Bøker av Aisha Khan

Artificial intelligence (AI) is the study and development of computer systems capable of performing activities normally requiring human intelligence. Among these are such activities as linguistic comprehension, pattern recognition, problem solving, and experiential learning. Scientists, academics, and the general public alike have become fascinated by the idea of AI, which has led to tremendous technological advances. From its origins in ancient mythology to its applications in cutting-edge AI research today, this essay presents a comprehensive review of the field. Myths and Theories from the PastAncient cultures and mythologies frequently feature artificial entities with human-level intellect. Hephaestus, the Greek deity of blacksmiths and craftspeople, was able to accomplish much more with the help of his mechanical workers. Similar accounts of automata and artificial birds that may pass for human are found in ancient Chinese and Egyptian writings. These early ideas paved the way for the modern interest with building artificially intelligent devices. When Artificial Intelligence Began: Alan Turing and the Turing TestThe seminal work of British mathematician and logician Alan Turing in the middle of the 20th century marked the beginning of the contemporary era of artificial intelligence. To assess whether or not a machine is capable of intelligent behavior that is indistinguishable from that of a person, Turing developed a test in 1950. The Turing Test is an important notion in the history of artificial intelligence. Interest in creating machines that could mimic human mind was aroused by Turing's ideas. Expert Systems and the Coming "AI Winter"Expert systems were made possible by breakthroughs in artificial intelligence research in the 1960s and 1970s. These programs have the ability to tackle difficult problems and offer insightful analysis since they were developed to emulate human competence in specific subjects. However, the initial euphoria surrounding AI dissipated in the 1980s due to false expectations, technical constraints, and a lack of financing. The AI winter was a temporary lull in the progress of AI studies. The Explosion of Neural Networks and Machine LearningImprovements in machine learning and neural networks sparked a revival of interest in AI in the latter part of the 20th century. To enable computers to learn from data, recognize patterns, and make predictions without explicit programming, machine learning algorithms were developed. Inspired by the structure of the human brain, neural networks became an essential part in creating advanced AI systems that can do tasks such as image identification and natural language processing.

The purpose of this study is to emphasize the use of modeling instructions in teaching, for improving descriptive writing skill of students. The study is designed to determine if such skills, practiced through modeling activities, serve as a way to improve students¿ descriptive directional writing skills. . Improving descriptive writing through modeling instructions and investigating students¿ observational skills in the classroom is the basic purpose of this study.

Aisha Khan examines two cultural phenomena of colonized laborers in the West Indies: the "African" supernatural practice of obeah and the "Indian" mourning festival of Hosay. The British criminalized both, establishing hierarchies through racial and religious identities still relevant to postcolonial power dynamics, as well as justice movements.

Since the 1950s, anthropologist Sidney W. Mintz has been at the forefront of efforts to integrate the disciplines of anthropology and history. Author of Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History and other groundbreaking works, he was one of the first scholars to anticipate and critique "e;globalization studies."e; However, a strong tradition of epistemologically sophisticated and theoretically informed empiricism of the sort advanced by Mintz has yet to become a cornerstone of contemporary anthropological scholarship. This collection of essays by leading anthropologists and historians serves as an intervention that rests on Mintz's rigorously historicist ethnographic work, which has long predicted the methodological crisis in anthropology today.Contributors to this volume build on Mintzean interdisciplinarity to provide productive ways to theorize the everyday life of local groups and communities, nation-states, and regions and the interconnections among them. Consisting of theoretical and case studies of Latin America, North America, the Caribbean, and Papua New Guinea, Empirical Futures demonstrates how Mintzean perspectives advance our understanding of the relationship among empirical approaches, the uses of ethnographic and historical data and theory-building, and the study of these from both local and global vantage points.Contributors:George Baca, Goucher CollegeFrederick Cooper, New York UniversityVirginia R. Dominguez, University of IllinoisFrederick Errington, Trinity CollegeDeborah Gewertz, Amherst CollegeJuan Giusti-Cordero, University of Puerto Rico at Rio PiedrasAisha Khan, New York UniversitySamuel Martinez, University of ConnecticutStephan Palmie, University of ChicagoJane Schneider, City University of New York Graduate CenterRebecca J. Scott, University of Michigan

Analyzes the relationship between conceptions of racial and ethnic identity and the ways social stratification and inequality are reproduced and experienced in the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago.