Politikk

Risk, Uncertainty, and Profit is a groundbreaking work of economic theory, distinguishing between risk, which is by nature measurable and quantifiable, and uncertainty, which can be neither be measured nor quantified. We begin with an analysis of the functions of profit, risk and uncertainty in the economy. Frank H. Knight introduces his work with a discussion on profit and how there are conflicts about its nature between various economic theorists. As the title implies, the author's chief concern is the interplay between making a profit, incurring risk, and determining if there is uncertainty. Risks are different from uncertainty in that they can be measured and protected against. For example a location chosen for a factory or farm may have a measured risk of flooding in a given year. Businesses, insurers and investors alike can be made aware of this, and behave according to the quantified risk.

Donald Trump, the uncontrollable man who blasted American politics from the inside and petrified the elites—Is he an impostor with an oversized ego? Or a patriotic businessman who goes beyond the normally prescribed limits and wants to take on the model of globalization? Thousands of articles and dozens of books deal with him, but the man remains a puzzle! So, if we wish to understand the phenomenon, we must approach his case as we would approach a puzzle! The method proposed in this book, Trump the Puzzle, adopts a pedagogical trajectory that highlights, in a rigorous and clear way, the simple American realities. Then, grasping the complexity of the big sets, we try, as much as possible, to understand the integrated image of the “case”—the “naked truth.” It will not be the purpose of this book to diminish Trump, as is the wish of his enemies, to what he is not in reality—some political dwarf; nor to inflate him as is the wish of his admirers, into a real-life Incredible Hulk. We wish only to identify and recognize the truth. Those who seek to promote their own agendas—positive or negative—about the “Trump case” should look elsewhere! The method in Trump the Puzzle offers a dive into the psychology and construction of the Trump character and his vision of the world. It also clarifies what the Trump phenomenon is. The deep revolt that is shaking America affects the West in general and frightens the Third World as well. Trump The Puzzle teaches us about the challenges posed to America and the whole planet, and what we as concerned citizens of “this small planet” can do about it.Moulay Taieb Baiti, Master lecturer, consultant in International Geo-strategy and political anthropology.

The collapse of the postcolonial Somali state in 1991 and the consequent outbreak of civil war drastically transformed the socio-political landscape in Somalia. Somalis reverted to the pre-colonial state of affairs and sought refuge in their clan attachments. Local authorities were contested by the warlords, traditional elders, Islamist organizations and modern civil society. Indeed, it was non-state actors that played incredible role in sustaining the livelihood of the stateless people. During this period, the role of women in socio-political affairs grew exponentially and Somalis' national identity became reconfigured profoundly. This Volume 2 of a two-volume thematic history of Somalia focuses on four themes: the history of Somali civil society, the history of Somali traditional authorities, the history of the political ascendancy of Somali women and the historical evolution of Somali national identity. Volume 1 had explored the history of the people of Somali peninsula since ancient times, the advent of Islam and colonialism, the rise and fall of Somali nationalism and the various perspectives on the collapse of the Somali state. These eight chapters constitute comprehensive perspectives on Somali history designed as a history course for Somali university students as well as for general readers elsewhere.

This cohesive set of case studies collects scholarly research, policy evaluation, and field experience to explain how terrorist groups have developed into criminal enterprises.Terrorist groups have evolved from orthodox global insurgents funded by rogue sponsors into nimble and profitable transnational criminal enterprises whose motivations are not always evident. This volume seeks to explain how and why terrorist groups are often now criminal enterprises through 12 case studies of terrorist criminal enterprises written by authors who have derived their expertise on terrorism and/or organized crime from diverse sources. Terrorist groups have been chosen from different regions to provide the global coverage.Chapters describe and analyze the actors, actions, problems, and collaborations of specific terrorist criminal enterprises. Other elements discussed include links to such facilitating conditions as political culture, corruption, history, economy, and issues of governance. This work advances scholarship in the field of counterterrorism by expanding the understanding of these terrorist groups as entities not driven purely by ideology but rather by the criminal enterprises with which they often coincide.

