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Your Certificate Is Not Your Meal Ticket: Develop Your Skills, Talents And Find Your Passion is a groundbreaking book that will revolutionize your approach to success in today's world. Written by a renowned expert in entrepreneurship and personal development, this book unveils the keys to unlocking your full potential and creating a fulfilling, prosperous future. In these pages, you'll discover that it's not just your education that matters, but your problem-solving abilities, critical thinking skills, and the capacity to learn and unlearn. By tapping into your creative and innovative abilities and fostering a lifelong love for learning, you'll open doors to opportunities you never thought possible. Don't fall into the trap of assuming that a degree or diploma alone will pave your path to success. Instead, learn how to combine your educational background with talent, skill, and creativity to create a winning formula that will propel you towards your goals. Time is your most precious asset, and managing it wisely is the key to unlocking your true potential. This book empowers you to make the most of every moment, revealing the strategies used by successful individuals to maximize their time and achieve extraordinary results. Learn from the masters and gain the advantage that will set you apart from the crowd. As the world evolves, so too must our mindset. It's time to shift our focus from celebrating mere certificates and dormancy to recognizing and nurturing creativity, skills, and an entrepreneurial spirit. Embrace the revolution in entrepreneurial education and position yourself for sustainable success in the new era. Are you ready to unleash your full potential and create a future that surpasses your wildest dreams? Don't wait another day. Get your copy of "Your Certificate Is Not Your Meal Ticket" now and embark on a transformational journey towards personal and professional fulfillment.

Fear is a universal experience. It knows no boundaries - it affects the weak and the powerful, the young and the old, the rich and the poor. It is a great equalizer, capable of paralyzing even the most ambitious souls. But how we confront and overcome our fears is what sets us apart - it is the defining factor between success and failure.Fear is an emotion that arises when we perceive a threat, whether real or imagined. It is the nagging feeling that something bad might happen, casting a shadow of doubt over our aspirations. However, fear originates in the mind, and it can become a formidable barrier to human progress. As individuals, we will inevitably encounter fear in various forms. The key is not to grant fear the power to dictate our actions and decisions. We must not succumb to the paralysis of fear before we even embark on our journey. Instead, let us cultivate a mindset of happiness, positivity, and hope, knowing that the things we fear need not come to pass unless we allow them to.Your dreams hold the power to transform your life into a masterpiece. Pursuing what you love and living life on your own terms is the ultimate act of self-empowerment. Each dream you possess carries within it the potential for achievement. However, dreams require diligent effort and unwavering dedication.This is your guide to conquering fears and embracing your dreams, leading you on the path to personal fulfillment. Discover effective strategies to confront and overcome fear, empowering you to take bold actions towards your aspirations. Learn how to harness the power of positivity, hope, and self-belief to overcome obstacles and setbacks along the way.Your dreams were bestowed upon you for a reason - they hold the promise of a life fulfilled. It is time to unlock your potential and commit to the journey of making your dreams a reality. Remember, success lies within your reach, waiting for you to embrace it with unwavering determination.

This book discusses the unique and unusual characteristics of the blockchain and the industries and markets affected by this technology in the Global South. Its main objectives are to 1) provide a comprehensive review of economic, health, social, political, entrepreneurial, and environmental impacts of blockchain, 2) present evidence from countries, industries, and firms to broaden the understanding of the contexts, mechanisms, and outcomes associated with blockchain projects, and 3) analyze the enablers and opportunities that can be tapped and barriers that may impede the implementation of blockchain projects in these economies.Given that in many way blockchain has a much higher value proposition for economies in the Global South than for their counterparts in the more developed Global North, it has the potential to make up for the lack of effective formal institutions ¿ rules, laws, regulations, and their enforcement ¿ as well as improve administrative aspects, such as maintenance of standards, monitoring and compliance. This work fills a gap in scholarly research and will appeal to researchers interested in the potential of blockchain to boost entrepreneurship, reshape governance, improve supply chain efficiency, and curb corruption in emerging economies.

