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Particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) is one of the latest and mostpowerful flow visualization techniques, using numerous cameras to track flowtracers in two or three dimensions. This book provides a review of both experimentaland computational aspects of PTV for academicand industrial researchers and engineers.

This volume covers the state-of-the-art topics that investigate two significant neurological disorders, autism apectrum disorder (ASD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD), from the theoretical perspective and also focuses on the practical aspects. The materials are presented in a way that can be beneficial to both advanced and layman readers.

Multiple sclerosis is a demyelinating disease in which the insulating covers of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord are damaged. This damage disrupts the ability of parts of the nervous system to communicate, resulting in a range of signs and symptoms, including physical, mental, and sometimes psychiatric problems. Written by experts in the field, this second volume includes illustrative figures and valuable references, and will be useful for researchers, students and practitioners in the industry.

In this book, leading editors and authors in the field review the fundamental properties and the current device technology. A one-stop handbook for researchers wanting to further utilise graphene nanoribbons and a valuable reference text for any interested materials and surface scientists, theoretical properties of graphene nanoribbons are introduced before concentrating on different fabrication methods and their properties out of different experimental characterizations.

The purpose of the book is to provide a comprehensive overview of all the numerical modelling considerations required to model the magnetization of bulk superconductors, with practical examples.

This book offers a detailed introduction into the field of quantum mechanics applied to nuclear structure, and is intended for as a primer for nuclear physics graduate students and postgraduate students seeking a solid foundation in the subject.

This comprehensive review provides a detailed insight into renewable energy options, their current state of development and how they can provide an environmentally sustainable energy future. This second edition is extensively revised and includes the latest advances in the field.

Principles of Biophotonics, volume two describes detection and statistical representation of optical fields. Beginning by placing the visible spectrum in the context of the electromagnetic frequency range, this presentation stresses how thin of a sliver is normally called the optical spectrum. In addition to describing properties of light with technical accuracy, the most common radiometric quantities are introduced, and conversion to photon-based quantities is explicitly presented. For completeness, an analogy to the photometric quantities is also made, and the three fundamental mechanisms for generating light, blackbody radiation, fluorescence and laser emission, are covered. Each chapter contains a set of practice problems and additional references, and this book aims to build the foundation for further study in subsequent volumes.

A must-read for researchers, graduate students and industry professionals who work in the VLC field, this book investigates the suitability of VLC for vehicular communications from a fundamental wireless communication standpoint. Mathematically accurate channel models are developed, and advanced signal processing approaches to overcome challenges such as sunlight interference, shadowing and fast changing channels are described. Results are verified through simulation with realistic parameters.

This book provides a thorough introduction to the topic of mathematical modeling of electrical activity in the heart, from molecular details of ionic channel dynamics to clinically derived patient-specific models.

Biopotential signals are often used by physicians to measure the activities of organs and tissues in the human body. This book describes the sources and characteristics of different biopotential signals and provides an understanding of how a range of signals can be modelled and analysed. The resulting information can be used to assist in the identification of disorders such as epilepsy, schizophrenia, PTSD and heart disease, among others. An emphasis is placed on the real challenges in biopotential signal processing due to the complex and non-stationary nature of signals.Following on from volume one, this book starts with a collection of chapters covering some of the latest developments in electroencephalography (EEG) signal analysis, then moves on to applications of electrocardiography (ECG) and otoscope signals. The volume concludes with a discussion of other monitoring techniques. The chapters include biomedical examples and discussions of how each method can be used to study human organs. It is a valuable guide for all researchers and practitioners who are engaged in studies and research in the area of biomedical signals and their applications.Key FeaturesModelling and acquisition of biomedical signals for different disordersImplementation of methodologies and their impact on different casesCase studies and research directions Design and simulation examples

This book provides a comprehensive overview of the principles of optical imaging. Targeted at optics and photonics students, it offers a thorough introduction to the field and equips the reader with hands-on training via multiple exercises and case studies.

