Bøker utgitt av BAR Publishing

Liguria, North-West Italy, is a region sited between the Mediterranean and the Alps. Between XVI and XIII c. BC the region experienced continuity and discontinuity in material culture and land occupation strategy. That chronological period, known as Middle and Late Bronze Age, coincided with movements throughout the Central Mediterranean (Aegean Sea to Sardinia-Sicily-Southern Italy) and in Central Europe (Danube Valley until Eastern France and Eastern Italy). Indirect consequences of this movement can be seen in a marginal region like Liguria. A regional panorama of settlements and material culture is presented. Pottery continuity and discontinuity is analyzed and granted new perspectives by applying a techno-typological analytical model.

An extensive sediment sampling project was part of the overall excavation strategy for the Tuscany Site Archaeological Project (EgPn-377), location of the University of Calgary field school from 1995-1997. A series of paleosols in the lower stratigraphy yielded charred botanical remains and other materials like insects and terrestrial mollusks. The charred botanical remains were the focus of this study, enabling a paleoenvironmental reconstruction analysis and a paleoethnobotanical interpretation for people living in the landscape at ~7800 years ago. This study provides a very rare glimpse and summary of some of the in situ paleo-vegetation cover found in a dry-land site on the high plains of North America during the early Holocene.

The book presents finds from twenty-four Late Iron Age graves excavated between 2001 and 2003 on the hillfort Dragiši¿ located in the middle Dalmatia, Croatia. The graves yielded a large number of finds including fibulae; pins; rings and other circlet-shaped jewellery; bracelets; pendants; elements of attire and toiletry accessories; buttons and appliqués; temple-rings, hair-pins, and earrings; glass beads; cowry shell; Roman glass vessels and pottery finds. The published grave assemblages cover the chronological period dated from the fifth century BC until the middle of the second century AD.

The study of salt during British prehistory has experienced an awakening during the past 40 years. In this work the author explores the evidence for the production of salt in the coastal regions of Essex, along the south coast and at the Droitwich salt springs in the prehistoric period. The evidence for the distribution of salt from Essex, the south coast and the salt springs of Droitwich and Cheshire is reviewed based upon discussion of briquetage finds. Models for, and implications of, salt distribution networks are considered and a speculative discussion of non-archaeologically visible distribution is also presented. Four case studies comparing Iron Age sites in salt producing and salt using regions are included to establish the relative presence of salt evidence in the archaeological record and its value as a social status discriminator. Finally, information is presented on how salt may have been used in the Iron Age and the social and ritual uses of salt are also discussed. A gazetteer and bibliography of 519 Bronze and Iron Age briquetage find sites is included as an on-line download.

'La Garma A' is a small cave located in the lower third of La Garma Hill (Cantabria, Spain), at 80m above sea level. It is situated near the village of Omoño, in the municipal district of Ribamontán al Monte, near the eastern shore of Santander Bay, about 12km to the southeast of the city. To undertake this research the author examined the lithic archaeological record of part of the Palaeolithic stratigraphy of the archaeological deposit at La Garma A, covering the period between 15,100 and 12,200 years ago in calibrated chronology, corresponding to the periods known as middle and upper Magdalenian. The starting point in the development of the objectives of this study was to determine the extent to which the lithic assemblage at La Garma A matches previous expectations based on the geographical location of the site, in Cantabrian Spain, and its chronology. In addition, the author looks at how the lithic technology evolved over three thousand years and the contribution its study can make to the overall interpretation of the site. At the same time, more specific and technical objectives are related to the definition of knapping processes, the raw materials chosen for retouching in its different formats and size modules, and for the manufacture of different types of implements. The end result of the research is an attempt to understand the evolution in the use of the lithic assemblages in the sequence at La Garma A, corresponding to the time segment of 15,000-12,000 cal BC, and to provide a platform for further investigations into the identification of the raw materials and quarries involved. Further analysis of some of the cave's features will be fundamental for the understanding of the hunter-gatherers' way of life in the region, whereas the study of other sites of similar chronology will complete the regional panorama.

