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Presents a tool for understanding the strengths and limitations of forest tenure reforms. The paper was developed to recognise the resource use rights of local communities, with the overall objective of improving forest governance and reducing poverty.

This assessment framework provides a basis for understanding the impact of community-based forestry (CBF) on forests and local livelihoods at the country level. It also presents indicators that may be used across countries, focusing on formal CBF initiatives recognised by statutory law.

Provides an update on forest reference emission levels and forest reference levels reported to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, for a total forest area of 1.35 billion ha. Never before have so many countries reported at this level of transparency on deforestation and forest degradation.

Given the challenges that European protective forests face, such as limited diversity of tree species, forest fires, windstorms, and pest infestations, this publication proposes integrating mitigation and adaptation into protective forest management to address these challenges.