Entrepreneurship is the driving force behind the development of economies globally, and Sierra Leone is no exception. In recent years, the entrepreneurial landscape of Sierra Leone has undergone remarkable changes. Innovative and dynamic individuals are establishing new businesses and propelling economic progress. This introduction aims to emphasise the crucial role entrepreneurship plays in the Sierra Leone economy. It underscores its potential to foster job creation, spur innovation, and ignite sustainable economic growth by examining the current entrepreneurial climate and its impact on various sectors. Entrepreneurs make significant contributions towards shaping a prosperous future for Sierra Leone, and their efforts should not be overlooked

In the high interest topic of start-ups focused on the beginning stages of entrepreneurship, Beyond the Start Up fills a void in the entrepreneurial discussion on how to scale a second stage start up laying out, in practical terms, the tools and practices that allowed Ralf Specht to transform companies into global powerhouses.

Ein Buch für alle.Dieses Buch ist ein echter Ratgeber sowohl für Kunden als auch für selbstständige Handwerker. Aber nicht nur das: Wer sich selbstständig machen will, findet hier wertvolle Tipps und Tricks.Wer kennt sie nicht, die schwarzen Schafe im Handwerk, die einem für einen kurzen Einsatz horrende Summen abknöpfen. Aber auch unter den Kunden gibt es schwarze Schafe.Wer träumt nicht davon, den Traumjob bei einem renommierten Unternehmen zu ergattern? Dieses Buch führt Sie Schritt für Schritt durch die Hürden und Herausforderungen.Auch für Erfinder, die ihre Ideen vermarkten wollen, ist dieses Buch eine Fundgrube. Hier erfahren Sie, wie Sie vorgehen müssen, um Ihre Erfindung erfolgreich zu vermarkten.Wie werde ich Sachverständiger und welche Aufgaben hat ein Sachverständiger?Kurzum: Ein Buch für jedermann, das Ihnen hilft, Ihre Ziele zu erreichen und erfolgreich durchs Leben zu gehen.

Tauchen Sie ein in die faszinierende Welt der digitalen Disruption und entdecken Sie die transformative Kraft offener und digitaler Ökosysteme, die bis 2030 ein Drittel des Welthandels ausmachen werden. Das Buch zeigt, wie die Wertschöpfung über Organisationsgrenzen hinweg stattfindet und der Konsument ins Zentrum rückt. Die Konvergenz von Branchen und Technologien treibt die erlebnisorientierte Kundenreise voran und beschleunigt die digitale Transformation. Künstliche Intelligenz, Augmented Reality, das Internet der Dinge, Blockchain, Cloud- und Quantum-Computing sind die Schlüsselbausteine für Innovationen. Das goldene Dreieck der digitalen Ökosysteme umfasst Handel, soziale Medien und Finanzen. Unternehmen, wie Alibaba, Tencent, NIO, Alphabet, Apple, Amazon und Migros, zeigen beispielhaft, wie sie Kunden durch einzigartige Erlebnisse binden oder mit Super-Apps eine Vielzahl von Services integrieren.Mit tiefgreifenden Analysen und praxisnahen Anwendungsfällen lernen Sie, wie Unternehmen von diesem revolutionären Modell profitieren und Wachstum erzielen können. Unternehmen müssen in der Lage sein, Wissen und Ressourcen auszutauschen, schnell auf Marktveränderungen zu reagieren und die Balance zwischen der Optimierung bestehender Geschäfte und der Erschließung neuer Chancen zu finden. Die Führung in offenen und digitalen Ökosystemen erfordert ein Umdenken und neue dynamische Fähigkeiten. Als kooperative und vernetzte Prozesse werden Offenheit, Agilität und Ambidexterität als entscheidende Fähigkeiten betont. Dieses Buch ist ein unverzichtbarer Leitfaden für Unternehmen, die offene und digitale Ökosysteme als Schlüssel zum nachhaltigen Wachstum nutzen und eine agile und resiliente Organisation aufbauen möchten. Es liefert ein modernes Verständnis der Führung und zeigt, wie dieses die Zukunft der Arbeit prägt.

