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«Dariush Borbor has created an impressive lexicographical reference work with zeal and passion for over three decades, having collected the largest possible assemblage of alternatives for every single reduplicate. Linguists from many scientific fields must be grateful to him for his pioneering work.»(Adriano V. Rossi, Professor Emeritus of Iranian Philology, DAAM, University of Naples L¿Orientale and ISMEO, Rome)«The author has created a truly remarkable work on a very strange and little studied area of linguistics. The book contains a wealth of fascinating information and I can only congratulate him on the care and assiduity which he has devoted to it.»(Nicholas Sims-Williams, Professor Emeritus of Iranian and Central Asian Studies, School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London)«I had an occasion to look again at your Dictionary of Reduplication. I realized once again how much useful work you have put into compiling it. Your bibliography is comprehensive and very useful. I should like to congratulate you on your assiduous effort to investigate so comprehensively a complex morphological aspect of the Middle Eastern Languages.»(¿ Ehsan Yarshater, Professor Emeritus, Center for Iranian Studies, Columbia University)The present dictionary is an analytical, comparative and etymological presentation of reduplication over a wide spectrum of languages. The range of featured languages ¿ Arabic, Armenian, Kurdish, Persian and Turkish ¿ include three separate families connected only by geographical proximity, each with an extremely rich literary tradition. The dictionary covers multiple independent phenomena in several unrelated languages, the underlying idea being that their reduplications are all somehow connected, and that there exists a general «field» of reduplication. The book is not limited to a single field, but rather for several largely separate ones, such as linguistic relations, the theory of reduplication and etymology. Several other related or unrelated languages such as Icelandic, Japanese, Egyptian Hieroglyphics, Hittite, etc. have been included for comparative purposes.The preliminary findings of this study indicate that reduplication in the languages under study, and in nearly all other languages, deal mostly with the fundamental, primary human requirements. Another strong proof of the «universality» of reduplicates are that they closely follow the same and similar formation, development and rule in most related and unrelated languages. In consequence of the universality of reduplication and its near identical development in all related or unrelated languages, it even legitimizes the creation of a grammar of reduplication in the future. A few of the essential features of this book include: a complete revision and updating of the semantics; a particular attention to the cognitive aspects; and, many etymologies that cannot be found elsewhere.

«The contribution of Dr Doerr¿s book is beyond measure. Her research relies on highly sophisticated methodology with invaluable practical applications in academic style editing for scholars who are non-native speakers of English. Academic Style Proofreading stands to become vital for readers from across the globe engaged in scholarly publication.»(John Casey Gooch, Associate Professor of Rhetoric and Literature, University of Texas at Dallas, USA)«This book explicates the roles of hybridised professions in academic publishing and offers a fresh and thought-provoking corpus stylistics analysis of academic style proofreading. The author starts an important and timely conversation about explanations and treatment of academic style in the spirit of moving towards a more inclusive international academic discourse community. Its insights will be an invaluable resource to academics and publishing professionals alike.»(Karen Dwyer, PhD, Lecturer (Teaching) in Modern English Grammar and Research Methodology, University College London)In the current international context, it is increasingly required to write not only «correctly» but also in accordance with the stylistic expectations of the academic community. However, because academic style and its standards are only mentioned ¿ if not glossed over ¿ in textbooks and journal guidelines, many non-native students and scholars receive their linguistically correct papers with recommendations to «revise the English» but are unable to comprehend where the problem lies or how to address it. Moreover, change in and confusion among the language professionals who are in a position to assist these scholars ¿ that is, revisors, copyeditors and proofreaders ¿ impedes any clarity in terms of who should rework academic style before submission and publication.This volume seeks to unpack the concept of «academic style proofreading» and its components through a multifaceted analysis including methodologies such as terminology, corpus stylistics and error analysis. This is intended to define the purpose and intricacies of this new aspect of academic writing and present common errors in academic style, as well as possible proofreading solutions, in economics and the humanities. In doing so, the book presents an assessment of the issues, methods and implications of academic style proofreading for research, professional and educational purposes.

This book explores how interactions are achieved in new academic discourses, from both cross-genre and cross-disciplinary perspectives. By adopting a corpus-based analysis, it takes a detailed look at academic blogs, online book reviews, the abbreviated summary of article highlights, and the challenging postgraduate genre of the three-minute thesis. Through careful study of these discourses, the author aims to expand our understanding of the way researchers seek to make their work accessible to new audiences and create more egalitarian and engaging relations with them. Specifically, the author offers thoughtful analyses of the workings of stance and engagement to see how academics manage these new rhetorical challenges and reach out to both lay and specialist audiences. Through these analyses we gain new insights into both the genres themselves and how academics write in the twenty-first century. The book thus serves as an up to the minute work on new issues in the field of English for Academic Purposes.

