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Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Geophysical Monograph Series, Volume 152

All magnetized planets in our solar system interact strongly with the solar wind and possess well developed magneto tails. This book includes a discussion of why a magnetotail is a fundamental issue in magneto spheric physics. It is a collection of tutorials that cover a large range of magneto tails in our solar system; and more.

Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Geophysical Monograph Series, Volume 176

Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Geophysical Monograph Series, Volume 138

Ocean impacts on Earth's climate are due to thermal, freshwater, and dynamic interactions between elements of the climate system. The Oceans and Rapid Climate Change: Past, Present, and Future presents a unique multidisciplinary perspective on rapid past and possible future climate change. By focusing on ocean processes in conjunction with other climatic elements, the authors of this volume address fundamental unresolved issues of climatology and paleoclimatology, including factors that may influence internal long-term variability of the climate system. Discussions of paleoclimatic and paleoceanographic reconstructions parallel efforts in modeling past and future, colder and warmer, climates. A significant resource for scientists, researchers, students and others interested in paleoclimatology, paleoceanography, and the future of Earth's climate system.

Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Geophysical Monograph Series, Volume 166

Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Geophysical Monograph Series, Volume 107

Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Geophysical Monograph Series, Volume 178. Hydrothermal systems at oceanic spreading centers reflect the complex interactions among transport, cooling and crystallization of magma, fluid circulation in the crust, tectonic processes, water-rock interaction, and the utilization of hydrothermal fluids as a metabolic energy source by microbial and macro-biological ecosystems. The development of mathematical and numerical models that address these complex linkages is a fundamental part the RIDGE 2000 program that attempts to quantify and model the transfer of heat and chemicals from "mantle to microbes" at oceanic ridges. This volume presents the first "state of the art" picture of model development in this context. The most outstanding feature of this volume is its emphasis on mathematical and numerical modeling of a broad array of hydrothermal processes associated with oceanic spreading centers. By examining the state of model development in one volume, both cross-fertilization of ideas and integration across the disparate disciplines that study seafloor hydrothermal systems is facilitated. Students and scientists with an interest in oceanic spreading centers in general and more specifically in ridge hydrothermal processes will find this volume to be an up-to-date and indispensable resource.

A multidisciplinary perspective on the dynamic processes occurring in Earth's mantleThe convective motion of material in Earth's mantle, powered by heat from the deep interior of our planet, drives plate tectonics at the surface, generating earthquakes and volcanic activity. It shapes our familiar surface landscapes, and also stabilizes the oceans and atmosphere on geologic timescales.Mantle Convection and Surface Expressions brings together perspectives from observational geophysics, numerical modelling, geochemistry, and mineral physics to build a holistic picture of the deep Earth. It explores the dynamic processes occurring in the mantle as well as the associated heat and material cycles.Volume highlights include:* Perspectives from different scientific disciplines with an emphasis on exploring synergies* Current state of the mantle, its physical properties, compositional structure, and dynamic evolution* Transport of heat and material through the mantle as constrained by geophysical observations, geochemical data and geodynamic model predictions* Surface expressions of mantle dynamics and its control on planetary evolution and habitabilityThe American Geophysical Union promotes discovery in Earth and space science for the benefit of humanity. Its publications disseminate scientific knowledge and provide resources for researchers, students, and professionals.

Learn basic Python programming to create functional and effective visualizations from earth observation satellite data setsThousands of satellite datasets are freely available online, but scientists need the right tools to efficiently analyze data and share results. Python has easy-to-learn syntax and thousands of libraries to perform common Earth science programming tasks.Earth Observation Using Python: A Practical Programming Guide presents an example-driven collection of basic methods, applications, and visualizations to process satellite data sets for Earth science research.* Gain Python fluency using real data and case studies* Read and write common scientific data formats, like netCDF, HDF, and GRIB2* Create 3-dimensional maps of dust, fire, vegetation indices and more* Learn to adjust satellite imagery resolution, apply quality control, and handle big files* Develop useful workflows and learn to share code using version control* Acquire skills using online interactive code available for all examples in the bookThe American Geophysical Union promotes discovery in Earth and space science for the benefit of humanity. Its publications disseminate scientific knowledge and provide resources for researchers, students, and professionals.Find out more about this book from this Q&A with the Author

