Rettsvitenskap

This book explores the complex landscape of costs and funding of civil justice.Access to civil justice continues to be undermined by State retrenchment of legal aid budgets, increases in procedural costs, the complexity of court procedures, and severe delays in the dispensation of justice. This has resulted in a shift from public to private funding of civil litigation, and the emergence of new business models and forms of private justice.The book explores the dynamic landscape of legal costs and financing from 3 perspectives: regulatory frameworks in public and private funding; new trends and challenges in contemporary legal financing; and the transformative potential of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) and online dispute resolution (ODR) procedures to streamline civil justice processes and expand access to justice.By addressing the intersectionality of legal, economic, political, market and social dynamics, the book helps readers gain a better understanding of the inherent complexity of costs, funding, and their implications for access to justice.This timely resource offers academics, policymakers, and practitioners valuable insights into the dynamics that shape the current state and future prospects of civil justice in Europe to help create sustainable pathways for improved access to justice.

"Advancing Healthcare through Data-Driven Innovations" explores how technologies like data analytics, big data, machine learning, and blockchain can revolutionize healthcare.

This handbook offers an exposition of the contemporary status of Japan's environmental law, policy, and politics. The compass of ecological quandaries explored within this tome is expansive, encompassing issues pertinent to both natural and synthetic ecosystems, natural resources, and inorganic materials. Each chapter's temporal framework corresponds to the postwar period, following the enactment of environmental statutes and the initiation of administrative institutionalization, situated approximately in the early 1970s. The central inquiry addressed in this compendium pertains to the extent to which prevailing environmental statutes and policies have contributed to the enhancement or conservation of Japan's natural and synthetic ecosystems, as well as the resilience of its natural resources. The authors within this volume undertake an analysis to discern the causal factors behind the quandaries by ascribing them to the existence or absence of enforceable regulations, public involvement in policy formulation processes, bureaucratic fragmentation, pioneering regulatory measures, institutional obstacles, regulatory co-optation, rational cost-effective methodologies, scientific understanding, scientific communities, ecological commerce, environmental non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and holistic ecological plans and programs. Moreover, pertinent sections raise an inquiry concerning Japan's ecological diplomacy, inquiring whether Japan serves as a leader, bystander, or obstructionist.

Examines ʿAttar's didactic poetry in historical context from a rhetorical, reader-centered perspective

Studies Arabic literary production from the point of view of continuity and interference and the interactions between them

In this book, leading international building and private law experts provide a timely and unique analysis of the real-world problem of building safety, approached through the lens of private law.It explores the extent to which private law can be part of the solution to - as well as being part of the cause of - the building safety crisis which afflicts people around the world. The book offers policymakers, practitioners and scholars ground-breaking consideration of this vital yet under-considered aspect of the building safety crisis, along with new and valuable insights into the nature, limits and utility of private law.The book examines the 'symptoms' of the building safety problem (fire, moisture ingress, structural integrity and beyond) across the UK, USA, Australia, Singapore, New Zealand, Italy and Canada. It covers the broad spread of categories within the realm of private law, including torts (primarily negligence), contract, and land (real property) law. International experts provide a variety of different perspectives on the complex and rapidly evolving relationship between private law and the measures which policymakers are implementing in response to the building safety crisis. The book examines in detail existing legislative and judicial responses to the crisis, offering guidance as to how statutory regimes addressing the building safety problem (such as the Building Safety Act 2022) can best be understood and developed.The book results from a joint research project by the Faculty of Law at the University of Oxford and Melbourne Law School at the University of Melbourne.

This book critically examines the theoretical foundations and legal framework for macroprudential policy, its tools and governance in the UK, the US, and the EU. It goes deeper into a normative discussion of the legitimacy of macroprudential policy in these jurisdictions, where the mandate for maintaining financial stability has been delegated to independent authorities.The Global Financial Crisis of 2007-2008 reopened debates regarding legitimacy of the independent regulatory state, given its democratic deficit. The response to a perceived legitimacy gap has been to increase political oversight in financial policymaking and regulation. The book posits that the real problem is not a lack of democracy, but rather a lack of social justice. Across the globe, there is growing dissatisfaction with a financial system and regulatory process that appear depersonalised and perpetuate inequalities. Citizens are calling for more socially just systems of governance and the future success of financial policymakers and regulators will hinge on this. Given the marked distributional effects that have been noted in some macroprudential policy tools, the book questions whether macroprudential policy should be solely based on highly rationalised and strongly quantitative reasons.By proposing that macroprudential policymakers should have a social justice mandate alongside their financial stability mandate, as well as legal mechanisms for operationalising the added authority, the book contributes to the growing discourse on the role of social justice in public policy.

This book develops a new theory of territorialism and international legal status of territories. It (i) defines the concept of territory, explaining how territories are created; (ii) redefines the concept of statehood, illustrating that statehood (rather than the statehood criteria) is territorial legal status established in the formal sources of international law; and (iii) grounds non-state territorial entities in the sources of international law to explain their international legal status. This fresh new theoretical perspective has both scholarly and practical importance, providing a tool helping decision-makers and judges in the practical application of international law both internationally and domestically.

This book analyses the history of the common law foundations of consumer law, and encourages readers to rethink the role that consumer law plays in our society. Consumer law is often constructed as purely statute-based law. However - as this collection will demonstrate - this is far from the truth. Much of the history of the common law concerns consumer transactions and markets. Case law has often established or modified the ground rules of consumer markets, has had a patterning effect on the economic organisation of markets, and has expressed cultural visions of the market and consumers. An analysis of landmark cases of consumer law allows many traditional cases to be viewed through a new and distinct lens, providing significant academic and intellectual value.The collection also includes a unique socio-legal perspective, considering the role that consumer law has played in addressing racial discrimination, LGBTQ challenges and the rights of women.This collection of landmark cases demonstrates the theoretical and practical significance of consumer law through a wide range of contributions by distinguished authors from the United Kingdom, Europe, the United States and Australia.

