Økonomi og finans

This edited book presents some unexplored issues of economic inequality, including case studies of various countries. Inequality is a chronic and divisive factor of society.

The book describes the evolution of economic theory, considering historical, political and scientific perspectives. It discusses economic concepts and the formation of economics as a discipline since the feudal system, passing through the formation of the State, until the present. The main economic concepts are presented, including microeconomics, macroeconomics, econometrics, privatization, taxes, tariffs, the concept of currencies, stock markets, international transactions, and economic policies. The book contains a complete glossary of economic terms to help the reader.

This book provides a simple, easily followed process for auditing building operations to identify and reduce energy consumption that leads to measurable carbon reduction. The crucial steps of this process involve assessing the facility's current conditions, understanding, and analyzing the operational and cost-based opportunities that increase carbon output. Taking this information to report the findings and then document a multiyear energy and carbon reduction plan. The book discusses the full scope of building components and systems, including how each system affects energy efficiency. It describes the operational energy efficiencies that are gained by implementing no-cost changes or alternative maintenance activities already funded. The book includes the process for identifying capital improvement opportunities, along with evaluating return on investment and life cycle replacement options for equipment. The four-step process described in this book will serve as a valuable tool for every building operator seeking to improve energy performance and reduce carbon output.

With the increased interest in climate impacts, sustainability, and efficiency, more responsibility is being placed on boiler operators to help improve performance and reduce emissions. This third edition of the Boiler Operator's Handbook is intended to help such operators in the quest for improved operability and performance of their boilers and their plants. The theme of this book is to "e;operate wisely"e;. The goal is to instill not only "e;know how"e; but "e;know why"e;. The main details have been provided by the original author, Mr. Ken Heselton. This updated version has been somewhat expanded to include a wider range of examples and some of the more recent environmental requirements.To illustrate these points, topics include multi boiler operations, understanding the plant load, maintenance issues, and controls. Every plant is different. However, it is hoped that with the information provided in this book, the wise operator will be able to address the various unique issues posed by the specific plant and provide timely solutions to meet the present-day requirements.

Starting from the dualism between city and forest and its evolution towards holism, the book seeks to create a framework of dialectical approaches.

This book aims to cover a new emerging need in designing digital phase shifter for modern communication systems. With the advancement of new generation mobile communication systems, directed beams of antenna arrays save a substantial amount of power as well as improve the communication quality. In this regard, beam-forming circuits, such as digital phase shifters (DPS) constitute essential parts of the antenna array systems. Therefore, this book is devoted to the design of digital phase shifters for various communications systems. Nowadays, phase array systems demand compact phase shifters suitable for chip implementation with wide phase-range and broad frequency band. Each chapter of this book is organized as stand-alone in such a way that the reader requires no specific background acquired from the other chapters. For each phase shifter topology introduced in this book, the reader is furnished with explicit design equations to construct the circuit under consideration. Furthermore, design equations are programmed using MATLAB to assess the electrical performance of the phase shifters with ideal and lossy components. MATLAB design programs are given at the and of each chapter as appendices and provided as soft copy on the web page of the book. In chapters 12 and 14, MMIC layouts for the lattice and T-section based DPS are provided for the readers. It is hoped that an interested reader can immediately identifies the "e;optimum phase shifter topology"e; for the need under consideration with its estimated electric performance.

This book tries to present an accurate picture of these issues with cases studies from various countries.Mostly, when we talk about inequality, the focus is on economic inequality; however, much inequality persists, especially discrimination due to gender, age, origin, ethnicity, disability, sexual orientation, class, and religion.