Explores the complex physico-chemical processes involved in active volcanism and dynamic magmatismUnderstanding the magmatic processes responsible for the chemical and textural signatures of volcanic products and igneous rocks is crucial for monitoring, forecasting, and mitigating the impacts of volcanic activity.Dynamic Magma Evolution is a compilation of recent geochemical, petrological, physical, and thermodynamic studies. It combines field research, experimental results, theoretical approaches, unconventional and novel techniques, and computational modeling to present the latest developments in the field.Volume highlights include:* Crystallization and degassing processes in magmatic environments* Bubble and mineral nucleation and growth induced by cooling and decompression* Kinetic processes during magma ascent to the surface* Magma mixing, mingling, and recharge dynamics* Geo-speedometer measurement of volcanic events* Changes in magma rheology induced by mineral and volatile contentThe American Geophysical Union promotes discovery in Earth and space science for the benefit of humanity. Its publications disseminate scientific knowledge and provide resources for researchers, students, and professionals.

Applications of remote sensing technology for monitoring and predicting water-related hazardsWater-related hazards such as floods and droughts have serious impacts on society. Their incidence has increased in recent decades, a trend set to continue with ongoing climate change. Adaptation and mitigation measures require accurate detection, monitoring, and forecasting, much of which comes from remote sensing technologies.Remote Sensing of Water-Related Hazards takes an interdisciplinary approach, presenting recent advances in the available data, sensors, models, and indicators developed for monitoring and prediction.Volume highlights include:* Progress in remote sensing of precipitation, storms, and tornados* Different techniques for flood mapping, forecasting, and early warning* Integrated approach for predicting flood and landslide cascading hazards* Satellite monitoring of water cycle variation, water scarcity, and drought conditions* Multi-indicator and multi-sensor approaches for quantifying drought impactsThe American Geophysical Union promotes discovery in Earth and space science for the benefit of humanity. Its publications disseminate scientific knowledge and provide resources for researchers, students, and professionals.

Explores soil as a nexus for water, chemicals, and biologically coupled nutrient cyclingSoil is a narrow but critically important zone on Earth's surface. It is the interface for water and carbon recycling from above and part of the cycling of sediment and rock from below.Hydrogeology, Chemical Weathering, and Soil Formation places chemical weathering and soil formation in its geological, climatological, biological and hydrological perspective.Volume highlights include:* The evolution of soils over 3.25 billion years* Basic processes contributing to soil formation* How chemical weathering and soil formation relate to water and energy fluxes* The role of pedogenesis in geomorphology* Relationships between climate soils and biota* Soils, aeolian deposits, and crusts as geologic dating tools* Impacts of land-use change on soilsThe American Geophysical Union promotes discovery in Earth and space science for the benefit of humanity. Its publications disseminate scientific knowledge and provide resources for researchers, students, and professionals.Find out more about this book from this Q&A with the Editors

Applying Earth science knowledge to sustainable development, disaster risk reduction, and climate actionData and insights from Earth observations are critical for assessing the health of our planet, monitoring change, and addressing societal challenges from the local to the global scale.Earth Observation Applications and Global Policy Frameworks presents case studies of Earth science information integrated with statistics and socioeconomic data for managing development targets, improving disaster resilience, and mitigating and adapting to climate change. It also showcases open collaboration among researchers, United Nations and government officials, entrepreneurs, and the public.Volume highlights include:* Case studies of projects working with local and national governments, and through public-private partnerships, to make the most of the large volume of complex and diverse Earth science information sources* Applications from diverse disciplines including wetland preservation, food security, water quality, marine conservation, disasters, urbanization, drought and land degradation, and greenhouse gas monitoring* Examples of internationally coordinated initiatives that are driving progress on three landmark United Nations agreements* Resources for decision-makers and practitioners in local and national governmentsThe American Geophysical Union promotes discovery in Earth and space science for the benefit of humanity. Its publications disseminate scientific knowledge and provide resources for researchers, students, and professionals.