This book is an informal introduction to plasma physics and its space applications for non-specialist professionals and aerospace engineering students.

This book is different to other electronics texts available. First, it is short. Created for a one-semester course taken by physics students, both undergraduate and graduate it includes only the essentials and covers those topics only as deeply as needed in order to understand the material in the integrated laboratory exercises. Unlike many electronics texts for physics students, this one does not delve into the physics of devices. Instead, these are largely treated as black boxes having certain properties that are important to know for designing circuits. The physics comes when the students use their acquired electronics instrumentation knowledge to construct apparatus to make measurements. Since the detailed physics has been left out, this book should be equally useful for students in any of the physical or life sciences. This is the first textbook aimed at the non-electrical engineering student, that has both the generality on analog and digital electronics circuits, coupled to the very timely technology of embedded electronics. The book also features homework exercises, parts list and a suite of useful appendices.Key FeaturesCombined lectures and laboratory courseCovers analog and digital electronicsIncludes embedded systemsHomework problems with solutionsComplete inventory of required components

This non-technical book examines the everyday physics behind hearing and vision to help readers understand more about themselves and their physical environment. It begins with a thorough discussion of sound and light waves then goes on to discuss how our eyes and ears gather and process information from those waves.The ears and eyes are examined in their physical form in humans as well as in other members of the animal kingdom to show differences in how each receive information from the same waves and how hearing and vision may have evolved in humans. The book also discusses the perception of sound by examples such as sound intensity, decibels, and masking, while also covering the basis of music and resonance. Vision and the perception of light and colour are discussed at length including the psychology of colour perception and colour mixing.This second edition includes the latest developments in hearing and vision. New topics include hearing and vision aids, electron microscopy, the third eye (pineal body), vision and hearing gene therapies and new remote sensing techniques.Key FeaturesIntroduces the science behind vision and hearing, covering both the underlying biology and the technologies we increasingly use to augment and improve our sensesWritten in a straightforward and approachable style, making the content understandable and engaging for non-expertsIncludes extensive illustrations and diagrams

Throughout the past five decades, research and development in the world of nuclear fusion has been led by large publicly funded national laboratories. Currently, fusion energy technology development is being embraced by small, fast-moving start-up companies.This edited book provides an overview of the commercialisation of fusion energy technology, stressing the role to be played by small businesses and the ongoing importance of public sector efforts. All chapters were peer-reviewed by experts before publication to ensure the reliability of the scientific content. The editors are of the opinion that "there is a need for a good overview of a complex phenomenon that has the potential to transform fusion energy research after decades of leadership by governmental and inter-governmental efforts." The book addresses not only the science and technology of fusion commercialisation, but also the associated innovation management. The first section of the book provides an introduction to private fusion and explains that the marketed product will not necessarily be electricity. The policy context of a global need for decarbonisation is introduced and compared to the timescales of fusion commercialisation. The second section introduces some of the leading private sector initiatives in fusion from around the world. Then, the third section outlines the public sector's ongoing efforts toward commercialisation. And finally, the fourth section discusses the challenges and future opportunities of private fusion.Key FeaturesThis book tells a story about a technology in transitionProvides an overview of the commercialisation of fusion energy technology, stressing the emerging role being played by small businessesExplores not only the science and technology behind fusion commercialisation but also innovation managementSuitable for both academic and non-academic researchers and scholars

This book describes basic principles of electromagnetic induction measurements and consolidates the outcomes of recent research. It encompasses pipeline electromagnetic flow meters, electromagnetic flow meters, multiphase flow electromagnetic flowmeters and flow field of electromagnetic induction reconstruction.