This work focuses on the region northeast of the province of Segovia, a transition area between the hills of the Sistema Central and the sedimentary basin of the Douro River, and documents a virtually unknown area from the archaeological point of view. The origin of the work derives from two investigations intending to work towards the Segovia Provincial Archaeological Inventory, and includes material from the Bronze Age to Roman periods.

Normally, in Archaeology, material culture tends to be the main object of study for past societies, especially those who have no written language. In this study the author also assumes that in addition to objects, landscape and spatial patterns are also part of the archaeological record to be analyzed. Today we know that the Iron Age Iberian territories are regional political entities that are characterized by a conscious organization and that prioritize different types of settlements, with a degree of complexity and dynamism consistent with that of other contemporary Mediterranean civilizations. But how can we identify the emergence of complexity in the archaeological record? We must realize we can not excavate the social organization of a community and therefore we must implement other methods of analysis to address such complexity. So just as it is accepted that the identity of human groups is expressed through material culture, the author argues that we expression must accept that the archaeological landscape as socio-cultural construction of these modes of and representation and likewise admit the value of analyzing the associated spatial and geographical processes. In this work the author examines both habitat and landscape variables to address the emergence of sociopolitical complexity in the Western Mediterranean Iron Age.

This book presents an investigation of two of the National Museum of Scotland's older lithic collections, the assemblages from Airhouse and Overhowden in the Scottish Borders. The Airhouse assemblage numbers 558 lithic artefacts and the Overhowden assemblage 109 lithic artefacts. They were both collected in the first part of the 20th Century from locations situated a few hundred metres from the Overhowden Henge (with which they may in some way be associated), and they both embrace a broad spectrum of Late Neolithic tools, with relatively sophisticated, or 'fancy', pieces being notably more prominent than in other collections from this period. The main background to the project is the fact that, in Scotland, several interesting Late Neolithic assemblages have been recovered or written up lately and south of the Anglo-Scottish border many Late Neolithic sites and landscapes have been investigated. As a whole, this new corpus of comparative material offers a unique opportunity to gain insight into the seemingly unusual material from Airhouse/Overhowden by placing it in a wider Late Neolithic context.

South Asian Archaeology Series 14Despite the early beginnings of agriculture in the Ganga plains and the Belan valley, the hunting-gathering way of life has not completely disappeared from the region. Communities like the Musahars live almost entirely by small-game hunting and gathering, whereas others like the Kols combine hunting-gathering with some agriculture, and the Mallah with fishing and agriculture. All three of these communities live a partly nomadic and partly sedentary life and raise several kinds of settlements ranging from temporary ones lasting only a few weeks to permanent ones lasting for many years. In the present study the author reconstructs the lifeways of the past inhabitants of this region though the study of the settlements of the three contemporary simple communities. The author places a particular emphasis on the relationship between subsistence practices, economic activities and mode of the disposal of the dead. The inhabited and abandoned residences and other structures of these three communities have been studied in detail; topics such as form, function, construction materials and techniques, disposal of cultural refuse, and location of burial and cremation grounds, are investigated. The author compares the contemporary settlements with the excavated settlements of Mesolithic and Neolithic-Chalcolithic cultures of the Ganga valley and identifies considerable similarities. The author argues that the settlements of the living communities provide useful insights for reconstructing past settlements.

The convergence of a number of research groups with common interests in an area little favored by the traditional hypotheses of the interpretation of Peninsular Prehistory made a group of scholars aware of the necessity of periodic meetings to evaluate current thinking. The first took place at Santiago de Alcántara. The contents of these meetings has centered on the analysis of the undervaluing paradigms that have shaped an image of the peninsular interior void of population and subject to late and little compact impulses of more civilizing cultures, always settled on the Iberian coasts, both in the east and the west. The previous volume (BAR S1765 2008) demonstrated the coexistence of open air engravings and paintings, as an exhibition of traditional languages associated with the megalith builders: forms, techniques and environments that fit perfectly with what is known for the whole of the South of the Peninsula, the classical area of Schematic Art. The title of the meeting held at Romangordo in 2008 intends to insist on another of these paradigms: the inexistence of early populations in the interior basins of the Iberian Peninsula.

The main objective of this investigation is to obtain basic data that will allow the generation of cultural, geoarchaeological, paleoenvironmental and paleoecological knowledge about the Pleistocene-Holocene transition. In turn, this will facilitate the discussion of different topics about the peopling of Uruguay within the context of the peopling of America. The study presents a detailed investigation carried out at the Pay Paso locality, which contains a total of nine sites of archaeological, paleontological and paleoecological interest on the plains of the Cuareim River in northwestern Uruguay.

Isturitz cave (Pyrénées-Atlantiques, France) is a famous prehistoric reference site. Offering one of the most important stratigraphic sequences of Western Europe dating from the Middle Palaeolithic to the end of the Upper Palaeolithic. Gravettian holds a central place, both by its central stratigraphic position in the heart of the Upper Paleolithic and by the unequalled density of archaeological artefacts. Between 1996 and 1998, an operation of archaeological survey was launched at the request of the regional Service of Archaeology from Aquitaine in order to evaluate the archaeological potential of the cave and this book surveys the Gravettian lithic industry from Isturitz in its entirety in the form of a typological classification of lithic points.

Proceedings of the XV UISPP World Congress (Lisbon 4-9 September 2006) / Actes du XV Congrès Mondial (Lisbonne 4-9 Septembre 2006) Vol. 27 Session C26This book includes papers from Session C26, 'Prehistoric Art: Signs, Symbols, Myth, Ideology', from the XV UISPP World Congress (Lisbon, 4-9 September 2006).Edited by Dario Seglie, Marcel Otte, Luiz Oosterbeek and Laurence Remacle

Proceedings of the XV UISPP World Congress (Lisbon, 4-9 September 2006), Volume 35.C74 edited by Marc Groenen and Didier Martens.C81 edited by Jane Kolber; John Clegg and Alicia Distel.C85 edited by Kevin Sharpe and Jean Clottes.S02 edited by Mila Simões Abreu.S07 edited by Giriraj Kumar and Robert Bednarik.WS37 edited by James Keyser and Mavis Greer.Volume edited by Claudia Fidalgo and Luiz Oosterbeek.

This book looks at the 942 artifacts of foreign origin - from Anatolia, Cyprus, Egypt, Italy, Mesopotamia, and Syro-Palestine - which have been found in the late Bronze Age Aegean area.

Proceedings of the Second International Meeting of Archaeology in Carlino (March 2009).

Studies in the Archaeology and History of Baluchistan. Volume IIThe first section of the present volume is a report of the Italian involvement in Southern Makrn and Kharn, its aims and objects, modus operandi. It is essentially restricted to the Islamic era and represents a discourse preliminary to the second section. The methodological approach of combining historical sources (written and manuscript, Persian and Arabic) with archaeological evidence and geo-morphological study has allowed for a re-reading of the traditional literature and the role played by Makrn and, in particular, the Kj-u-Makrn region during the 10th-13th Centuries AD. Many questions put by this mystifying region still stand only partly answered, if not completely un-answered. After three seasons of archaeological field-work and research - complemented with accurate geo-morphological surveys and studying - we are still confronted with an elusive region and some crucial queries. 'Part Two' of this study is the follow up of the archaeological and geo-morphological research-work: a historical study, which focuses on the 10th-13th Centuries AD.

The aurochs (Bos primigenius) is generally agreed to be the wild ancestor of domestic cattle (Bos taurus) and therefore an in-depth knowledge of this animal is key to research exploring human-cattle interactions, and the origins and spread of cattle domestication. Domestic cattle are smaller than their wild ancestors, but there is also a degree of overlap between the two species, which means that distinguishing them can be problematic. However, previous analyses of aurochs morphology have generally been patchy, and do not provide a picture of aurochs variation across Europe according to environment, climate and geography. As a consequence, zooarchaeologists have had limited resources to assist in identifying remains from their study area. This book provides the widest ranging review of aurochs archaeological material in Europe to date, bringing together bone and tooth biometrical information from a number of European geographical areas and time periods. A number of patterns of body size and shape variation have been identified and discussed.