Explores the many facets of redox exchanges that drive magma's behavior and evolution, from the origin of the Earth until todayThe redox state is one of the master variables behind the Earth's forming processes, which at depth concern magma as the major transport agent. Understanding redox exchanges in magmas is pivotal for reconstructing the history and compositional make-up of our planet, for exploring its mineral resources, and for monitoring and forecasting volcanic activity.Magma Redox Geochemistry describes the multiple facets of redox reactions in the magmatic realm and presents experimental results, theoretical approaches, and unconventional and novel techniques.Volume highlights include:* Redox state and oxygen fugacity: so close, so far* Redox processes from Earth's accretion to global geodynamics* Redox evolution from the magma source to volcanic emissions* Redox characterization of elements and their isotopesThe American Geophysical Union promotes discovery in Earth and space science for the benefit of humanity. Its publications disseminate scientific knowledge and provide resources for researchers, students, and professionals.

Examines how solar and terrestrial space phenomena affect sophisticated technological systemsContemporary society relies on sophisticated technologies to manage electricity distribution, communication networks, transportation safety, and myriad other systems. The successful design and operation of both ground-based and space-based systems must consider solar and terrestrial space phenomena and processes.Space Weather Effects and Applications describes the effects of space weather on various present-day technologies and explores how improved instrumentation to measure Earth's space environment can be used to more accurately forecast changes and disruptions.Volume highlights include:* Damage and disruption to orbiting satellite equipment by solar particles and cosmic rays* Effects of space radiation on aircraft at high altitudes and latitudes* Response of radio and radar-based systems to solar bursts* Disturbances to the propagation of radio waves caused by space weather* How geomagnetic field changes impact ground-based systems such as pipelines* Impacts of human exposure to the space radiation environmentThe American Geophysical Union promotes discovery in Earth and space science for the benefit of humanity. Its publications disseminate scientific knowledge and provide resources for researchers, students, and professionals.Find out more about the Space Physics and Aeronomy collection in this Q&A with the Editors in Chief

A multidisciplinary update on continental plate tectonics and plate boundary discontinuitiesUnderstanding the origin and evolution of the continental crust continues to challenge Earth scientists. Lithospheric Discontinuities offers a multidisciplinary review of fine scale layering within the continental lithosphere to aid the interpretation of geologic layers. Once Earth scientists can accurately decipher the history, internal dynamics, and evolution of the continental lithosphere, we will have a clearer understanding of how the crust formed, how plate tectonics began, and how our continents became habitable.Volume highlights:* Theories and observations of the current state of tectonic boundaries and discontinuities* Contributions on field observations, laboratory experiments, and geodynamic predictions from leading experts in the field* Mantle fabrics in response to various mantle deformation processes* Insights on fluid distribution using geophysical observations, and thermal and viscosity constraints from dynamic modeling* Discontinuities associated with lithosphere and lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary* An integrated study of the evolving physical and chemical processes associated with lithosphere asthenosphere interactionWritten for academic and researchgeoscientists, particularly in the field of tectonophysics, geophysicists, geodynamics, seismology, structural geology, environmental geology, and geoengineering, Lithospheric Discontinuities is a valuable resource that sheds light on the origin and evolution of plate interaction processes.

Finalist for the 2021 PROSE Award for Earth Science!Explore the dramatic forces that have shaped the Icelandic landscape over 30 million yearsIceland's formation and ongoing evolution offers a masterclass in geophysical processes. Iceland: Tectonics, Volcanics, and Glacial Features presents a regional guide to the landscape of this unique island.Accessible to academics, students, novice geologists, and tourists alike, chapters reflect the most popular way to explore the island, beginning in the southwest region and ending in the northwest.Volume highlights include:* An overview of Iceland's geologic history* Exploration of the dynamic tectonic setting that has shaped the island* Descriptions of landscape features of active and extinct volcanoes* Discussion of the impact of glaciation in the past and present* Techniques for monitoring geologic hazards* Developments in harnessing geothermal energyThe American Geophysical Union promotes discovery in Earth and space science for the benefit of humanity. Its publications disseminate scientific knowledge and provide resources for researchers, students, and professionals.Find out more about this book from this Q&A with the editors

