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The basic phenomena of intra- and intercellular communication and the transport signals within and between the cells controlling cardiac function are described and discussed in this volume.

Advances in imaging are occurring at a brisk pace, and imaging techniques have great potential to act as pre-symptomatic predictors of disease as well as to chart the course of a disease. Neuroimaging has greatly advanced the understanding of brain function and its relationship to the anatomical substrate.

Only in very recent times have therapies been developed that are specific to a particular manifestation of autoimmune disease, and these have begun to replace the all-purpose remedies of the past 30 years.

The intricate relationships between music and human neurological makeup, as well as the ways in which music can influence neurological development, are explored in this volume, which is a continuation and expansion of two symposia that have preceded it, both of which have been published as Annals volumes.

The potential for the development of therapeutic oligonucleotides into clinical medicines and their use as basic research tools are explored in this volume, which is the proceedings of the 7th NIH Symposium on Therapeutic Oligonucleotides.

Biomedical research on human subjects is notoriously difficult because of the difficulties in controlling the variables, locating a large enough sample size, and managing the ethical issues that have to be considered for every experiment.

The body of research on the process of human aging has grown considerably in recent years, and the reports presented here explore a full range of approaches to this research, from the molecular and genetic to the cellular and organismic levels.

This volume is the first of two volumes to result from the 4th International Conference on Rickettsiae and Rickettsial Diseases, in which an effort is made to address and clarify issues from clinical, diagnostic, epidemiologic, and molecular perspectives that have remained unsolved in the past.

For the last 40 years, biogerontology-the study of the biological basis of aging-has progressed tremendously, and it has now become an independent and respected field of study and research. This volume brings together contributions by biogerontologists, bioethicists, biodemographers, researchers, students, clinicians, and dieticians.

Pheochromocytoma is a rare neuroendocrine tumor with a highly variable presentation. There is lack of agreement about the most efficient and cost-effective methods for diagnosis and localization of the tumor, which can be lethal if not identified and treated promptly.

The research findings presented in this volume focus on botanical, nutritional, and pharmacological strategies for improving general health and slowing normal aging, and the contributors are scientists recognized for their molecular and mechanistic work in this area.

Our understanding of how the skeleton is remodeled and repaired has been enormously expanded in the past decade. Using advanced molecular technologies we are gaining a better understanding of both the precise pathways through which osteoblasts lay down new bone and how osteoclasts remove old bone.

As life expectancy has increased, so has the incidence of neurodegenerative diseases, particularly those associated with aging. Contributing to increased life expectancy is increased survival following brain injury, stroke, and procedures such as heart surgery, but these events can impair neurological function.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which encompasses both Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, is a chronically relapsing intestinal disorder that is characterized by diarrhea and abdominal pain. The incidence of IBD is increasing worldwide.

This volume provides a snapshot of the state of the art of oculomotor and vestibular research, focusing on the bridge between laboratory and clinical research and the interdisciplinary relationships among ophthalmology, neurology, and otology.

Exciting papers by leading researchers are integrated in this volume with presentations having direct clinical relevance: thus, the latest scientific advances in aging research are coupled with reports on how these advances are being applied to longevity medicine.

The incidence of autoimmune diseases is increasing worldwide, and the search for better management of these disease and even for a cure is being pursued by scientists from many disciplines. Tools from the areas of genetics, neuorscience, cell biology, virology, and infectious disease are being applied to the problem and are yielding useful results.

Researchers from diverse research communities in cognitive neuroscience, clinical neuroscience, MR-diffusion tensor imaging, and algorithm development have contributed articles that explore the potential for diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to measure and model white matter tracts in the human brain.

The different levels of organization in the testis, including the stages of spermatogenesis, enzymatic steps of steroidogenesis, and the intracellular signaling pathways of hormones, are now more amenable to study and selection of potential targets for drug development.

Stem cells have generated considerable interest recently in the scientific, clinical, and public arenas. It is essential that we gain a broader understanding of the factors that regulate the biology of stem cells: their ability for self-renewal, differentiation, and plasticity, as well as the differences between embryonic and adult stem cells.

Estrogens may play a role, not only in classical endocrine-related tumors, such as breast or prostate, but also in several other human nosological entities, including neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular and immune-related diseases.

An accurate, inexpensive, and noninvasive method for the early diagnosis of cancer has been something of a holy grail among cancer researchers, but until recently a method meeting all three criteria has been elusive.

The volume comprises chapters on first menstruation, hypothalamic amenorrhea, implantation and recurrent abortion, XX metabolic syndrome, endometriosis, menopause, osteoporosis, minimally invasive surgery, assisted reproduction, ultrasound imaging in obstetrics, estrogen receptor modulators, and urogynecology.

When cells are damaged, as often occurs during trauma and metabolic stress, a highly evolved cell healing process follows that was designed to enhance cell survival or remove irreparably injured cells.

Oral-based diagnostics have the potential to detect systemic disease and evidence of exposure to various harmful substances, as well as provide biomarkers of health and disease status. Integration of novel approaches to oral-based diagnostics is expanding to include genomics, proteomics, bioinformatics, and nanotechnology.

Addresses the various aspects of mitochondrial research and medicine, including mitochondrial function and dysfunction, free radical biology relevant to mitochondrial dysfunction, the role of mitochondria in apoptosis, and abnormal signaling processes and disease mechanisms associated with aging, mtDNA mutations, or mitochondrial damage.

How are children who have experienced adversity able to function competently? Why do some children appear to be resilient? These fascinating, complex, and puzzling questions have been studied mostly from a behavioral and psychosocial perspective.

The need to protect biodiversity places great constraints on the use of natural spaces such as forests and preserves and often conflicts with the need for sustainable intensification of agricultural and animal production.

Drawing upon the expertise of a cadre of scholars and practitioners, this book has four parts: (1) conceptualizing violence and exploitation against females, (2) violence against girls and female adolescents, (3) violence against women, and (4) cultural and international perspectives on violence against women.

Continued economic growth, human welfare, and national security depend upon constant technological progress; and the chief area for innovation in the coming years will be converging technologies, the synergistic combination of the "NBIC" fields: nanotechnology, biotechnology, information technology, and new technologies based in cognitive science.