El siguiente estudio se focaliza en las modalidades de uso de las tecnologías líticas manufacturadas por diferentes grupos cazadores-recolectores, que habitaron la Meseta Central de Santa Cruz (Argentina), desde la transición Pleistoceno-Holoceno al Holoceno Tardío (ca. 13.000 años C14 AP hasta tiempos históricos). Este trabajo se desarrolló a partir del análisis tecno-morfológico y funcional de base microscópica, de los conjuntos artefactuales procedentes de los sitios Cueva Maripe y Alero El Puesto 1 (AEP1), de la localidad arqueológica Piedra Museo. La metodología aplicada, mediante diferentes medios ópticos y en base a una intensa labor experimental, ha permitido determinar la recurrencia y variabilidad en usos y diseños en diferentes bloques temporales de ocupación. Esto permitió constatar aspectos económicos y simbólicos de las prácticas tecnológicas; al igual que, formular supuestos acerca de la importancia del contexto de uso del instrumental lítico en la organización social de grupos que habitaron desde épocas tempranas este sector de la Patagonia Argentina.This work includes the study of use traces of lithic technologies manufactured by different hunter-gatherer societies from the Central Plateau of Santa Cruz (Argentina). The time period studied is from the Pleistocene-Holocene transition to the Late Holocene (ca. 13,000 years AP C14 to historical times). Techno-morphological studies, microwear analysis and experimental archaeology were applied to lithic materials of the Cueva Maripe and Piedra Museo sites. Similarities in the design and use of lithics during the different periods of occupation of the study sites were identified. This allowed us to determine the economic and symbolic aspects of the technological practices, and to formulate assumptions about the importance of the context of use of lithic technologies in the social organization of the groups that inhabited at the Central Plateau of Santa Cruz (Patagonia, Argentina).

With contributions by Sergio Cascella, Emiliano Arena and Benedetto Carroccio.Nonostante il suo nome non ricorra frequentemente nelle fonti letterarie antiche, la città greco-romana di Kalè Akté - Calacte, nel sito dell'odierna Caronia in provincia di Messina, offre innumerevoli spunti di studio che la rendono non meno importante di altri centri antichi più noti e fin qui esplorati in maniera sistematica, quanto a manifestazioni di cultura materiale, tecniche urbanistiche, espressioni artistiche e culturali, produzioni artigianali e attestazioni di occupazione umana diversificata. Nato come probabile "emporion" di Zancle all'epoca della vicenda coloniale di quella città verso ovest a fondare Himera, Kalè Akté lega il suo nome soprattutto a Ducezio, che la fondò a metà del V secolo a.C. Vissuta la fase di maggiore prosperità nella media e tarda età ellenistica, in concomitanza con la nascita della Provincia romana, fu uno dei centri principali sulla costa tirrenica. Le ricerche condotte dall'autore, ad integrazione e completamento di quelle svolte dai pochi altri studiosi che si sono interessati al sito, intendono accrescere la conoscenza non solo di Kalè Akté, ma anche delle vicende e ruoli nella Storia di una qualsiasi città greco-romana "minore" di Sicilia. La presente monografia è la prima di una serie dedicata a Kalè Akté - Calacte e agli altri centri antichi ricadenti nella parte centro-settentrionale della Sicilia (Monti Nebrodi).Despite being mentioned only infrequently in the ancient literary sources, Kale Akte - Calacte, on the site of modern-day Caronia in the province of Messina, offers several hints that it is just as important as other, better known, ancient centres with regard to material culture, urban planning techniques, artistic and cultural expressions, handicrafts and attestations of diversified human occupation. Born as a probable "emporion" (trading post) of Zancle (Messina) at the time of that city's colonial thrust west to found Himera, Kale Akte links its name primarily to Ducetius, who founded the city in the mid-fifth century BC. Through the prosperous middle and late Hellenistic period, coinciding with the birth of the Roman Province, Calacte became a major trade centre of the Tyrrhenian. The research conducted by the author, integrating and completing those conducted by the few other scholars to have studied the city, aims to increase the knowledge not only of Kale Akte, but also of the events and roles in the history of a typical "minor" Greek-Roman city of Sicily. This monograph is the first of a series dedicated to Kale Akte - Calacte and to the other ancient sites existing in north-central Sicily (Nebrodi Mountains).

