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This volume details methods that will aid in the selection of promoter sequences and vector components and methods for the assembly and testing of synthetic promoters with examples of their application.

Since the publication of the popular first edition, the explosion of DNA sequence information, the access to bioinformatics and mutation databases coupled with the ability to readily detect and confirm mutations has cemented the role of molecular diagnostics in medicine and, in particular, mutation detection by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Updating the popular first edition, Photosynthesis Research Protocols, Second Edition presents detailed descriptions of a broad range of general and fundamental methods that are commonly used by plant biochemists, physiologists, and molecular biologists, all of which are contributed by leading researchers in the field.

Continued refinement of wide-spread access to transgenic technology has allowed for new animal models have been developed that exhibit features of autoimmune disease have been developed that exhibit features of autoimmune disease.

Updating and significantly expanding upon the previous editions, Basic Cell Culture Protocols, Fourth Edition provides the novice cell culturist with sufficient information to perform the basic techniques, to ensure the health and identity of their cell lines, and to be able to isolate and culture specialized primary cell types.

This timely edition of Cancer Cell Culture: Methods and Protocols covers the basic concepts of cancer cell biology and culture while expanding upon the recent shift in cell culture methods from the generation of new cell lines to the use of primary cells.

These meticulous contributions feature key topics such as acute to chronic general toxicity studies, histopathology studies, reproductive toxicity studies, genotoxicity studies, safety pharmacology studies, investigative toxicity studies, and safety biomarker studies.

The generation of genetically modified mice is absolutely crucial to gene function studies today, primarily because mice are genetically similar to man and because gene function studies in mice are in the context of a whole organism, making them particularly useful.

In the past decade there have been many research advances, such as directed differentiation of embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells, robotic high throughput screening, whole genome siRNA and shRNA libraries, massively parallel sequencing at low cost, identification of somatic stem cells in key organs, to name a few.

In RT-PCR Protocols, Second Edition, expert researchers fully update the technologies presented in the popular previous edition, such as competitive RT-PCR, nested RT-PCR, RT-PCR from single cells, and RT-PCR for cloning.

Whereas getting exact data about living systems and the sophistication of experimental procedures have primarily absorbed the minds of researchers previously, the weight increasingly shifts to the problem of interpreting accumulated data in terms of biological function and bio- lecular mechanisms.

Protein misfolding is a key feature of many disorders in humans, given that over twenty proteins are known to misfold and cause disease.

During the past decade as the data on gene sequences and expression patterns rapidly accumulated, cell-free protein synthesis technology has also experienced a revolution, becoming a powerful tool for the preparation of proteins for their functional and structural analysis.

Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia, two of the most prevalent neurodegenerative diseases, are dreaded disorders that attack the neural networks underlying memory and personality, systems that make us who we are.