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The unique biology of cardiac fibroblasts and related cells, such as cardiac myofibroblasts and valvular interstitial cells, distinguish them from other fibroblastic cells, a concept that is only beginning to be widely appreciated.

This book of the series on ¿Advances in Biochemistry in Health and Disease¿ includes state-of-the-art information on the status of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in the form of 24 chapters. This book has been organized into three sections: (i) General Implications of RAS in human health and Infectious Diseases, (ii) Lung, Liver and Kidney Diseases, and (iii) Development of Cancer. Each chapter has discussed comprehensive knowledge regarding the molecular and cellular aspects of the role of RAS in the pathophysiology and pharmacotherapy of different disease processes. Biochemical mechanisms associated with angiotensin II type 1 and type II receptors, and angiotensin (1-7) MAS receptors for the occurrence of both harmful and beneficial effects of prolonged activation of RAS in different diseases have been outlined. It is noteworthy to point out that different chapter in this book were prepared by recognized global expertise in the area of inflammation, oxidative stress and signal transduction pathways to highlight the role of RAS in different diseases. It is our sincere hope that this book will be of great interest to both biomedical investigators and health professionals as well as graduate students and postdoctoral fellows all over the world.

This book entitled "Nitric Oxide: From Research to Therapeutics" includes the most recent information about the role of Nitric Oxide (NO) in physiology, pathophysiology and its translation to therapeutics. The Editors are vastly experienced in the field of NO research. The international panels of contributors to the various chapters of the book are all well-established researchers and health professionals who have worked in different areas of NO physiology and pathophysiology, and have made a considerable impact in the field. The book is a comprehensive collection of the most recent information on NO as a physiological regulator and its diverse potential as a therapeutic target for the treatment for a variety of disease states. This compilation is aimed at professionals and students from both academia and the industry in the areas of basic biomedical and clinical sciences.

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of mortality in men and women. Unfortunately, women have traditionally been excluded from clinical trials, and female animals have been used less or sex was not reported in basic research studies. Until recently, consideration of both sexes was not required in clinical and preclinical studies focusing on cardiovascular diseases. However, the number of clinical and experimental papers dealing with sex differences and heart disease significantly increases during the last years. This trend is obviously the result of at least two facts: the number of examples of different behavior of the male and female heart under physiological and pathological conditions is steadily increasing and there were controversial reports on the beneficial and adverse effect of hormonal replacement therapy. Detailed molecular and cellular mechanisms of these differences are still unknown but one is clear already today: sex differences are so important that they should be considered by the selection of optimum diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in clinical practice.The book presents 16 manuscripts on sex differences of heart disease, as developed by several investigators; the volume is organized in four parts. Part I, dealing with sex differences in cardiac ischemic injury, includes 5 chapters on experimental aspects of cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury, the role of testosterone, and clinical aspects of ischemic heart disease. Part II is devoted to sex differences in heart failure and includes four chapters. Discussion in this part of the book is centered around the sex differences in heart failure due to volume overload. Part III of this volume includes four papers on risk factors of cardiovascular diseases, namely hypertension and obesity, and, finally, three chapters in part IV deal with sex differences of cardiac mitochondria under different pathological conditions. We believe this book will be very useful forcardiovascular scientists, graduate students, postdoctoral fellows and other health professionals.

The three main types of the ion pump ATPase family are: (i) P-type ATPases that transport different ions across membranes and Ca2+ATPases belongs to this catagory (ii) F-type ATPase in mitochondria, chloroplasts and bacterial plasma membranes produce ATP using the proton gradient;

Na+-K+ ATPase or Na-pump ATPase, a member of "P"-type ATPase superfamily, is characterized by association of multiple isoforms mainly of it's - and - subunits.

Na+-K+ ATPase or Na-pump ATPase, a member of "P"-type ATPase superfamily, is characterized by association of multiple isoforms mainly of it's - and - subunits.

The main objective of Cardiac Remodeling: Molecular Mechanisms is to summarize the major research advances in molecular, biochemical and translational aspects of cardiac remodeling over the last 2 to 3 decades under one cover and touch on future directions.

Leading authorities on the biochemistry of this complex physiological process explain its critical role in human growth and development as well as the pathogenesis of cancer, heart disease, and other morbidities. The book fully updates the current literature.

Cardiac Energy Metabolism in Health and Disease

Overall, this book discusses the diverse mechanisms of phospholipase mediated signal transduction in different pathophysiological conditions and raises the possibility of specific forms of phospholipases serving as novel targets for drug development.

This book summarizes present knowledge of different mechanisms involved in the development of positive and negative consequences of cardiac adaptation.

It analyses how mitochondria affect metabolic pathways, how they are active in the regulation of cytosolic constituents, and their role in initiating signal pathways. It gives an overview of the emergence of mitochondria as an important regulator of cell signaling, with a particular focus on their pathophysiology.

It is now well known that proteases are found everywhere, in viruses and bacteria as well as in all human, animal and plant cells, and play a role in a variety of biological functions ranging from digestion, fertilization, development to senescence and death.

The three main types of the ion pump ATPase family are: (i) P-type ATPases that transport different ions across membranes and Ca2+ATPases belongs to this catagory (ii) F-type ATPase in mitochondria, chloroplasts and bacterial plasma membranes produce ATP using the proton gradient;