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University A University is an institution of higher (or tertiary) education and research which awards degrees in various academic disciplines. Universities typically provide undergraduate education and posgraguate education. The word "university" is derived from the Latin universitas magistrorum CT scholarium, which roughly means "community of teachers and scholars. While antecedents had existed in Asia and Africa, the modern university system has roots in the European medieval university, which was created in Italy and envolved from Christian Cathedral schools for the clergy during the High Middle Ages. According to Encyclopædia Britannica, the earliest universities were founded in Asia and Africa, predating the first European medieval universities. The University of Al Quaraouiyine, founded in Morocco by Fatima al-Fihri in 859, is considered by some to be the oldest degree-granting university. The oldest existing, and continually operating educational institution in the world is the University of Karueein, founded in 859 AD in Fez, Morocco. The University of Bologna, Italy, was founded in 1088 and is the oldest one in Europe. The Sumerians had scribal schools or É-Dub-ba soon after 3500 BC.

Nobel Prize winning Indian (Bengali) economist Amartya Sen describes it as a man-made famine, noting that no previous famine had occurred in Bengal that century, and the region under the Muslim rule was one of the world's major economic powers and signalled the advent of proto-industrialisation. Historian William Dalrymple held that the deindustrialisation of Bengal and the policies of the East India Company were the reasons for the mass famine and widespread chaos. From 1876 to 1878, the Great Famine killed between 30 and 60 million people around the world. Drought enveloped much of the planet, causing food shortages all the way from Brazil to India and China, and wiping out approximately three percent of the global population. Genocide is the deliberate and systematic destruction, in whole or in part, of an ethnic, racial, religious or national group. The term was coined in 1944 by Raphael Lemkin.