This book focuses on the Bronze Age population of an area that corresponds to the modern administrative Province of Parma, Italy. In the plain near the River Taro, during the second half of the XIX century, Pigorini (the godfather of Italian palethnology) found the first sites of the so-called Terramare Culture. Since his pioneering work, many sites have been discovered and good regional studies have been published. This book starts from this heritage and applies a landscape archaeology approach. Due to the position of the study area, at the western side of the Terramare Culture region, it has focused heavily on exogenous material culture. For a better definition of the dynamics of the population both on the plain and in the mountains, different methodological approaches have been followed: spatial analyses of the plain sites and viewshed analyses of the mountain sites. Another area of focus is the borderland dynamics between the Terramare Culture and the so-called "western facies of the Italian Bronze Age", which runs in the mountains of the study area, and a rather original interpretation of events has been proposed. Finally, a comprehensive framework for the population dynamics in this key area is given.

Proceedings of a colloquium held at Potenza, Acerenza and Matera, Italy (May 2005)This book includes papers from a colloquium held at Potenza, Acerenza and Matera, Italy (May 2005), entitled The Late Roman Army in the Near East from Diocletian to the Arab Conquest.Edited by Ariel S. Lewin and Pietrina Pellegrini with the aid of Zbigniew T. Fiema and Sylvain Janniard

On the specific level, this work is an enquiry into Karia (south-western Turkey) and the Hekatomnids in the 4th century BC, a Persian satrapy and its political strategies expressed in its state monuments. On the general level, this is a study of divine kingship, on the creation of a national or shared identity, on acculturation and colonialism: thereby also on globalization. The result may be characterized as an ethnological dissertation on a topic of ancient history elucidated through archaeological analyses. The monograph examines how the Hekatomnids created a successful and prosperous dynasty, providing a lesson on how to enact, stage, and maintain power, by an active use of style and cultural affiliations. It is a study of the formation of an iconography of royal ideology (in its broadest sense) in the Hekatomnid dynasty of the 4th century BC, exploring the nature of power, ethnicity, and acculturation. Above all, the study narrates the story from the perspective of Karia as Karian - a landscape and people like other landscapes and peoples formed by its geographical, geopolitical, and cultural position.

Since the first explorations of causewayed enclosures, archaeologists have attempted to define these early Neolithic monuments in relation to territorial patterns, pottery typologies, and ultimately though the concept of structured deposition. While these concepts have been important in advancing our knowledge of causewayed enclosures, the interpretations of the material from the enclosures ditch segments and other areas of these sites have failed to take into account the importance of how objects and materials came to be at the sites, were produced and used there, preceding deposition. This book argues that activities at enclosures should not be categorically separated from the everyday activities of those who visited the enclosures; that by looking in detail at the spatial and temporal distribution of objects in association with chronology that the practical activities people engaged in at enclosures have been overshadowed by interpretations stressing the ritual nature of structured deposits. These activities had a direct relationship with enclosures and local landscapes. This argues that perhaps more deposits within causewayed enclosures were the result of everyday activities which occurred while people gathered at these sites and not necessarily the result of a 'ritual' act. A re-interpretation of the detail from nine causewayed enclosures within three 'regions' of the British Isles (East Anglia, Sussex and Wessex) are examined. This theoretical approach to activity goes beyond the deposition of objects and also includes enclosure construction, object modification such as flint knapping, animal butchery, and the use of pottery and wood. On a micro scale this indicates that each community who constructed an enclosure deposited objects in a unique and 'personal' manner which was acceptable within their defined social system. On a macro scale, this indicates that although all British causewayed enclosures seem to 'function' in the same way, the individual sites were constructed, modified and used in distinctive ways. Some enclosures seem to have existed quite independently from their neighbours while other enclosures within close proximity to each other had a specialised role to play. These specialised roles indicate that some enclosures may have been constructed and used by groups who primarily came to them in order to carry out a specific set of activities which were then defined through deposition.

