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Clostridium difficile, a major nosocomial pathogen shown to be a primary cause of antibiotic-associated disease, has emerged as a highly transmissible and frequently antibiotic-resistant organism, causing a considerable burden on health care systems worldwide.

Although during the following 4 decades biological membrane models have grown in complexity and functionality [6], liposomes are, besides supported bilayers, membrane nanodiscs, and hybrid membranes, still an indisputably important tool for membrane b- physicists and biochemists.

Before the therapeutic potential of cell replacement therapy or the development of therapeutic drugs for stimulating the body's own regenerative ability to repair cells damaged by disease and injury can be fully realized, control of stem cell fate, immuno-rejection, and limited cell sources must be overcome.

Computer-Aided Tissue Engineering highlights the interdisciplinary nature of this topic and reviews the current state of computer-aided three-dimensional tissue modeling, tissue classification, and tissue fabrication and implantation.

Studies related to pathogen-mediated virus resistance in plants were instrumental in providing some of the historical observations which ultimately led to the vital discovery of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-induced gene silencing or RNA interference (RNAi), which has since revolutionized research on plant-virus interactions.

Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) offer an unlimited self-renewing capacity, as opposed to the limits of adult stem cells;

Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) belongs to that special category of well-established molecular biology techniques that, since their inception a few decades ago, have succeeded in keeping a prominent position within the constantly expanding list of laboratory pro- dures for biomedical research and clinical diagnostics.

Protein expression in a heterologous host is a cornerstone of biomedical research and of the biotechnology industry. For example, membrane proteins constitute a significant percentage of the total cellular proteins but as a class are very difficult to overexpress, especially in a heterologous host.

Developed for a range of tissues where the culture environment takes into account the spatial organization of the cells therein, 3D cell culture models serve to bridge the gap between in vivo studies at one extreme with that of simple cell monolayers at the other.

Despite being known and studied for years, peptides have never before attracted enough attention to necessitate the invention of the term "peptidomics" in order to specify the study of the complement of peptides from a cell, organelle, tissue or organism.

Among the first volumes to meld consideration of immunotoxicity testing strategies with a comprehensive presentation of detailed laboratory protocols, chapters include a description of the evolution of immunotoxicity testing, a look at the importance of immunotoxicity testing for health risk reduction, and ideas concerning the future of the field.

In Membrane Transporters in Drug Discovery and Development: Methods and Protocols, expert researchers provide practical methodologies of the ongoing research on membrane transporters, considering applications of transporter technologies in drug discovery and development.

This book is intended for scientifc researchers, clinical laboratorians, clinical and translational scientists, and others interested in proteomics and biomarker discovery.

While the utilization of microarrays for gene expression studies has been widely published, Microarray Methods for Drug Discovery describes the use of this technology for a multitude of other vital applications. Covering the field of drug discovery through its various aspects, including high throughput screening, target identification, drug metabolism and toxicity screening as well as clinical sample handling, this volume also addresses new emerging fields like miRNA profiling, ribonomic and glycomic profiling. All chapters, contributed by experts in the field, follow the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology(TM) series format, which is comprised of brief introductions, lists of required materials and reagents, readily reproducible, step-by-step lab protocols, along with detailed tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls, making this book an easy read for investigators at all levels of expertise. Authoritative and cutting-edge, Microarray Methods for Drug Discovery  provides an ideal desk reference for scientists who wish to use microarray technology in order to better understand a variety of biological interactions in their respective fields.

As mass spectrometric methods now offer a level of specificity and sensitivity unrealized by spectrophotometric- and immunoassay-based methods, mass spectrometry has entered the clinical laboratory where it is being used for a wide range of applications.

Due to their rare combination of high chemical stability, exceptional optical and electrical properties, high surface-to-volume ratio, and high aspect ratio, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have made an enormous impact on materials science, molecular biology, biomedicine, and bioanalytical chemistry.

In recent years, molecular imaging techniques have grown to be invaluable tools for molecular biology research and, to a more modest extent, clinical medicine.

These techniques are applicable to a wide range of topics, including molecular functionality of NB-LRR proteins and other immune signaling components, and functional characterization of effector proteins and other pathogen components that sabotage host immunity.