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This study is an outgrowth of our interest in the history of modern chemistry. The paucity of reliable, quantitative knowledge about past science was brought home forcibly to us when we undertook a research seminar in the comparative history of modern chemistry in Britain, Germany, and the United States.

Although numerous attempts have been made in the past one hundred years to identify the main reasons for the neglect and the indifference which surrounded the molecular hypothesis, very little effort has been devoted to showing how historical circumstances and Avogadro's own personality hindered the acceptance of the concepts he had proposed.

Europe is the cradle of the modem international chemical industry. From the middle of the nineteenth century until the outbreak of World War I, the European chemical industry influenced not only the production and control of science and technology, but also made significant contributions towards economic development, as well as bringing about profound changes in working and living enviromnents. It is a highly complex heritage, both rich and threatening, that calls for close scrutinity. Fortunately, a unique opportunity to explore the historical development of the European chemical industry from a variety of novel standpoints, was made possible during 1993 as part of the European Science Foundation (ESF) programme called ''The Evolution of Chemistry in Europe, 1789-1939.'' This process of exploration has taken place through three workshops, each dealing with different time periods. The workshop concerned with the period 1850-1914, which corresponds roughly to the so-called Second Industrial Revolution, was held in Maastricht, The Netherlands, on 23-25 March 1995. This volume is the outcome of that workshop. The other workshops dealing with European chemical industry were held in Liege in 1994, covering the First Industrial Revolution period, 1789-1850, and Strasbourg in 1996, covering the period between the two World Wars.

A thorough history. Lactic acid's chemistry has posed problems that required the large-scale preparation of the acid for study; its manufacture is a complicated process involving many subdisciplines of the science of chemistry; its use encompasses many fields of industrial activity and important asp

Heinrich Caro (1834-1910) was the inventor of new chemical processes that in the two decades commencing in 1869 enabled BASF of Ludwigshafen, Germany, to take first place among manufacturers of synthetic dyestuffs.

In the twentieth century, dyes, pharmaceuticals, photographic products, explosives, insecticides, fertilizers, synthetic rubber, fuels, and fibers, plastics, and other products have flowed out of the chemical industry and into the consumer economies, war machines, farms, and medical practices of industrial societies.

Analyses the development of the chemical industry during the Second Industrial Revolution in a large number of European countries. This book is intended for historians of technology and chemistry, social historians, economic and business historians, and historians of the environment.

Presents the history of discovery of the rare earth elements. This title describes how the isolation and characterization of each rare earth element confronted chemists with unparalleled difficulties for over 150 years. It presents chapters on both the industrial uses of the rare earths and their application to pharmacology and medicine.

Heinrich Caro (1834-1910) was the inventor of new chemical processes that in the two decades commencing in 1869 enabled BASF of Ludwigshafen, Germany, to take first place among manufacturers of synthetic dyestuffs.

With due respect - and with gratitude - to specialist accounts of his achievements as a chemist and of his endeavours to fmd a cure for pulmonary consumption and his efforts to bring about an understanding of the importance of preventive medicine, I have tried in this account to 'see him whole'.

1 /Theoretical Background.- 1.1. Government-Binding Theory.- 1.1.1. X-Bar Theory.- 1.1.2. ?-Theory.- 1.1.3. Case Theory.- 1.1.4. Binding Theory.- 1.1.5. Control Theory.- 1.1.6. Bounding Theory.- 1.1.6.1. Bounding Nodes.- 1.1.6.2. Barriers.- 1.1.7. Government Theory.- 1.1.7.1. Disjunctive ECP.- 1.1.7.2. Conjunctive ECP.- 1.2. Parasitic Gaps.- Notes.- 2 / Universal Licensing.- 2.0. Introduction.- 2.1. Licensing.- 2.1.1. Full Interpretation.- 2.1.2. Universal Licensing.- 2.1.3. Full Interpretation at D-Structure.- 2.2. Licensing at D-Structure.- 2.2.1. Predication.- 2.2.1.1. Null Predicates.- 2.2.1.2. Adjunct Null Operators.- 2.2.2. Quantification.- 2.2.2.1. Operators in [Spec, CP].- 2.2.2.2. Base-generated Wh-constructions.- 2.2.2.3. Resumptive Pronouns within Questions and Relatives.- 2.2.2.4. Types of Resumptive Pronouns and the Wh/ Relative Asymmetry.- 2.2.2.4.1. Vata.- 2.2.2.4.2. Modern Hebrew.- 2.2.2.4.3. Standard Arabic.- 2.2.2.4.4. Hausa.- 2.3. Licensing at S-Structure: Null Operators.- 2.3.1. Parasitic Gaps.- 2.3.2. Null Operator Constructions in English and French.- 2.3.3. Null Topics.- 2.4. Universal Licensing and Parasitic Gaps.- 2.5. Summary.- Notes.- 3 / Double Dont Constructions.- 3.0. Introduction.- 3.1. Genitival Relatives.- 3.1.1. Dont as a Case-Marked C0.- 3.1.2. Dont Relatives and the Subject Condition.- 3.2. Non-Movement Relatives With Dont.- 3.3. Double Constructions with Dont.- 3.3.1. The Problem.- 3.3.2. Adnominal Complements and the Projection Principle.- 3.4. Identifying the Gaps.- 3.4.1. Adnominal Gaps Are Not Anaphoric.- 3.4.2. pro or Variable?.- 3.4.2.1. pro in French: Orphan Prepositions.- 3.4.2.2. Adnominal Gaps Are Not pro.- 3.4.2.3. Adnominal Gaps Are Variables.- 3.4.3. Problems With Multiple Extraction.- 3.5. Summary.- Notes.- 4/Null Operators In DPs.- 4.0. Introduction.- 4.1. Null Operators in Noun Phrases at S-Structure.- 4.1.1. DDCs Are Parasitic Gap Constructions.- 4.1.1.1. Syntactic A?-Movement.- 4.1.1.2. C-command from the Binder.- 4.1.1.3. Anti-c-command and Locality.- 4.1.2. [Spec, CP) as an A?-Position.- 4.2. Null Operators in Noun Phrases at D-Structure.- 4.2.1. The Thematic Structure of Nominals.- 4.2.2. Arguments and Adjuncts in DDCs.- 4.2.3. Relational Nouns and Possessor Arguments.- 4.2.3.1. Generic Contexts.- 4.2.3.2. Determiner Types.- 4.3. Easy-Type Constructions in Noun Phrases: Inalienable Possession.- 4.4. Summary.- Notes.- 5 / Locality In Double Dont Constructions.- 5.0. Introduction.- 5.1. Two Chain Approaches to External Locality.- 5.1.1. Chain Composition.- 5.1.2. Chain Formation.- 5.2. DDCs and Chain Composition.- 5.2.1. Adnominal Gaps Within PPs.- 5.2.2. Adjunct Clauses.- 5.2.3. Adnominal PGs in Embedded Clauses.- 5.3. Deriving the Properties of PG Constructions.- Notes.- References.- Index Of Names.- Index Of Subjects.