This study evaluates the methodologies used to prepare the national Rural Settlement Atlas, published by Roberts and Wrathmell in 2000, and the English Heritage sponsored Historic Landscape Characterisation exercises that have been undertaken at a county level since 1998. Both methodologies are morphological, based on deriving meaning from patterns in the landscape. The evaluation seeks to determine the extent to which they can offer an accurate portrayal of historic landscape character in the upland study area of the Upper Calder Valley in the South Pennines, an area that has received very little attention from landscape historians to date. The basic approach taken by the book is to apply both methodologies to the study area before comparing the results with those obtained by more traditional landscape history methodologies. The book prefaces this evaluation with a discussion and explanation of the origins and processes of both methodologies, reviews the criticisms previously made, and examines the commonalities exhibited. The basic commonality of using a morphological approach is critically discussed in detail. A new model is proposed that combines the evidence of historical process with the morphological attributes of settlement and fieldscapes. While this model is based on the South Pennine pays, the principles involved in its construction are intended to be applicable in other landscape areas.

The present volume was born from the interest to analyse the different modalities of the political strategies used by the dominant groups in Maya societies at different moments of their history. It tries to show the diversity of these socio-political strategies, and uses the case studies analysed in order to approach a theoretical understanding of the issue from a comparative and interdisciplinary perspective.

Edited by Akira Ono, Michael D. Glascock, Yaroslav V. Kuzmin and Yoshimitsu Suda.This volume is a collection of papers related to different aspects of obsidian studies (mainly geology, geochemistry, and archaeology) in Northeast Asia. Special focus is on methodological aspects of acquisition and comparison of geochemical data for obsidian sources generated by different analytical methods (NAA, XRF, ICP-MS, and EPMA) and laboratories, conducted in this region for the first time.

This book contains papers from the Proceedings of the International Congress on the Evolution and Palaeoepidemiology of the Infectious Diseases 3 (ICEPID) conference which took place at the University of Bradford on the 26th-31st July 1999 (under the Presidency of Professor Yves Coppens.

Theoretical perspectives on landscape and bodily engagement with place inform an approach to the medieval pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela. Focused primarily, but not exclusively, on the central Middle Ages, this research confronts two core questions: How did transient, mobile groups perceive and experience the diverse terrain of the pilgrim route in northern Spain? And how may their ephemeral presence be traced in the archaeological record? This study is underpinned by the conviction that the journey of medieval pilgrims, as opposed to their destination, deserves greater scrutiny. Pilgrimage is envisaged as a sequence of movement through landscapes, in which both built "sites" and unaltered aspects of the physical environment, such as rivers, mountains and arid plains, are integral to the experience and meaning of devotional travel. Three topographically distinct 'study areas' along the length of the Camino de Santiago in Navarre, Burgos and Galicia form the basis for the analysis of localised sets of material culture. Within these areas, historical and geographical information, surviving monuments and structures, and a fieldwork plan designed to engage with the processes of making a linear journey, combine to form data-sets from which to tackle more refined contextual research questions. Significant issues include pilgrim versus local identity, the exertion of control over the flow of traffic, the material expression of religious behaviour and, throughout, the complex meshing of landscape, perception, movement and belief. The research carried out for this thesis represents a positive addition to current debate that scrutinises the role of archaeology in the interrogation of ritual and religion in the past.

Held at the European Association of Archaeologists (EAA) Meeting, 29 August to 1 September 2012 in Helsinki, Finland.This volume presents nine articles (of which five are based on papers presented in the session 'Utilization of Brick in the Medieval Period - Production, Construction, Destruction' held at the EAA meeting in Helsinki in 2012) with topics ranging from applying natural scientific research methods such as OSL, AM and hXRF analyses, to the study of early brickmaking processes, to recent excavation discoveries and archaeological investigations of brick use in northern parts of continental Europe including the British Isles, Finland and Sweden.