Are you ready to unlock the secrets to entrepreneurial success and unleash your full potential? Look no further than "The Entrepreneur Mindset: Crafting a Winning and Strong Mindset," the ultimate guidebook for aspiring and seasoned entrepreneurs alike. In this groundbreaking book, renowned author and entrepreneur Dr. Jilesh reveals the transformative power of mindset in building a thriving business. Drawing on years of experience and extensive research, Dr. Jilesh takes you on a captivating journey, providing the tools and strategies you need to cultivate an unshakable mindset that propels you towards success. With a focus on practicality and actionable advice, "The Entrepreneur Mindset" dives deep into the core principles that separate the ordinary from the extraordinary. From developing a growth mindset to mastering resilience and innovation, each chapter is a treasure trove of invaluable insights and proven techniques. Are you tired of feeling stuck in your entrepreneurial journey? Are you ready to break free from self-doubt and embrace a winning mindset that propels you towards your dreams? Then, "The Entrepreneur Mindset" is your roadmap to success. Packed with real-world examples, practical exercises, and inspiring stories of triumph, this book will empower you to overcome obstacles, seize opportunities, and create the business and life you've always desired.No matter where you are in your entrepreneurial journey, "The Entrepreneur Mindset" will challenge your beliefs, ignite your passion, and provide you with the tools to craft a winning and strong mindset. So, grab your copy now and embark on a life-changing adventure that will revolutionize the way you think, act, and achieve as an entrepreneur.

"Capitalismo: Liberdade de Mercado ou Escravidão Moderna" apresenta profundamente uma análise abrangente do sistema econômico predominante e de seu impacto na sociedade atual. Neste livro provocativo, o autor explora o debate em torno do capitalismo, questionando se ele é realmente um motor de liberdade e prosperidade ou se é uma forma de escravidão disfarçada em uma roupagem moderna. Este livro desafia os leitores a repensarem a relação entre o capitalismo e a liberdade, incentivando um debate aberto sobre o futuro da economia e o bem-estar coletivo.

"Capitalism: Market Freedom or Modern Slavery" provides an in-depth, comprehensive analysis of the prevailing economic system and its impact on today's society. In this provocative book, the author explores the debate surrounding capitalism, questioning whether it is really an engine of freedom and prosperity or if it is a form of slavery disguised in modern guise. This book challenges readers to rethink the relationship between capitalism and freedom, encouraging an open debate about the future of the economy and collective well-being.

Among the many endeavors into which entrepreneurs might invest their time and effort, few are as rewarding and impactful as a business incubator. Recycling vacant buildings to provide job creators a place to set up shop within a community can boost a local economy and benefit nearly every member of a struggling city, town, or village. The need for hometown, community-centric, job-focused, locally sustainable spaces continues to increase. For a distressed community, an incubator might be the right answer. Buildings That Create Jobs explores the strategy, startup, and operation of business incubators, detailing ways to find, recycle, and fill existing industrial and commercial buildings to create entrepreneurial and artisan opportunities.Since 1959, the Mancuso family has been the touchstone of business incubation. Now, Thomas Mancuso reveals the foundational principles taught to him by his father, Joseph Mancuso, the famed originator of the business incubation concept. After managing more than two million square feet of business incubator and business development real estate, Thomas Mancuso is a leading authority on the practice.You will learn: Why real business incubators work to create jobs and make money.Ways to help ensure the success of businesses within an incubator.How to attract businesses of all sizes from anchor stores to single owners.The financial side of incubators and ways to fund them.The unique advantages of recycled buildings over new construction.How to deliver a value-creating program for your marketIdeas to reduce costs while maintaining quality management.And much more!Buildings That Create Jobs offers the Mancuso family's more than 60 years of effort filling buildings with businesses to create prosperity for all involved.Thomas Mancuso is a licensed real estate broker in the state of New York. He has addressed international audiences on business incubators. A graduate of the Rochester Institute of Technology, he has lived his entire life around industrial and commercial buildings. His company manages projects that range from filling a 680,000 square foot rural factory building to revitalizing an underperforming 16,000 square foot urban project into a profitable small business center.

DO YOU WANT to be a transformational coach, powerfully supporting your clients in their journey from where they are today to where they have only dared dream of until now? This is Coaching was written to help you unlock your full potential as a coach, wherever you are along the path. Employing a unique blend of frameworks, conscious ranting, philosophy, poetry, illustration, and practical advice, Matt Thieleman takes you on a journey toward realizing life's grandest desires -those of your clients as well as yours. Matt pulls from his experience in the art of coaching as both a teacher and practitioner, and unparalleled insight into the principles of success within this profession, to offer this guidebook and inspirational tool to help you become all you can be as a coach and leader. This is coaching in practice, not just theory.

