The partial removal of sediments that occlude a long tunnel reveal an underground complex network with interesting perspectives about development, functions and excavation techniques. The identification of a fourth underground aqueduct and the probable location of the tomb of a fifteenth century Christian martyr in rocky peripheral areas, join to other findings in the very heart of the archaeological area: a shaft, many cavities used as farm-storage, a buried building (mint), a snow-house, tombstone inscriptions, etc.

This doctoral thesis is a study of the development of pottery production in the communities of the Second Iron Age that settled in what is now the area encompassing the Basque Country. Three sites, Los Castros de Lastra, Basagain and Munoaundi, are fortified settlements on hilltops, while Santiagomendi is an unfortified settlement and the fortified settlement of La Hoya is located on a plain, with a highly developed urban area. As a starting point, a comprehensive and integrated approach was sought to bring together a typological and morphological approach towards the collections, including decorative aspects as well as an assessment of the technological and functional standards of the pieces. To this end, as a theoretical basis, the concept of chaîne opératoire has been employed as a theoretical framework, within which different methods of approaching the pottery including morphological study, macroscopic description, archaeometry, experimental archaeology and ethnoarchaeological coverage.

The present volume is based on research articles submitted as part of an international conference Exploring Human Origins: Exciting discoveries at the start of the 21st Century', 5-10 August 2013 in Manchester, UK, under the auspices of the International Union of the Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences (IUAES). The main focus of these papers was to record the more recent fossil, archaeological and genomic discoveries in the field of human origins and evolution, besides a few very significant ones made in 1990s. This volume presents the findings of various researchers that highlight different perspectives contributing to the greater understanding of human origins and ongoing evolution.

Edited by F. Pimenta, N. Ribeiro, F. Silva, N. Campion, A Joaquinito and L. Tirapicos.Proceedings of the SEAC 2011 conference.Since Prehistory, the sky has always been integrated as part of the cosmovision of human societies. The sky played a fundamental role not only in the orientation of space, time organization, ritual practices or celestial divination, but also as an element of power. Migrations and voyages are intrinsic to humankind, they opened the routes for cultural diffusion and trade, but also for power dominance. Following these routes is also to follow cultural diversity and how human societies met or clashed. The sky and astronomical phenomena provided the tools for time reckoning, calendar organization and celestial navigation that supported those voyages. Astronomy today gives us the capacity to reproduce the sky, opening a window through which we can glimpse how those societies perceived, integrated and manipulated the sky into their world-views and their myths and, ultimately, into their social organization. The papers presented in this volume were submitted after the 19th meeting of the European Society for Astronomy in Culture, Évora, Portugal, 19th-23rd September, 2011.

The Vindolanda Tablets are rightly famous for the insights they provide into the life of Roman auxiliaries on the province of Britain's northern frontier around the turn of the first century AD. This study focuses on the various kinds of evidence provided for economic activity in the early Roman Empire, the aim is to investigate how best to comprehend the economic system attested at Vindolanda and to consider the wider implications for studies of the ancient economy in general. This is accomplished by a three-step approach: first, the nature of the Vindolandan evidence is assessed, and the state of research on both studies of the ancient economy and the economy of early Roman Britain is accounted for, so as to highlight the value of the Vindolanda Tablets and lay the ground for the interpretations which follow. Second, the economic activities attested by the tablets are analysed in terms of market exchange, redistribution and reciprocity, and each category is developed to suit the unique character of the evidence. Moreover, select phenomena attested at Vindolanda are compared or contrasted with evidence from similar Roman frontier establishments in other places and periods of antiquity. Third, a model is outlined which takes into account the different economic behaviours revealed by the tablets and attempts to fit them together into one coherent, economic system, whilst also relating the activities to questions of scale in the ancient economy; moreover, the conclusions drawn in the study are discussed and compared with those of the most important authors on the subject, and the value and potential of the findings made are put into a wider perspective.

This book is timely. As the contributions in it illustrate, 2D and 3D modeling of cultural heritage is no longer used just to illustrate the location and appearance (past or present) of archaeological sites, but also as a tool to discover and recover data from archaeological remains. There are better ways of predicting where this data might be found under the surface. When applied to the legacy excavation data of a cultural heritage site -or when used to record the progress of a new excavation, 3D modeling has the potential to mitigate the irreversible and destructive nature of archaeological excavation, an unfortunate, ironic, and unavoidable central fact of archaeology as traditionally practiced. With the widespread adoption of 3D technologies to record and reconstruct archaeological sites, the archaeologist can virtually preserve the site through 3D data capture as we dig it up. And, once the 3D data gathered in the field has been modeled, it is possible to retrace decisions and test the validity of conclusions with more precision and confidence.

The subject of this monograph is the archaeology of the jew's harp in Europe. It is based on archaeological finds collected from various sources and compiled into a database.

This is a study on textile production in central Tyrrhenian Italy from the final Bronze Age to the Republican period. Textile production is studied here through its technological, social and economic aspects. Textiles and their making were important parts of all fields of life in ancient Italy. Textiles and textile implements are found from settlement sites, burials, votive deposits and sanctuaries. The differences between the finds from different contexts through time point out the changes in material culture related to textile-making. The changes in the materials also indicate the change from household production of textiles to a workshop mode of production and specialisation, and later the development of slave involvement. Through the scope of this study one learns that textile production went through the introduction of many new technologies. This book presents new insights on the importance of textile-making in the ancient society and economy. The question of the importance of textile-making is approached through different angles concerning age, gender, ethnicity, social status, profession and religion, and in so doing a new insight on the multifaceted identity of textile makers and their social status is built.