Shakespeare in the Age of Mass Incarceration brings together theatre artists, currently and formerly incarcerated actors, and college-in-prison educators and students, describing powerful encounters in classrooms and rehearsal rooms as they explore the complexity of "prison Shakespeare."

Shakespeare in the Age of Mass Incarceration brings together theatre artists, currently and formerly incarcerated actors, and college-in-prison educators and students, describing powerful encounters in classrooms and rehearsal rooms as they explore the complexity of "prison Shakespeare."

This book provides a comprehensive overview of the intersection of computational intelligence, health informatics, and computer-aided diagnosis. The book explores and highlights the latest advancements, methodologies, applications, and tools in these fields.

Human dignity, equality, and freedom are central to the South African Constitution. This book examines these values through a conflictual democratic lens, which views conflict, power, and disagreement as constitutive of democracy. The book will be an important read for researchers of constitutional law and critical legal theory.

A free ebook version of this title is available through Luminos, University of California Press's Open Access publishing program. Visit www.luminosoa.org to learn more.   Focusing on the provision of gender-affirming care, Health Care Civil Rights analyzes the difficulties and potential of discrimination law in healthcare settings. The application of civil rights law could be a powerful response to health inequalities in the U.S., but conservative challenges and the complex and fragmented nature of our health care system have limited the real-world success of this strategy. Revealing deep divides and competing interests that reverberate through patient experiences, insurance claims, and courtroom arguments, Anna Kirkland explains what health care civil rights are, how they work in theory and practice, and how to strengthen them.

The Cambridge Handbook of Hydrogen and the Law is the first comprehensive reference work on the regulation of this key area in the energy transition. It is global in scope, featuring chapters that explain the legal situation on hydrogen regulation in Europe, the USA, Latin America, Oceania, the Middle East / North Africa, and Southeast Asia. It includes chapters covering all relevant legal aspects of the hydrogen value chain from production to end use, making it the first in-depth work on the interplay of hydrogen and the law. Leading scholars and practitioners discuss the creation of hydrogen markets, the role of local authorities, sustainability and public participation in hydrogen regulation, the permitting regimes for electrolysers, offshore hydrogen, the regulation on hydrogen transportation and storage, indigenous perspectives on hydrogen, the regulation of hydrogen in heating and the regulation of electricity storage in the form of hydrogen. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

The Cambridge Handbook of Hydrogen and the Law is the first comprehensive reference work on the regulation of this key area in the energy transition. It is global in scope, featuring chapters that explain the legal situation on hydrogen regulation in Europe, the USA, Latin America, Oceania, the Middle East / North Africa, and Southeast Asia. It includes chapters covering all relevant legal aspects of the hydrogen value chain from production to end use, making it the first in-depth work on the interplay of hydrogen and the law. Leading scholars and practitioners discuss the creation of hydrogen markets, the role of local authorities, sustainability and public participation in hydrogen regulation, the permitting regimes for electrolysers, offshore hydrogen, the regulation on hydrogen transportation and storage, indigenous perspectives on hydrogen, the regulation of hydrogen in heating and the regulation of electricity storage in the form of hydrogen. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

Provides the first comprehensive comparative and empirical analysis of the state of harmonisation in EU copyright law in the 27 Member States, and the UK, at the level of national courts.

Consumer rights continually evolve and change and this book lays out all of the changes to 2013 in a clear and concise way. Areas such as legislation covering the use of credit cards and credit generally, plus distance selling regulations, are all areas that have been affected by the introduction of European legislation. These are covered in depth along with the main body of consumer law.

It is often thought that buying or selling property at auction is complicated and risky and should only be undertaken by those with experience. However, nowadays, property auctions are an increasingly popular way for people to buy a home, increase their residential or commercial portfolio or sell an existing property. This book will guide to reader through the entire process. It is packed with useful information and will ensure that the experience will be based on solid foundations, and that people avoid the pitfalls inherent in buying property at auction.

Exploring the role that courts martial played in the professional lives of flag officers in the late Georgian Royal Navy, this book examines the genesis, proceedings and outcomes of nine trials faced by British admirals in the American and French wars. Despite only one admiral being found guilty as charged, the implications of facing trial were highly significant on all of these officers' careers and their surrounding political climates. For some officers, courts martial provided them a means of preserving their honour and professional reputations in the face of perceived mistreatment or criticism.This study sets the experiences of these nine admirals in the context of the naval courts martial system and considers their charging and conviction rate with other naval personnel in the period to understand how the naval justice system worked at the top of society. Drawing on a range of sources, from Admiralty records in the National Archives to official and personal papers, publications of the Naval Records Society and press literature, it sheds new light on prominent individuals' careers and key moments in 18th century naval history.

Selected essays by Professor William Gordon on Roman law and Scots law.

How do foreign policy-makers learn from history? When do states enter alliances? Beginning with these two questions, Dan Reiter uses recent work in social psychology and organization theory to build a formative-events model of learning in international politics.

First published in 2001, Punishment and Sentencing provides a way of introducing principle into sentencing. This is done by bridging the gap between the philosophical justification for punishment and sentencing law and practice.

In summary, addressing security issues in communication devices, networks, and computing models is fundamental to the successful implementation of Industry 5.0. It not only protects the assets and operations of organizations but also contributes to the overall safety, reliability, and sustainability of advanced industrial systems.

This book delves beyond the spectacular images of African migrants struggling to scale border fences or cross the Mediterranean in unseaworthy rubber dinghies by unpacking the policies and emerging practices that shape contemporary border governance in the expanding EU-African borderlands.