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give warnings, disclaimers, and the like.* The main objective of Protein and Peptide Analysis by Mass Spec trometry is quite straightforward-to present authoritative, up-to-date, and practical accounts of the use of mass spectrometry in the analysis of pep tides and proteins.

Biochemically, the overall process can be thought of as a series of steps in a reaction pathway whereby DNA molecules are brought into homologous register, the four-stranded Holliday structure intermediate is formed, hete- duplex DNA is extended, and DNA strands are exchanged.

Computers have revolutionized the analysis of sequencing data. The following chap ters describe the process of aligning multiple sequences in order to assemble overlapping fragments into sequence contigs to compare similar sequences from different sources.

Recent research has greatly expanded our understanding of the sophisticated molecular network of responses in plants. Here, an international panel of experts provides well-established methods vital to analyzing plant signal transduction on the molecular level.

As two of the leading causes of death worldwide, heart disease and stroke represent a clear target for genomic research aimed at deciphering the genes and cellular pathways that underlie cardiovascular disease and creating improved therapies.

The second edition of this volume focuses on applied bioinformatics with specific applications to crops and model plants. Plant Bioinformatics: Methods and Protocols is aimed at plant biologists who have an interest in, or requirement for, accessing and manipulating huge amounts of data being generated by high throughput technologies. This book would also be of interest to bioinformaticians and computer scientists who would benefit from an introduction to the different tools and systems available for plant research. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and software, step-by-step, readily reproducible protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls.Authoritative and thorough, Plant Bioinformatics: Methods and Protocols helps researchers with the increasing volume and diversity of data from different plants and also the integration of multiple diverse forms of data.

This volume describes the most common laboratory procedures for isolation, identification and characterization of polioviruses used in clinical and research laboratories.

This volume contains collection of Natural Killer Cell methodologies relevant for both basic and translational research. These methodologies present new developments in the natural killer (NK) cell field, such as understanding the influence of NK cells metabolism on its function, identifying complexity of NK cell subsets through mass cytometry, and determining the emergence of memory NK cells in murine model of MCMV infection. Methods that study NK cell migration and cytotoxicity through endpoint analysis or live single cell imaging are also discussed. Chapters also describe methods pertaining to translational application of NK cells, such as ex vivo expansion of NK cells on K562 cell lines genetically modified to express either membrane bound IL-15 or membrane bound IL-21, large scale NK cell culture, current techniques for engineering NK cells to express chimeric antigen receptors or chemokine receptors using retroviral vectors,electroporation of mRNA, and the natural phenomenon of trogocytosis. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, these chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls.Cutting edge and thorough, Natural Killer Cells: Methods and Protocols is a valuable resource for researchers who not only want to understand mechanisms that govern NK cell behavior and diversity, but also for those who want to understand how to systematically evaluate NK cells for adoptive immunotherapy applications.

Arabidopsis Protocols, Third Edition compiles some of the most recent methodologies developed to exploit the Arabidopsis genome.

Glycosaminoglycans: Chemistry and Biology emphasizes several areas of glycosaminoglycan research especially analysis and application of GAGs using a variety of approaches.

This volume introduces the reader to the field of enzyme stabilization and the different theories of enzyme stabilization, including the use of immobilization as a stabilization technique.

Quantitative Real-Time PCR: Methods and Protocols focuses on different applications of qPCR ranging from microbiological detections (both viral and bacterial) to pathological applications.

Cardiac Tissue Engineering: Methods and Protocols presents a collection of protocols on cardiac tissue engineering from pioneering and leading researchers around the globe.

Biomedical Literature Mining, discusses the multiple facets of modern biomedical literature mining and its many applications in genomics and systems biology.

Plant-Pathogen Interactions: Methods and Protocols, Second Edition expands upon the first edition with current, detailed protocols for the study of plant pathogen genome sequences.

This volume provides comprehensive explanations and detailed examples of different antibody libraries, along with novel approaches for antibody discovery. Cutting-edge and practical, Phage Display: Methods and Protocols will provide technical assistance to new start-ups venturing into the field of antibody phage display.

A DNA barcode in its simplest definition is one or more short gene sequences taken from a standardized portion of the genome that is used to identify species through reference to DNA sequence libraries or databases.