«Michelle Leese's book is a must-read for those interested in the German impersonal passive. Based on an experimental study of almost 400 zero-argument passives she convincingly shows that this allegedly "exceptional" passive is the very core from which all werden-passives in their meaning as "event-focused action" are derived.»(Petra M. Vogel, Professor of German Linguistics, University of Siegen, Germany)«This book presents a vast amount of original data to confront a glaring weakness of the aspect analysis of the German passive: if the actional passive is telic, why is the impersonal passive of the type Es wurde getanzt atelic? The answer given is a revelation delightful in its simplicity.»(Dr Christopher Beedham, Honorary Lecturer, Department of German, University of St Andrews, Scotland)Actional passives are conventionally considered to be the result of a voice analysis conversion process. They are said to derive from semantically identical underlying actives, even though most passives do not contain the agent ¿ the entity carrying out the action ¿ that would be crucial to such a conversion. Beedham¿s aspect analysis offered an alternative perspective which discarded any notion of a mandatory connection to the active, and instead proposed that passive formation requires only a lexically telic verb, compositional telicity and a patient (affected entity) subject.This book challenges both these analyses via an empirical investigation into the somewhat neglected impersonal passive in German of the type Es wurde getanzt, which, as a zero-argument, atelic construction, exists as an exception to both the voice and aspect analysis rules. Using the theoretical framework of Saussurean structuralism and Beedham¿s «method of exceptions and their correlations», this book presents a new, «event-focused» analysis of both this impersonal passive and the German actional passive in general; plus, it proposes that since Es wurde getanzt, as the barest form of passive and the closest realisation of the werden + ge-V-t core of all passives, is atelic, this werden-passive core too is atelic.

This book explores the nature of poetic reading using a creative approach to understanding Old Norse poetry. It considers lacunae in the history, criticism and scholarly translations of Old Norse poetry into English through a poetic enactment, an epic poem and its companion reader, demonstrating critical approaches to Old Norse poetry and poetics.The poetic enactment analyses the complex relationship between historical gap and creative reader, the importance of the comprehension of literary objects as ideal or immutable, and the poetic construction of readable texts with particular reference to skaldic images. The poetic demonstration of scholarly approaches also raises a number of questions about poetic process and the role of composers, readers and historical contexts in Old Norse poetry. Analysing narrative-movement, diction, grammar, legend, the aural, the visual, authenticity, meaning and poetic objects as scripts, the author offers a theory of actual and virtual reading.

With a comprehensive review of the relevant factors that first- and second-language morphological processing researchers need to take into consideration, including material- and procedure-related factors and participant differences, this book is a useful theoretical reference book for morphological processing researchers.

This edited volume investigates the role of digital communication in relation to linguistic diversity and language education in today's digitally networked world. The collection explores diverse digital venues in which language has different roles and functions, including education, politics, technology, media, and popular culture.

Dutch is a peculiar language in that certain nouns have more than one gender. This first academic study of double gender nouns (DGNs) in the Dutch language investigates this anomaly. First assigned a lexicological classification, the DGNs are then analysed contextually by means of a corpus study. DGNs are shown to be part of a generalized restructuring of Dutch gender as a whole. No longer a fringe phenomenon in the Dutch gender system, this study shows them to be catalysts in the transition towards a (more) semantic system, a process that is much more advanced than commonly assumed.

Can linguistic pragmatics be developed without the need to formulate rules, criteria or maxims? The author argues that rules as they have been conceived of within pragmatics, particularly speech act theory, are limiting and out of step with the linguistic science of recent decades. Using a hermeneutic approach to pragmatics, this book seeks to bring pragmatics closer to the cognitive paradigm that has transformed the other branches of the linguistic and communication sciences, with the help of developments in certain neighbouring disciplines such as philosophy, sociology and narratology. The elements that are opened up to pragmatics in this approach include some new conceptions of intentionality, intertextuality, communicative action and literary authorship, as well as the subjectivity of interpretation, which by its very nature ceaselessly transforms all forms of communication in its historical spiral.

Analysis of language as a combination of both a structural and a lexical component overlooks a third all-encompassing aspect: dynamics. Dynamic Linguistics approaches the description of the complex phenomenon that is human language by focusing on this important but often neglected aspect. This book charts the belated recognition of the importance of dynamic synchrony in twentieth-century linguistics and discusses two other key concepts in some detail: speech community and language structure. Because of their vital role in the development of a dynamic approach to linguistics, the three linguists William Labov, Andre Martinet and Roman Jakobson are featured, in particular Martinet in whose later writings - neglected in the English-speaking world - the fullest appreciation of the dynamics of language to date are found. A sustained attempt is also made to chronicle precursors, between the nineteenth century and the 1970s, who provided inspiration for these three scholars in the development of a dynamic approach to linguistic description and analysis. The dynamic approach to linguistics is intended to help consolidate functional structuralists, geolinguists, sociolinguists and all other empirically minded linguists within a broader theoretical framework as well as playing a part in reversing the overformalism of the simplistic structuralist framework which has dominated, and continues to dominate, present-day linguistic description.