Tu hijo será formado como un emprendedor con este libro, cada sesión tiene una enseñanza y la explicamos a través de una historieta de cómic, la labor que desarrollamos fue escoger los mejores libros de emprendimiento a nivel mundial y los sintetizamos para luego transformalos en historietas de cómic, si quieres que le hagamos acompañamiento a tu hijo, este libro es parte de un programa de formación de niños emprendedores que hasta el 2020 ha formado 2200 estudiantes en 12 países, este libro fue creado por un ganador de 4 premios de emprendimiento en Colombia y le puede enseñar a tu hijo a emprender desde el ejemplo. Si quieres más información sobre el curso has clic aqui https: //bit.ly/mas-info-mentorias-grupales

Adquira agora mesmo o livro "Os Códigos do Milhão" de Pablo Marçal e comece a trilhar o caminho para a independência financeira e uma vida mais próspera.

Say goodbye to the status quo. Gone are the days of believing we have to choose between business and family, impact and income, or even quality and rapid growth. The real question is: How does one go about creating a life of sustained success?The same year Stephanie P. Kemp launched her first business and set out to establish a new industry standard, she married her high school sweetheart and committed herself to success in her professional and personal endeavors. Drawing on the hard-earned lessons of others' failures and successes, she developed a unique approach that made it possible for her to grow one of the largest and most successful dance studios in the country, and three other thriving businesses, without sacrificing her family or her sanity. In Success is Just the Beginning, this celebrated CEO, coach, mentor, and educator reveals the six timeless lessons that have enabled her to build what she calls a Wealth-oiled Machine. Get ready to learn how to: cultivate a company culture that unleashes everyone's highest potentialleverage your time and talent to stop sacrificing what's important to youface inevitable challenges with confidence and clarityKemp's no-nonsense approach will light your path to a well-balanced life of outstanding achievement. If you are ready to defy the status quo and live a life that aligns your purpose, passion, and paycheck, this book is for you.Don't settle for anything less.

Get from idea to product/market fit in B2BStartups don't have infinite runway.To reach product/market fit, they need a solid roadmap, effective strategies to learn from their market and customers, and a framework for deciding when to pivot, and when to persevere.The issue is that most of the advice they get is either incomplete, unrealistic, misguided, or it's just not catered to the enterprise or B2B journey.Founders can create their own processes through patchwork at the cost of trial and error, but this can easily send them sideways.What startups really need is...A proven playbookThousands of entrepreneurs and innovators have already used Lean B2B (the first, or this second edition) to quickly get from idea to product/market fit in B2B.Startups like Loopio, Knoetic, Flutura, Cobrainer, and Jupl were able to leverage the methodology to learn, test, validate, and build sustainable businesses.Intrapreneurs, corporate innovators, and innovation consultants in companies like Altran, the Netherlands Aerospace Centre (NLR), and ING leveraged the methodology to shortlist their ideas, improve their innovation practices, and build innovative products.Incubators, accelerators, investors, educators, and government officers have also used the methodology to increase the success rate of the startups (and founders) they work with.Lean B2B has everything you need to get from idea to product/market fitWith the book, you'll learn:How to think through different ideas and company structures to set your venture on the right pathHow to find early adopters, establish your credibility, and convince business stakeholders to work with youHow to learn from stakeholders, identify a great opportunity, and create a compelling value propositionHow to get initial validation, create a minimum viable product, and iterate product value until you reach product/market fitHow to stress-test the progress you're making, keep your sanity, and evaluate alternate paths when things aren't going the way you'd likeHow to identify and avoid common challenges faced by entrepreneurs, and learn advanced techniques to speed up product/market validationAn entirely new & updated version for a new realityToday, there are more companies building B2B products than there has ever been.Products are entering organizations top-down, middle-out, and bottom-up. Teams and managers control their budgets. Buyers have become savvier... but also more impatient. The case for the value of new innovations no longer needs to be made.The updates made to Lean B2B reflect the growing importance of differentiation, rapid value delivery, and market positioning.The new edition adds content on:Why companies look for new products, and why they agree to buy from unproven vendors like startupsThe 4 type of opportunities that can increase the chance of building products that get adopted by companiesHow to create a very specific wedge, and think about market opportunitiesThe iteration process from initial MVP to delivering a product that exceeds customer expectations (and is at product/market fit)Service/consulting firms transitioning to products, corporate innovation, and much much more