Viktor Korchnoi was one of the leading grandmasters of the 20th century, coming within one game of winning the world championship in 1978. His battles with Karpov for the world crown were among the most important chess matches ever played. A man with a unique - and in many ways tragic - life and career, Korchnoi's defection to the West in 1976 was a major event in Cold War politics. Grandmaster Genna Sosonko was Korchnoi's coach and second during tournaments and candidates matches in 1970-71 and then a close friend of Korchnoi for decades. Indeed, Sosonko's emigration to the West in 1972, which is described in detail in this memoir, had a key impact on Korchnoi's decision to defect four years later. They would meet up at tournaments and at home and discuss chess, politics, and just about everything else. Their conversations constitute an important part of this book, in which Sosonko tackles difficult questions about Korchnoi's personality and places much of his often challenging behavior into its historical context. This book, like Sosonko's previous masterpiece The Rise and Fall of David Bronstein, contains no games but focuses on Korchnoi's life, from his early childhood to his final years. Further, it includes many previously unpublished photos from the private collections of Sosonko and the Korchnoi family.

The 2014 Russia-Ukraine conflict has transformed relations between Russia and the West into what many are calling a new cold war. The West has slowly come to understand that Russia's annexations and interventions, interference in elections, cyber warfare, disinformation, assassinations in Europe and support for anti-EU populists emerge from Vladimir Putin's belief that Russia is at war with the West.This book shows that the crisis has deep roots in Russia's inability to come to terms with an independent Ukrainian state, Moscow's view of the Orange and Euromaidan revolutions as Western conspiracies and, finally, its inability to understand that most Russian-speaking Ukrainians do not want to rejoin Russia. In Moscow's eyes, Ukraine is central to rebuilding a sphere of influence within the former Soviet space and to re-establishing Russia as a great power. The book shows that the wide range of 'hybrid' tactics that Russia has deployed show continuity with the actions of the Soviet-era security services.

"Marx was the best hated and most calumniated man of his time. Governments, both absolutist and republican, deported him from their territories. Bourgeois, whether conservative or ultra-democratic, vied with one another in heaping slanders upon him. All this he brushed aside as though it were a cobweb, ignoring it, answering only when extreme necessity compelled him. And he died beloved, revered and mourned by millions of revolutionary fellow workers - from the mines of Siberia to California, in all parts of Europe and America…"His name will endure through the ages, and so also will his work."Two hundred years after the birth of the great revolutionary Karl Marx, across the world, the capitalist system is in crisis and the working class are moving in to action to change their lives. In ruling class circles, no longer do they snidely declare the death of Marx. On the contrary, there is fear and consternation in their ranks. There has, therefore, never been a more urgent time to study his ideas.This short book, released for the two hundredth birthday of Marx, contains a series of articles on the man, his life, and his ideas: from an explanation of the philosophy of Marxism; to Marx's battles against petty-bourgeois anarchist ideas; to Trotsky's assessment of the Communist Manifesto. And much more!This book should be read by all class-conscious workers as the beginning of the study of the ideas of Marxism. As Lenin said, "without revolutionary theory there can be no revolutionary movement."

The most advanced and celebrated mind of the 20th Century, without a doubt, is attributed to Albert Einstein. Instead of his hard science and advanced mathematical theories, which often go far beyond the minds of average people, this book allows us to meet him as a person. This interesting book allows us to explore his beliefs, philosophical ideas, and opinions on many subjects so we can walk away afterwards knowing and understanding one of the world's greatest intellectual giants. Subjects include politics, religion, education, the meaning of life, Jewish issues, the world economy, peace and pacifism. One does not need an advanced degree in math or physics to appreciate the genius of Einstein, shared so clearly by the man himself in this book.

We the People: Consenting to a Deeper DemocracyOur understanding of how the world works was fundamentally altered when the mechanical model of closed, linear systems was replaced with cybernetics and complexity theory. Sociocracy is a governance method that uses these new sciences to design organizations that are as powerful, self-organizing, and self-correcting as the natural world, including the honeybees.The United States Declaration of Independence asserts that all human beings are created equally and endowed with the unquestionable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. In practice, however, these rights exist only for the majority, the rich, or property owners. We the People explains how sociocracy ensures these rights to everyone. Sociocracy shares the values of democracy, but designs more inclusive and efficient organizations. It makes profit-making businesses more profitable, and non-profit organizations more effective. And everyone happier.The text includes history and theory; essential principles; relationship to traditional management theory; implementation methods; classic readings; examples of bylaws for businesses and nonprofits; short guides for meetings and decison-making; a glossary; bibliography; and index. It also includes photographs, diagrams, charts, and tables. It is a comprehensive handbook for understanding and implementing the sociocratic circle method of organization.

The surprising story of how wrestling superstar Glenn "Kane" Jacobs beat all the odds to become the mayor of Knox County, Tennessee.

Do robots have rights? What about ecosystems? For that matter, what are our rights online? Is state corruption a violation of human rights? Beliefs about rights are changing, leading to new questions. William Schulz and Sushma Raman, both experienced human rights advocates, lay out the central debates of today's rights revolution.

A provocative argument for a new way of seeing Israel, Zionism, and the two-state solution.A Future for Israel is a wakeup call to liberal Zionists. In the last two decades, Israeli politics has been changing rapidly, but Zionist thinking on the left is lagging dangerously behind. Given the demise of a viable two-state solution, the struggle for a worthwhile political future in Israel depends not on establishing borders, but on securing human and citizen rights. Denying this is by now akin to denying global warming, and will lead to a catastrophe. 70 years after Israel''s establishment, Palestinians are again verging on becoming the majority within Israel''s borders and Israeli leaders across the political spectrum can be heard speaking of ethnic cleansing. Ignoring reality will invite scenarios worse than apartheid.A Future for Israel will reclaim the vital center from Zionist chauvinism on the right and anti-Zionism on the left, by articulating an alternative to two-state politics from within a liberal Zionist perspective. Omri Boehm argues Israeli patriots must now challenge Zionist taboos as we have come to know them and dare to imagine the country''s transformation, from a Jewish state into a federal, bi-national republic.

Religious Freedom Under Scrutiny argues that without freedom of religion or belief, human rights cannot fully address the needs, yearnings, and vulnerabilities of human beings and that marginalizing freedom of religion or belief would weaken the plausibility and legitimacy of the entire system of human rights.

In this volume, various leading and well-placed experts explain the key constitutional features, or identities, of selected Member States of the European Union. Not only are these constitutional identities compared, but the notion of such identity is discussed against the background of the EU's constitutional relationship with its Member States.

A pragmatic vision of how democratic socialism can overcome the economic, workplace, political, environmental, social, and international crises that we face today.

Billions of dollars stolen from citizens are circling the globe, enriching powerful individuals, altering political outcomes, and disadvantaging everyday people. Where does one begin to fight corruption of this magnitude? To find answers, Crude Intentions examines the corruption crisis that erupted during the recent oil boom. Telling stories drawn from around the world, the book reveals how company bosses signed off on risky schemes, kleptocrats used oilwealth to cement their hold on power, and armies of bankers, accountants, and lawyers stashed the stolen loot offshore. But, the stories also reveal vulnerabilities in this web of fraud, and show how heroic prosecutors, journalists and activists succeeded in battling back. These are the starting points forbuilding a smarter fight against corruption, in the oil sector and well beyond.

The left must learn to argue.

A riveting account of Vladimir Putin's rule since his return to the Russian presidency in 2012.

This book examines core thematic approaches to the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) and analyses case studies regarding the implementation of this important global norm.

Canadian Seth Wynes is studying for a PhD in climate change at the University of British Columbia. He has a Masters in Sustainable Science from Lund University, Sweden, where he co-authored the 2017 research paper, The Climate Mitigation Gap, with Professor Kim Nichols. The paper outlined the 11 most impactful ways inhabitants of the Western world could reduce their carbon emissions. Prior to studying at Lund University, Seth studied at the University of Western Ontario and McMaster University and taught high school science in England and Northern Canada.Seth¿s work has been published by the World Resources Institute, the Pacific Institute for Climate Solutions and Environmental Research Letters. TV and radio appearances include BBC World Service, NBC News and the National Live with CBC News.

The most balanced blend of empirical material and critical analysis from the leading figures in Global Political Economy.

Biteback Publishing is delighted to announce a major new project, a two volume series of biographies of every female MP ever to be elected to the House of Commons.

The story of the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, when for six extraordinary months the city was at the centre of world government as the peacemakers wound up bankrupt empires and created new countries. This book brings to life the personalities, ideals and prejudices of the settlement brokers.

Democracy isn't dying. It's mutating.

The ultimate insider, Bernard Ingham was Margaret Thatcher's press secretary during her tenure at No. 10. These diaries will come to be viewed as arguably amongst the most important primary source material about her unexpected fall from power.

After three decades of "reform and opening up," China is closing its doors, clamping down on Western influence in the economy, media, and civil society. At the same time, President Xi Jinping has emerged as a champion of globalization, projecting Chinese power abroad and seeking to reshape the global order. Herein lies The Third Revolution.