Semiconducting metal oxide thin-film transistors (TFTs) are promising candidates for functional electronic devices and have attracted considerable attention due to their superior electrical performance, high transparency, excellent stability and uniformity.The book introduces the concepts and working mechanisms of semiconducting metal oxide TFTs, with a focus on metal oxide thin films that have desirable electrical and optical properties. The relationship between material properties and device performance is analysed, and materials and device challenges, as well as possible strategies, are included to promote the commercial translation of metal oxide TFT-based optoelectronic devices.Valuable as a reference text for researchers, and graduate students working in the fields of device physics, semiconducting materials and flexible electronics, the book is also essential reading for engineers working with semiconducting metal oxide TFTs in industry, particularly display and memory technologies.Key FeaturesFirst book to focus on the applications of semiconducting metal oxide TFTsCovers the latest technologies in the field, including displays, sensors, logic operations, data storage and neuromorphic computing for artificial intelligenceAnalyses the relationship between material properties and device performanceIncludes possible strategies to overcome materials and device challenges to promote the commercial translation of the technologyIncludes video demonstrations to help readers understand how the devices work

Advances in Optical Surface Texture Metrology covers the latest advances in the development of optical surface texture measuring instruments. Rather than concentrate on the basic principles of the optical measurement methods, this book takes a deeper dive into the operation of the instruments and the new application areas where they can be applied, with an emphasis on advanced manufacturing. Latest advances discussed will include the drive towards faster instruments for in-process applications, the ability to measure highly complex surfaces (in e.g. additive manufacturing) and advances in the use of machine learning to enhance data analysis. Key Features∩╗┐Cutting-edge advances in the fieldNew ISO framework for calibrationIncludes advances in artificial intelligenceIncludes advances in in-process measurement

Advances in Optical Form and Coordinate Metrology covers the latest advances in the development of optical form and coordinate measuring instruments plus the manipulation of point cloud data. The book presents some basic principles of the optical measurement methods and takes a deeper look at the operation of the instruments and the new application areas where they can be applied, with an emphasis on advanced manufacturing. Latest advances discussed include the drive towards faster instruments for in-process applications, the ability to measure highly complex objects (e.g. in additive manufacturing), performance verification and advances in the use of machine learning to enhance data analysis.Key FeaturesProvides cutting-edge advances in the fieldIncludes new ISO framework for performance verificationPresents advances in artificial intelligenceIncludes advances in in-process measurementDiscusses a forward look at calibration

A learning and revision resource for those studying for radiology fellowship examinations. Updated with more than 50 new questions, and a new chapter on functional and molecular imaging.

This book is an overview of state-of-the-art analytical homogenization formalisms used to estimate the effective electromagnetic properties of complex composite materials. Beginning with an introduction to homogenization, the book progresses to cover both constitutive and depolarization dyadics. The homogenization formalisms for linear and non-linear materials are examined, followed by their applications and multiple examples using Mathematica code. This text is a valuable reference for PhD students and researchers working on the electromagnetic theory of complex composite materials.Key FeaturesExplicit formulas provided for the homogenization of isotropic, anisotropic, and bianisotropic composite materialsNumerical data provided for a wide range of representative homogenized composite materialsIncludes Mathematica codes to enable readers to readily perform their own calculations

This book looks at analysis and modelling of active biopotential signal processing. It emphasises the real-time challenges in biomedical signal processing that occur due to the complex and non-stationary nature of signals in a variety of applications for analysis, classification and identification of different states for improvement of healthcare systems. The main focus of the book is on modelling; acquisition of biomedical signals for different disorders; implementation of methodologies and their impact on different cases; case studies and research directions; automatic identification of related disorders; design and simulation examples; and issues and challenges. Overall, the book addresses the real-time challenges in biomedical signal processing used in a variety of applications such as analysis, classification and identification of different disorders in healthcare systems. It is a valuable guide for all researchers and practitioners who are engaged in studies and research in the area of biomedical signals and their applications. Key Features Modelling and acquisition of biomedical signals for different disordersImplementation of methodologies and their impact on different casesCase studies and research directionsDesign and simulation examples

This reference text covers the latest developments in biochar materials research. It is the first book to cover emerging applications of biochar as an innovative, versatile, carbon-based renewable material. It is a valuable reference for all researchers in the fields of biochar and carbon materials, including industry practitioners.