Managing the climate transition will be one of the biggest challenges ever faced by business and government.While the technical and financial elements of climate transition are vast, the social challenges are even greater. If local populations and workers feel the transitions are not ¿just¿ they will resist, and that social opposition now represents one of the greatest barriers to reaching Net Zero by 2050. While the phrase ¿Just Transition¿ was in the preamble to the 2015 Paris Climate Agreement, it is only now that business, finance and governments are starting to discuss what this might mean in practice.Thousands of companies are now starting to develop transition plans alongside those of governments. This book shows how all managers can best integrate social elements into these plans, consult with the people most affected by the transition out of the high carbon economy, and ensure that what looks good on paper works in practice. It takes a systems-thinking approach, focusing on the interconnections and interdependence of environmental, social and governance issues.The challenge is immense, and the changes will need to be profound. Each chapter in the book will look at the main domains in which management and policy challenges will be faced. From massively increasing the extraction of rare earth metals, most of which sit below, or adjacent to, indigenous land, to building the infrastructure needed to generate and distribute green energy, possibly over ¿Not in My Back Yard¿ objections, the task of business and government in ensuring that these changes are fair, and perceived as fair, is immense.This book provides the roadmap for how to get there. Managing the social impacts of the climate transition will be one of the biggest challenges ever faced by business and government.

This book highlights the historic inflection point we are in, both in terms of philanthropy in general, and specifically in financing the solutions to our largest and most urgent social and environmental problems. It covers the two movements that have recently had a dramatic influence on capitalism. First, wealthy millennials have been pressuring their bankers to invest their family portfolios in companies with high social and environmental impact (ESG ratings), triggering a wave where the wealth management industry, and now all public companies, are significantly adapting to the increasing demand for good. Second, The Giving Pledge triggered another wave, changing what success and the accumulation of wealth means. It has even begun to redefine the goal of capitalism as more than 230 billionaires have pledged to give half or more of their wealth away. This book also focuses on the bottleneck problem that The Giving Pledge has created, as it is very hard to give hundreds of billions away with measurable impact to nonprofits lacking detailed long-term plans to scale. Nonprofits have never had the luxury of having all the resources to invest in the planning, management training and systems needed to rapidly expand. Thus taking in very large gifts is very difficult, and almost impossible to justify. Large philanthropy can always be used for traditional capital campaigns and to fund endowments, yet The Giving Pledge signers are often looking for large visible impact beyond these traditional avenues. The result is a bottleneck which has grown as more billionaires pledge their funds away while their wealth continues to skyrocket and giving rates stay very small.Finally, this book covers the emergence of large giving vehicles, modelled after the private equity industry. They have sophisticated third-party managers focused on deploying funds and supporting management teams. It also covers the scaling of nonprofits in a significant way (¿Big Bets¿) as well as investing large philanthropy through for-profits as Philanthropic Private Equity. This book is of interest specifically to nonprofit and foundation leaders, as well as wealth managers, estate attorneys and other philanthropic advisors. It is also of interest to investors and corporate CEOs as they begin to access these large pools for philanthropic capital to increase their impact. This book is focused on providing those with the ability to make large philanthropic investments a path to scale their impact and increase their fulfillment and that of their family. It provides a step-by-step guide of how these approaches, especially Philanthropic Private Equity, can actually solve the social and environmental challenges that have been seemingly hopeless. The second edition also presents a plan to use these concepts to create a path to solve the housing crisis in America.

Prominent economists have recognized or toyed with the idea of waiting as a factor of production, but the subject has remained largely undeveloped until now. In this book, Leland B. Yeager and Steve H. Hanke build upon the contributions from a gallery of distinguished economists, diving into the economic theory behind waiting and explaining its relevance for modern-day monetary policy, among other things. With this new perspective, Yeager and Hanke challenge economists to reconsider capital theory as previously understood. Capital, Interest, and Waiting is an indispensable resource for economists grappling with or questioning the theoretical and applied relationships between time, money, and the economy. It challenges readers to reconsider their approach to capital theory. The arguments presented throughout the book rest on the vast literature of capital theory that has been accompanied by numerous controversies, puzzles, and debates for well over a century. With energy, Yeager and Hanke resolve these many puzzles and paradoxes one after the other, breaking new ground by demonstrating that waiting is a factor of production and interest is its price.  Leland B. Yeager (1924-2018) was Ludwig von Mises Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Economics at Auburn University and Paul Goodloe McIntire Professor of Economics Emeritus at the University of Virginia.Steve H. Hanke is Professor of Applied Economics and Founder and Co-Director of the Institute for Applied Economics, Global Health, and the Study of Business Enterprise at The Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore. Hanke was a member of the faculties at the Colorado School of Mines and the University of California, Berkeley.