Explores how two coastal ecosystems are responding to the pressures of human expansionThe Northern Adriatic Sea, a continental shelf ecosystem in the Northeast Mediterranean Sea, and the Chesapeake Bay, a major estuary of the mid-Atlantic coast of the United States, are semi-enclosed, river-dominated ecosystems with urbanized watersheds that support extensive industrial agriculture.Coastal Ecosystems in Transition: A Comparative Analysis of the Northern Adriatic and Chesapeake Bay presents an update of a study published two decades ago. Revisiting these two ecosystems provides an opportunity to assess changing anthropogenic pressures in the context of global climate change. The new insights can be used to inform ecosystem-based approaches to sustainable development of coastal environments.Volume highlights include:* Effects of nutrient enrichment and climate-driven changes on critical coastal habitats* Patterns of stratification and circulation* Food web dynamics from phytoplankton to fish* Nutrient cycling, water quality, and harmful algal events* Causes and consequences of interannual variabilityThe American Geophysical Union promotes discovery in Earth and space science for the benefit of humanity. Its publications disseminate scientific knowledge and provide resources for researchers, students, and professionals.Find out more about this book from this Q&A with the editors

A comprehensive review of global ionospheric research from the polar caps to equatorial regionsIt's more than a century since scientists first identified the ionosphere, the layer of the Earth's upper atmosphere that is ionized by solar and cosmic radiation. Our understanding of this dynamic part of the near-Earth space environment has greatly advanced in recent years thanks to new observational technologies, improved numerical models, and powerful computing capabilities.Ionosphere Dynamics and Applications provides a comprehensive overview of historic developments, recent advances, and future directions in ionospheric research.Volume highlights include:* Behavior of the ionosphere in different regions from the poles to the equator* Distinct characteristics of the high-, mid-, and low-latitude ionosphere* Observational results from ground- and space-based instruments* Ionospheric impacts on radio signals and satellite operations* How earthquakes and tsunamis on Earth cause disturbances in the ionosphereThe American Geophysical Union promotes discovery in Earth and space science for the benefit of humanity. Its publications disseminate scientific knowledge and provide resources for researchers, students, and professionals.Find out more about the Space Physics and Aeronomy collection in this Q&A with the Editors in Chief

A comprehensive view of our Sun at the start of a new era in solar and heliospheric physicsHumans have been observing and studying our Sun for centuries, yet much is still unknown about the processes that drive its behavior. Thanks to a new generation of space missions and ground telescopes, we are poised to dramatically increase our understanding of the Sun and its environment.Solar Physics and Solar Wind explores advances in solar and heliospheric research over recent decades, as well as the challenges that remain. This comprehensive reference work covers the solar interior, magnetism and radiation, plasma heating and acceleration, the sun's atmosphere, and solar activity.Volume highlights include:* Explanations for processes in the solar interior* New insights on the solar wind* The challenges of measuring the Sun's magnetic field and its radiative output* Description of solar atmospheric phenomena such as spicules and jets* New developments in understanding flares and coronal mass ejections* Ongoing research into how the solar corona is heatedThe American Geophysical Union promotes discovery in Earth and space science for the benefit of humanity. Its publications disseminate scientific knowledge and provide resources for researchers, students, and professionals.Find out more about the Space Physics and Aeronomy collection in this Q&A with the Editors in Chief

This book is Open Access. A digital copy can be downloaded for free from Wiley Online Library.Exploring the links between Large Igneous Provinces and dramatic environmental impactAn emerging consensus suggests that Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs) and Silicic LIPs (SLIPs) are a significant driver of dramatic global environmental and biological changes, including mass extinctions. Environmental changes caused by LIPs and SLIPs include rapid global warming, global cooling ('Snowball Earth'), oceanic anoxia events, mercury poisoning, atmospheric and oceanic acidification, and sea level changes.Continued research to characterize the effects of these extremely large and typically short duration igneous events on atmospheric and oceanic chemistry through Earth history can provide lessons for understanding and mitigating modern climate change.Large Igneous Provinces: A Driver of Global Environmental and Biotic Changes describes the interactions between the effects of LIPs and other drivers of climatic change, the limits of the LIP effect, and the atmospheric and oceanic consequences of LIPs in significant environmental events.Volume highlights include:* Temporal record of large igneous provinces (LIPs)* Environmental impacts of LIP emplacement* Precambrian, Proterozoic, and Phanerozoic case histories* Links between geochemical proxies and the LIP record* Alternative causes for environmental change* Key parameters related to LIPs and SLIPs for use in environmental change modelling* Role of LIPs in Permo-Triassic, Triassic-Jurassic, and other mass extinction eventsThe American Geophysical Union promotes discovery in Earth and space science for the benefit of humanity. Its publications disseminate scientific knowledge and provide resources for researchers, students, and professionals.