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A new attitude to applied logic has evolved, where researchers tailor a logic for their own use in the same way they define a computer language, and where auto mated deduction for the logic and its fragments is as important as the logic itself.

Free logic - i.e., logic free of existential presuppositions in general and with respect to singular terms in particular- began to come into its own as a field of research in the 1950s. In an introductory essay we give a survey of the present status of and new directions in free logic.

Labelled deduction is an approach to providing frameworks for presenting and using different logics in a uniform and natural way by enriching the language of a logic with additional information of a semantic proof-theoretical nature.