This book explores Edith Penrose's work and legacy, not just on economics - she was the founding Head of Department of Economics at SOAS University of London - but also on the related fields of management and political economy where her contribution has had significant impact.

The chapters in this book showcase how accounting information relates to a wide spectrum of important issues like carbon emissions, international trade and the supply chain. It also considers the development of the audit market in China and highlights important future directions for accounting researchers interested in China-related studies.

This book takes a fresh look at an age-old controversy in ethics and political economy that stretches right back to Aristotle: the morality and the economics of debt financing, or the charging of interest on loans. It endeavours to show the immense relevance of those ancient debates in the contemporary economy .

This book examines how states justify the creation of physical, policy and legislative barriers of entry for migrants by drawing on a concept of sovereignty.

Applying economic methods to the institutional, procedural, and substantive aspects of European law, this book offers a unique systematic economic analysis of EU law.

This book compares and contrasts 10 distinct investment philosophies and how each leads to different approaches to investment selection, portfolio construction, and risk management in practice. Each chapter aims to outline the principles and practical decisions of each different way of investing with the goal of helping readers better understand the logical implications of their own way of investment thinking, as well as a framework for evaluating how higher level investment decisions are made by their pension funds and other institutions.

This book project was part of an annual series of Summer seminars held at Hong Kong's Tai Kwun Centre for Heritage and Arts, which brought the intellectual community together to debate the social issues of the day. The artists, writers, and scholars included in these texts represent unconventional thinkers completing rigorous scholarship that we think is important to be published today, as Hong Kong seeks for social and political alternatives. This book will be of interest to public intellectuals, political/cultural theorists and thinkers, as well as the international art community.Dr. Melissa Lee is CEO of the Chinese Canadian Museum. Previously, during the commissioning of this book and project, she was the Education and Public Programmes Curator at Tai Kwun. She holds degrees from McGill, University of Canterbury, and Lancaster.Daniel Ho is Senior Editor at Tai Kwun Centre for Heritage and Arts, Hong Kong. Previously, he was Chief Editor of Ran Dian magazine. He holds a MA from McGill University.

This is the fifth publication under the IIIT-A Series on e-Governance. It is a collection of 20 articles based on the presentations made in the Seminars. This book will of interest to all stakeholders in the disability rehabilitation management as the population of people with disabilities in growing.

This book documents a national investigation of attitudes from teaching staff on the reforms and changes. Nearly 1800 teaching staff from 23 medical universities participated in this investigation.

The organizational environment in the 21st century is not what it was in the 20th Century. It metamorphosed with bulk outsourcing and computer-based decision support tools, and easily coupled with low-cost PC hardware which has created improvements in the productivity of the people, resulting in the reduced numbers. Managers of today manage the results expected of the position rather than managing to get things done as it was expected.In the physical sciences, academia leads the industry whilst in social sciences like management, marketing and economics, industry leads academia. To bridge the knowledge gap that exists between theory and practice, two practitioners from the industry have authored Managing People at Work - A New Paradigm for the 21st Century.

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a set of global goals that meet some of the most pressing challenges facing our world today. Goal 10 concerns reducing global inequalities. Inequality is currently seen in the social, political, and economic structures of communities at both the national and international level. The United Nation's approach to sustainable development is to create a set of goals and targets try to minimize the accelerating gaps of inequality. The book presents new insights for evaluating the progress on SDGs (especially goal 10), it also boldly sets new economic, social and environmental targets for reducing inequality. Using case studies, this book encourages readers to view economic development through the lens of growing inequalities and disparities. Such inequalities are clearly becoming more obvious as the world is better connected, and information is quickly shared. The books main aim is therefore to direct the efforts of scholars, practitioners and policymakers to swiftly find the balance between the three pillars of sustainable development. The main challenges and focus of each chapter are different and collectively they give an integrated understanding of the phenomenon of sustainable development and its diverse aspects. This book will be useful for policymakers, social and environmental activists, agencies, educators and practitioners in the sphere of social or environmental economics. The methodology of the research can be replicated and taken forward by future researchers in the field.

