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Book explores the post-Civil War creation of African American public schools in Richmond, Virginia and Mobile, Alabama. Urban African Americans and their partners redefined American citizenship, created essential educational resources, and ensured that children had access to a quality education taught by African American teachers at the turn-of-the-twentieth century.

This text brings together many scholars who have been working through the Freedman's Bureau papers and other sources, to rethink the Bureau's place in securing freedom and remaking the South. It presents a sampling of the range and variety of work being done on the Bureau.

Congress established the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands - more commonly known as the Freedmen's Bureau - in March 1865. Upon its creation this temporary federal agency assumed the Herculean task of overseeing the transition from slavery to freedom in the war-torn South.