"The startup community has needed this book for a long time. There is no one more qualified or committed than Tahmina to deliver it."-Brad Feld, Founder, Techstars and author of Venture Deals"This transformative book, authored by a seasoned entrepreneur and a renowned immigration attorney, is a guiding light for aspiring startup founders in the US. Its comprehensive approach offers practical wisdom and real-world examples while addressing the unique challenges faced by international students who, like me, are pursuing entrepreneurial ambitions in the US."-Ankit Gongale,MBA 2024, Weatherhead School of Management and President, Weatherhead Entrepreneurship Club,Case Western Reserve UniversityThe US immigration maze is complicated for anyone to navigate but even more so for startups and founders. Whether it is a newly established startup trying to hire its first talent,a founder who is a recent international graduate student, or an experienced high-skilled immigrant professional branching out into the startup world-for all of them, immigration obstacles are the first to overcome. Which visa is best for your situation? Do you get an H-1B, or try for an O-1? Or should you apply for an E-2, or an L-1?Enter The Startup Visa, the solution to overcoming the many challenges of the US immigration system.Author Tahmina Watson, a long-standing, dedicated advocate for startup visas with hundreds of success stories, is now sharing her sought-after experience as one of the country's foremost immigration attorneys. She provides both startup founders and employers with tips and strategies to consider for the entire life cycle of the startup.The first chapters cover general startup immigration strategies, such as fundraising stages in visas, scaling up in visas, and IPOs.The book then covers non-immigrant visas to help startups get off the ground. These chapters explain visas such as H-1B, O-1, E-2, and L-1, as well as cap-exempt H-1Bs, concurrent H-1Bs, and the International Entrepreneur Rule (also known as IER or IEP).Once a startup has entered the US market, and established and scaled the business, a permanent immigrant visa will become a priority for the founders. The chapters on immigrant visas such as the EB-1A, EB-1B, National Interest Waiver, and more, will help to sketch out a path to permanency.Watson effortlessly simplifies complicated immigration law, avoiding legalese and instead focusing on "human-ease." Readers will come away with the knowledge and confidence to succeed in their entrepreneurial journey."Bursting with expert insights, practical advice, and compelling success stories, this captivating read is a catalyst for global collaboration and prosperity. Prepare to be inspired, enlightened, and empowered to unleash the true potential of innovation."-Neal Mody, Venture Capitalist

Based on finance and economics, this book provides a better understanding of how they work. It offers a structured, step-by-step approach to concepts. Concepts are approached step by step, and information is provided on the financial system, the usefulness of finance and corporate practices. Comparisons are also made between France, the United States, Germany, Japan and other countries in terms of their finances and capital markets. The book is divided into two main chapters: Chapter I: Finance Chapter II: Economics In each of these chapters, we have an in-depth and detailed study of the subjects that enable us to better distinguish these systems.

This book blends religion, ethics and entrepreneurship to discuss how ethics and religion can be combined to work collectively to solve local and international issues.

Healthcare practitioners spend years training and practicing to be great clinicians, but many in private practice wake up one day realising they also need to be an effective business owner to create success. Over time they notice that their practice is running them rather than the other way round, finding themselves feeling overwhelmed, burnt out, unfulfilled and unhappy.ELEVATE was written for allied health practice owners finding themselves in this very position. Written by fellow healthcare practitioners in business, it aims to take you one small step at a time through the process of understanding why you are where you are, and learning what you can do to reverse the situation and get you to a position where you are running a practice you love being part of, rewards you well, and most importantly makes you happy.This is not a pure business systems book, instead the focus is on the human element in your practice and how you create a business that serves all those involved - patients, staff, and the business owner.Learn how to elevate yourself and your practice above the overwhelm using 7 steps that take you through mindset, marketing, and happiness strategies to build a practice you'll love.