Big Data is a concept of major relevance in today's world, sometimes highlighted as a key asset for productivity growth, innovation, and customer relationship, whose popularity has increased considerably during the last years. Areas like smart cities, manufacturing, retail, finance, software development, environment, digital media, among others, can benefit from the collection, storage, processing, and analysis of Big Data, leveraging unprecedented data-driven workflows and considerably improved decision-making processes.The concept of a Big Data Warehouse (BDW) is emerging as either an augmentation or a replacement of the traditional Data Warehouse (DW), a concept that has a long history as one of the most valuable enterprise data assets. Nevertheless, research in Big Data Warehousing is still in its infancy, lacking an integrated and validated approach for designing and implementing both the logical layer (data models, data flows, and interoperability between components) and the physical layer (technological infrastructure) of these complex systems. This book addresses models and methods for designing and implementing Big Data Systems to support mixed and complex decision processes, giving special attention to BDWs as a way of efficiently storing and processing batch or streaming data for structured or semi-structured analytical problems.

While the JPEG image standard was developed more than 25 years ago, it is still dominant in terms of image formation, manipulation and transmission over the internet and other media. As technology advances, new demands have arisen for the efficient transmission and storage of images causing other formats to emerge. Over the years, several extensions such as, JPEGLS, JPEG2K, JPEGXT, JPEGXR, JPEGXS and JPEG Pleno, have been added, constructing a series of standards for the compression and transmission of images. This book is the first to bring together most of the series of JPEG standards in a book.This book covers the descriptions of the JPEG standards and gives the reader an overview of the latest advances in the standards of the Joint Photographic Experts Group.Topics discussed include: * JEPG;* JPEG XR;* JPEG XT;* JPEG 2000;* JPEG XS;* JPEG Pleno;* JPEG AIC;* JPEG LS;* JPEG XL;* JPSearch;* JPEG Systems;* JBIG

The edited book examines the major parameters of the socio-economic issues of inequality and focuses on the key economic issues of inequality, namely, income and wealth distribution, equity & equality of outcome, and equality of opportunities.

Die Literatur erhebt ihre Stimme innerhalb einer männlich geprägten Ökonomiegeschichte nicht erst seit dem 18. Jahrhundert. Hier, so die Prämisse des Bandes, wird jedoch der Grundstein der modernen Geschlechterordnung gelegt, die die westlich-kapitalistische Produktionsweise bis heute prägt.Die im Band versammelten literaturwissenschaftlichen Beiträge untersuchen das komplexe Wechselspiel von Geschlecht und Ökonomie in der neueren und neuesten deutschsprachigen Literatur. Sie fragen, wie sich Literatur als Kunstform in die Wissensordnung des Ökonomischen und in die Geschlechterordnung einschreibt, wie sie beider Denkfiguren reproduziert oder als kritische Gegenstimme die Wirksamkeit dieser Denkfiguren offenlegt.

Corporate debt in emerging markets (EMs) has reached historical levels in the post-Covid-19 world. This challenges international lenders (e.g., commercial banks, development finance institutions, and impact investors) and EM economies in their pursuit of economic development. This book builds on the authors¿ first volume by focusing on the role of institutions in the economy, credit markets, and ultimately debt restructuring. The authors identify, contextualize, and evaluate the major challenges confronting restructuring professionals in EMs, offering ¿ten observations¿ on the major differences for the practitioner in the restructuring environment of EMs versus that of advanced economies. The authors present four detailed EM case studies (following these with counterfactuals) reflecting these ten observations. The authors also explore the main elements of an effective EM insolvency framework as relevant to the restructurer¿s choice whether to pursue a formal versus an informal solution. Written for restructuring professionals by restructuring professionals, this book explores the factors which drive success¿or failure¿in EM debt restructuring.

This book assesses to what extent marketisation in Higher Education can be attributed to Neoliberalism. Higher education sectors in many countries have increasingly relied on market mechanisms in their management and functioning, particularly in their provision of education. Many assume that Neoliberalism, with its pursuit of free markets and competition, is the key driver. Neoliberalism continues to be a popular concept to describe the social, political, and economic worlds around us, but there is little consensus on how it should be defined or understood. The book argues that there is a clear scope for the use of Neoliberalism to describe the direction HE is shifting towards, but it is rather inadequate on its own and not applicable in all areas.