Chichén Itzá is a UNESCO-designated World Heritage site, one of the largest and most accessible Maya archaeological areas in southern Mexico. The densely clustered architecture of the site core covers an area of at least 6.5 square kilometres, and smaller scale residential architecture extends for an unknown distance beyond the site core. Although the history of archaeological study of the site extends back over a century, the most significant and productive effort was that directed between 1924 and 1940 by Sylvanus G. Morley under the sponsorship of the Carnegie Institution of Washington. Morley prepared a draft of a Guide Book to the Ruins of Chichén Itzá in 1946, which has since languished in the archaeological archives. Although dated and probably quaint by modern standards, Morley's guide to Chichén Itzá remains the only synthesis of the site based on almost 20 years of excavation, consolidation, and restoration of the ruins. Our interest in publishing Morley's manuscript was based on several factors: it was Morley's last written work; it was the only synthesis of Morley's work on Chichén Itzá; and, quite simply, it is a work important to the history of the study of Maya archaeology. Several modifications have been made to the manuscript. We have attempted to leave as much of the original text as written by Morley. Sections that have been corrected by more recent research are amended and included as notes. Repetitious text has been removed and obvious errors in spelling and punctuation have been corrected. Notes have been added by the editors to explain or amplify statements in the manuscript. In addition, written commentary on the original manuscript by Karl Ruppert has been included as notes.

Cambridge Monographs in African Archaeology 89This research is a departure from the traditional archaeological pottery analysis in Kenya, where emphasis has been on decorations and forms. It uses a technological approach to offer additional information on Bantu pottery. Pottery decorations and forms are still powerful instruments in defining the spatial and temporal distributions of prehistoric populations, but the ability of these attributes to mark social boundaries is limited by their obvious visibility on the finished product. Whilst this explicit visibility is an advantage for archaeologists who seek to explore temporal and spatial distributions of different wares, it is problematic, since it is possible for socially, ethnically, and linguistically distinct communities to copy from each other, making salient pottery features unreliable indicators of social boundaries. Therefore, this study emphasises the production stage, which is not as obvious on the finished product and must be learnt by apprenticeship only through kinship. This study sought to establish the social boundaries for makers of Tana ware; an Iron Age pottery attributed by some to Bantu speakers, whilst others attribute it to Cushitic speakers. Chaîne opératoire was used as an analytical tool for archaeological data collected from Manda and Ungwana site assemblages. Ethnographic reference data was collected from Cushitic and Bantu speakers from the Coastal and Highland regions of Kenya. Ethno-historical data was derived from library resources, while experimental data were obtained from the field.

Edited by Katina T. Lillios, Anna J. Waterman, Jennifer Mack, Joe Alan Artz and Liv Nilsson-StutzThis volume presents the results of archaeological research conducted at the Late Neolithic-Early Bronze Age burial site of Bolores between 2007 and 2012, which built on work carried out in 1986. Bolores is a small site (5 x 3 m), yet the analysis of its structure and associated materials have yielded a rich and nuanced picture of a small population of people who lived, and died, in the third and second millennia BC in the Portuguese Estremadura. Although our research focused on the small-scale, it also attempted to bridge this perspective with the larger social and cultural dynamics at play during the time. It advocates, in its own way, for greater attention to the micro-scale: small sites, small objects, bone fragments, and details in ritual practice. In a time when Big Data, Big History, and global phenomena loom large in public and scholarly imagination, we think it is also important to understand the variegated texture of local, small-scale social practices, which, after all, are linked to broader sociocultural phenomena and hold the key to understanding resistance and social change.

A detailed illustrated catalogue of 406 (Mediterranean, Africa and Near East) ceramic lamps, dated from the Bronze Age to Late Roman era, from the Rivel Collection.

The contributors to the present volume were asked to variously address its central theme from perspectives offered by jointly anthropological and archaeological approaches, as well as to engage some of the philosophical implications of landscape as highly interdisciplinary concept - one, which can and does draw upon a range of life and physical sciences.

This study concerns the economic and social history of Fundi in Roman times. Fundi is a town in southern coastal Latium and was especially active in Late-Republican and Imperial times. The author traces the historical development of the city from the earliest data through to Roman times. The region is one of the lesser studied territories in Latium, and whereas other regional cities have had archaeological surveys, studies and researches, data on Fondi and its immediate environs are inadequate. This work remedies this lacuna and adds to the available knowledge of a city that was important in Roman times. The new data was provided by the author's personal surveys, leading to the discovery of unknown testimonies of Roman occupation and new epigraphic records. Furthermore, the author was able to use other interesting and underestimated (or unknown) local sources, such as antiquarians of previous centuries who were able to see and describe ancient buildings, roads and epigraphic evidence that is now lost to us. There are six main chapters: the first is an introduction; the second presents data on pre-Roman times; the third is concerned with so-called 'romanisation', the fourth is dedicated to the late Republic; the fifth deals with Imperial times; the final chapter covers Late Antiquity.