Bøker av Congressional Research Service

Space power is a core element of great power competition in the 21st century. This Congressional Research Service report provides essential context for readers wanting to understand national government perspectives on international relations.This document discusses the implications of intensified competition between the United States and China and Russia, referred to as great power competition (GPC) or strategic competition, on U.S. defense issues. It highlights various elements that are now at the center of discussions on U.S. defense, including grand strategy, force-planning standards, organizational changes within the Department of Defense, nuclear weapons and deterrence, global military posture, military capabilities in the Indo-Pacific region and Europe, new operational concepts, high-end conventional warfare, maintaining U.S. superiority in conventional weapon technologies, innovation and speed of weapon system development and deployment, mobilization capabilities, supply chain security, and countering hybrid warfare and gray-zone tactics. The document emphasizes that Congress plays a crucial role in determining how U.S. defense planning and budgeting should respond to GPC and whether to approve, reject, or modify the Biden Administration's defense strategy and proposed funding levels. These decisions could have significant implications for U.S. defense capabilities, funding requirements, and the defense industrial base. The document also discusses the concept of Great Power Competition (GPC) and its implications for defense. It highlights the acknowledgment of GPC in the strategies of the Obama, Trump, and Biden administrations. The Biden Administration's National Security Strategy (NSS) identifies two strategic challenges: the end of the post-Cold War era and the competition between major powers, and the shared challenges faced by people worldwide. The NSS emphasizes the increasing risk of conflict between major powers and the challenges posed by China and Russia's behavior. It mentions Russia's immediate threat to the international order and Ukraine, while China seeks to reshape the international order and create a world conducive to its autocracy. The document also emphasizes the need for the United States to modernize and strengthen its military to compete with major powers and address shared challenges.This annotated edition illustrates the capabilities of the AI Lab for Book-Lovers to add context and ease-of-use to manuscripts. It includes five types of abstracts, building from simplest to more complex: TLDR (one word), ELI5, TLDR (vanilla), Scientific Style, and Action Items; three essays to increase viewpoint diversity: Grounds for Dissent; Red Team Critique; and MAGA Perspective; Notable Passages and Nutshell Summaries for each page; and specially commissioned essays by the Space Sentinel GPT to provide insight on the implications of this report for Space Force and for enlisted Guardians in particular.

Weather modification, although a relatively young science, has over the years stimulated great interest within the scientific, commercial, governmental and agricultural communities. This is an extremely thorough and scholarly report prepared by the Congressional Research Service in 1978. Substantial material on almost all areas of weather modification are included and the report provides an excellent reference source. The study reviews the history, technology, activities, and a number of special aspects of the field of weather modification. Consideration is given to international, legal, economic, and ecological aspects. There are also an introductory chapter which includes a summary of issues, a chapter discussing inadvertent weather and climate modification, and a chapter summarizing recommendations from major Federal policy studies.

The tragedy of September 11, 2001 was so sudden and devastating that it may be difficult at this point in time to write dispassionately and objectively about its effects on the U.S. economy. This retrospective review will attempt such an undertaking. The loss of lives and property on 9/11 was not large enough to have had a measurable effect on the productive capacity of the United States even though it had a very significant localized effect on New York City and, to a lesser degree, on the greater Washington, D.C. area. Thus, for 9/11 to affect the economy it would have had to have affected the price of an important input, such as energy, or had an adverse effect on aggregate demand via such mechanisms as consumer and business confidence, a financial panic or liquidity crisis, or an international run on the dollar. It was initially thought that aggregate demand was seriously affected, for while the existing data showed that GDP growth was low in the first half of 2001, data published in October showed that GDP had contracted during the 3rd quarter. This led to the claim that "The terrorist attacks pushed a weak economy over the edge into an outright recession." We now know, based on revised data, this is not so. At the time of 9/11 the economy was in its third consecutive quarter of contraction; positive growth resumed in the 4th quarter. This would suggest that any effects from 9/11 on demand were short lived. While this may be true, several events took place before, on, and shortly after 9/11, that made recovery either more rapid than it might have been or made it possible to take place. First, the Federal Reserve had eased credit during the first half of 2001 to stimulate aggregate demand. The economy responds to policy changes with a lag in time. Thus, the public response may have been felt in the 4th quarter giving the appearance that 9/11 had only a limited effect. Second, the Federal Reserve on and immediately after 9/11 took appropriate action to avert a financial panic and liquidity shortage. This was supplemented by support from foreign central banks to shore up the dollar in world markets and limited the contagion of 9/11 from spreading to other national economies. Nevertheless, U.S. trade with other countries, especially Canada, was disrupted. While oil prices spiked briefly, they quickly returned to their pre-9/11 levels. Thus, it can be argued, timely action contained the short run economic effects of 9/11 on the overall economy. Over the longer run 9/11 will adversely affect U.S. productivity growth because resources are being and will be used to ensure the security of production, distribution, finance, and communication.

The dramatic end to the Cold War has added a new perspective to most non-proliferation issues, and added new ones. In addition to a wide selection of historical documents, this factbook includes data and discussions of a wide variety of technical and political topics. The work was prepared by the Congressional Research Service of the Library of Congress for the United States Senate, and has an introduction by Senator John Glenn."Halting the global spread of nuclear explosive devices has been a goal of American policy for over half a century. It predates even the first detonation of such a device in 1945. There is no weapon on earth that matches the instantaneous destructive power of the Bomb, which can devastate whole cities in the blink of an eye. Nonproliferation counted then and counts all the more today as a top national security priority."- John Glenn