This book presents the first detailed analysis of the mechanism of translating the Polish past tense into French. Grounded in the field of aspectual research, this study bridges the gap between theory and practice by presenting a set of equivalency rules for Polish past imperfective verb forms and French past tenses. Drawing on a wide selection of Polish literary texts and their translations into French, the author analyses the translation of Polish past imperfective verbs in factual contexts and their actual uses in narration. Using the semantic theory of aspect developed by Stanislaw Karolak, the author establishes rules of equivalency for imperfective uses in both languages as well as rules of equivalency between Polish past imperfective verbs and perfect tenses in French (passe compose, passe simple and plus-que-parfait). The translation rules developed in this study can be applied directly in translation practice as well as providing a resource for scholars of the French and Polish languages. Additionally, this book lays the foundation for future contrastive studies on aspect in languages from different language families.

Intertextuality in reading - namely the way in which written texts refer to other texts - has recently attracted attention in the field of linguistics and related disciplines. This book offers a unique look at the operation of intertextuality in real-world texts and the role of readers' cognitive processes in responding to intertextuality. The first part of the book presents innovative research into how intertextuality operates within a corpus of authentic texts. It then draws on that analysis to propose a comprehensive framework by means of which types of intertextual reference in texts can be classified and explained. The second part provides a rare example of an empirical research study into readers' cognitive processes as they encounter intertextuality.

Given the increasing use of English worldwide and in intercultural communication, there is a growing interest in attitudes towards non-native speaker accents in English. Research on attitudes towards non-native English accents is therefore important because of concerns about positive and negative discrimination between people who speak with different accents. This book reveals exactly what types of accent variations trigger positive and negative attitudes towards the speaker. The author argues that certain types of variation in the pronunciation of English can have a significant effect on how listeners identify an accent and explores how this variation affects the development of certain attitudes towards the speaker. Specific sounds that are difficult for many learners to acquire (e.g. the initial sounds in 'this' or 'June') are examined in terms of attitudes towards speakers' pronunciation, including an original comparison of two different kinds of non-native accents (German and Greek). The results of the study provide a basis for further research in second language acquisition and applied linguistics as well as practical information for language instructors at all levels of English education.

This book offers a new perspective on current semantic theory by analysing key aspects of linguistic meaning and non-truth-conditional semantics. It applies non-truth-conditional semantics to various areas of language and critically considers earlier approaches to the study of semantic meaning, such as truth-conditional semantics, Speech Act theory and Gricean conventional implicatures. The author argues that those earlier approaches to linguistic semantics do not stand up to close scrutiny and are subject to a number of counterexamples, indicating that they are insufficient for a comprehensive and unified account of linguistic semantics. An alternative framework is then presented based on recent developments in the field, demonstrating that it is possible to provide a unified account of linguistic semantics by making two fundamental distinctions between (a) conceptual and procedural meaning and (b) explicit and implicit communication. These two distinctions, combined with the various levels of representation available in linguistic communication, allow researchers to capture the variety of linguistic meaning encountered in natural language. The study includes a discussion of a number of areas within linguistic semantics, including sentence adverbials, parentheticals, discourse/pragmatic connectives, discourse particles, interjections and mood indicators.

Martin Heidegger was engaged in a continual struggle to find new words for his radical form of philosophy. This book is the first study that provides a full account of Heidegger's language and writing style, revealing his ongoing self-questioning and reflectiveness about his philosophical quest.

The general aim of this book is to contribute to a better understanding of metonymy, using the theoretical framework of cognitive linguistics. The book argues for a conceptual rather than purely linguistic basis for metonymy and explores distinctions between metonymy and other figurative language.

This book investigates language in a broad framework, taking into account anthropology, psychology and evolutionary biology. Using examples from oral communication in a number of languages, the author explores why language functions the way it does, why it is acquired the way it is, and why some aspects of language are universal.

This book serves as an insightful ethnographic introduction to the language and oral traditions of the Inugguit, a sub-group of the Inuit who live in north-west Greenland. It will be an invaluable resource for linguists who specialise in the Eskimo-Aleut group and of much interest to anthropologists working on the Arctic region.

Provides analysis of the relationship between Sylheti Bangladeshi migrants' language use and their understanding of the concept of 'mother language'. This title examines the socio-historic and socio-political background of the Bangla language and Bangla nationalism, and, the role of the mother tongue for speakers of regional language varieties.

Social constructionists argue that our inner selves and our actions in the world are socially produced. Meta-realists, on the other hand, say that human consciousness is stratified, and not socially shaped at all levels. How do the human acts of creativity and resistance illuminate these different perspectives on human consciousness? This book explores theories of self and agency through a critical discourse analysis of the accounts of five British artists talking about their motivations, their creative processes and their experiences of the practices and institutions of visual art. Throughout the analysis the author considers how we voice dimensions of being that are ¿beyond¿ language, and how these words impact on our sense of self and actions. The concept of self realisation is at the centre of this book and is critically examined. The analysis also explores the construction of social identities through family relations and institutional art practices and the media. It shows how they can provide solidarity for those who risk breaking social norms, but at the same time build barriers of difference.