From designing better baby shoes all the way to producingerotic videos, mompreneurs have been shaking up theworld of business even while working carpool to carpool. Formany women, self-employment is the answer to the challengeof combining work and family, which is why over 900,000 entrepreneursin Canada are women (many of them moms)-it'sone of the fastest growing segments of the Canadian economy.But starting a successful, lasting business isn't as simple as puttingdown the diaper bag and picking up a briefcase. Drawingon their own experiences as successful mompreneurs and thatof mompreneurs across Canada and the U.S., Amy Ballon andDanielle Botterell cover all the bases:. Deciding to take the plunge-is mompreneurship the answer?. Researching your business idea and developing a businessand marketing plan. Navigating the early stages of planning and financing. Balancing your business and family in the early stages and asyour business (and child) grows. Handling surprises and setbacks and managing growthWith informative sidebars and tips from Rebecca Reuber,Canada's leading expert on entrepreneurship, Mom Inc. is afriendly and hands-on look at the truth about mompreneurshipand the challenges of juggling business and family, and an authoritativeguide on how to start and run a successful business.

Get set to embark on your journey as a small business owner! Prepare yourself for the exciting world of entrepreneurship with this comprehensive guide. Discover essential insights to equip you before you launch your startup. With the aid of guided prompts, you'll be able to define your objectives, analyze your competition, and devise effective social media marketing strategies. This invaluable resource serves as an ideal gift for aspiring and emerging entrepreneurs.Included Guided Prompts:1. Overview of your business2. Vision and Mission statement3. Setting business goals4. Defining your markers of success5. Essential steps to kickstart your venture6. Monthly income and expensesReflecting on your business journey and much more....

Operations Research (OR) is a fast-evolving field, which is having a significant impact on its neighbouring disciplines of Business Analytics and Data Science, and on contemporary business and management practices. This handbook provides a comprehensive and cutting edge collection of studies in the area. Views differ on what should be included within the scope of OR. The editors of this volume have taken the view that an inclusive stance is the most helpful, both for theory and practice. Real-world problems often require consideration from both ¿softer¿ and ¿harder¿ perspectives and need consideration of both predictive and prescriptive problems. In accordance with this inclusive approach to OR, the book is divided into six parts, covering Discrete Optimization, Continuous Optimization, Heuristic Search Optimization, Forecasting, Simulation and Prediction, Problem Structuring and Behavioural OR, and finally some recent OR Applications.This wide-ranging handbook includes a culturally diverse collection of authors, with different perspectives and backgrounds around Operations Research. It will be of tremendous value to researchers, students and practitioners in the field of OR

You're ready to encourage others to chase their dreams. But what about yours? Is it because you don't feel ready to turn that hobby into a career? Or that you didn't go to business school? Or maybe it's because you're worried your business will take over your life? These fears are real, but they don't have to stop you from taking action, and that's exactly what this book will help you do. Because on the other side of action is you uncovering your confidence and building a business that integrates into your life instead of taking over it. While you might feel like you're stumbling into entrepreneurship now (hey there, Accidental Entrepreneur!), you can take steps to move through entrepreneurship with intention, and that's by declaring your Y.O.U. Promise. Your Y.O.U. Promise is the roadmap to uncovering your deep-down-honest WHY; defining your version of success; identifying boundaries, strengths, and the people who will support you; and developing confidence in your finances and goals. This book is the step-by-step guide to unapologetically creating the business and life of your dreams.

* With a Foreword by Sir Bob Geldof * 'Essential: full of heart, honesty, humour and helpful advice' - Sir Richard Curtis CBE'Josh Littlejohn is a rockstar of social impact' - Irvine WelshWhen Josh Littlejohn started a small sandwich shop in his home city of Edinburgh, he would never have thought that, within ten years' time, it would be frequented by Hollywood megastars, that he would have opened a string of successful cafés across the UK, and that he would be honoured with an MBE by the Queen. Not to mention raising over £25 million to combat homelessness around the world. And all set in motion by a person in a situation of homelessness, named Pete, walking into his café one day and sheepishly asking for a job. Paying It Forward is part memoir, part manifesto for social entrepreneurship, and part manual for putting purpose ahead of profit. It reveals what social entrepreneurship is and how it can make a difference. How if only 20% of entrepreneurs became social entrepreneurs our world would be in a much better state. How we can 'Calculate Risks', why we should 'Help Just One Person' every day, and that 'If You Don't Ask, You Don't Get'. The path to being social entrepreneur is never a smooth one: Paying it Forward is the compass for finding your own path and making a difference in the world.

Entrepreneurship in Policing and Criminal Contexts explores the contemporary and under researched themes of 'entrepreneurial policing' and 'entrepreneurialism in criminal justice contexts' which are emerging topics of both theoretical and practical interest in the current rapidly changing criminal justice environment.