Intended for science and engineering students with a background in introductory physics and calculus, this textbook creates a bridge between classical and modern physics, filling the gap between descriptive elementary texts and formal graduate textbooks.

Rays Waves and Photons presents the foundational concepts of optical science. Written by subject, each topic is presented in a standalone chapter with a brief historical foundation, current developments, and future predictions. With non-technical language, this book provides accessible content with terms, concepts and definitions, a glossary, and appendices to enhance the reader''s experience. More than 40 subjects are discussed, including optical design, lenses, cameras, microscopes, telescopes, lasers, fibers, missiles, autonomous cars and remote sensing. This book will provide a useful resource for students, teachers, professionals, and general audiences interested in the complexity of optical phenomena and devices. Key FeaturesProvides foundations of the knowledge of light and its many applicationsUses simplified language for non-specialistsTerms and definitions are provided throughout, including a glossary

This book describes the methodology and applications of solid-state NMR spectroscopy to studies of membrane proteins, membrane-active peptides and model biological membranes. As well as structural studies it contains coverage of membrane interactions and molecular motions. Advances in biological solid-state NMR are very pertinent with high-field developments seeing applications in biological membranes and whole cells. Many of the chapter authors and contributors are world-class experts and leaders in the development and application of biological solid-state NMR. Key Features Addresses principles, methods and applications of solid-state NMR methods to biomembrane studiesIntroduction to biological solid-state NMR and applications to biological membranesStructure and dynamics of membrane lipids, proteins and peptidesNMR studies of membrane interactions and molecular motion

Gas discharge plasma is the most common type of low-temperature plasma, with a large number of practical applications covering almost all areas of modern science and technology. This book is an introduction to the numerical modeling methods for gas discharge plasmas. It is intended to assist and direct graduate students and junior researchers, whose research activity deals with computational plasma physics. Topics covered include the essentials of basic modelling approaches (particle, fluid, and hybrid) for gas discharges, and the implementation of these methods with examples of glow (DC and RF) discharges. Numerical studies of nonlinear dynamics and formation of spatio-temporal patterns in gas discharge systems are also presented.Key FeaturesFocuses solely on gas discharge plasmasCovers basic modelling techniques, including particle, fluid, and hybridProvides details of applications and implementation for the considered methodsSpecial emphasis is given to the applicability and reliability of different modelling techniquesProvides specific examples of numerical simulations of the gas discharge plasmas

Engineering Electrodynamics: A collection of theorems, principles and field representations deals with key theorems and principles that form the pillars on which engineering electromagnetics rests. In contrast to previous books, the emphasis here is on the underlying mathematical theme that binds these specific geometries. The relevant background material for the understanding of the various theorems is included in the book. After the theorems and principles are expounded, detailed examples are worked out, which further shed light on the those involved. This book also includes comprehensive material on some recent developments such as transformational electromagnetics. Detailed accounts of relevant complex variable theory, Bessel functions, and associated Legendre functions in the appendices make this book self-contained and suitable for graduate and advanced study. Key FeaturesSingle book that contains relevant theorems, principles and integral representations of importance to engineering electromagneticsIncludes new results not found in other booksDemonstrates the application of the theory to facilitate a clear understandingEmphasizes analysis as a complement as well as the building block to the more common approach of using computational/software tools in engineering problem solvingEnd-matter and appendices that contain valuable information on covariant formulation, special functions, and stochastic analysis

Encompasses the physics, design characteristics, simulation and interface electronics and including case studies, future challenges, as well as several other aspects of wider sensor technology, Advances in Modern Sensors provides an overview of modern sensors and their applications. The broad scope will appeal to industrial and academic researchers, and application engineers.