Bøker av Gustave Le Bon

In this fascinating book, Gustave Le Bon examines the psychology of crowds. He posits that crowds have personalities, just like individuals, and that individuals change when part of a crowd. "The most careful observations seem to prove that an individual immersed for some length of time in a crowd in action soon finds himself-either in consequence of the magnetic influence given out by the crowd, or from some other cause of which we are ignorant-in a special state, which much resembles the state of fascination in which the hypnotized individual finds himself in the hands of the hypnotizer. The activity of the brain being paralysed in the case of the hypnotized subject, the latter becomes the slave of all the unconscious activities of his spinal cord, which the hypnotizer directs at will. The conscious personality has entirely vanished; will and discernment are lost. All feelings and thoughts are bent in the direction determined by the hypnotizer." This edition has been completely reset in fresh type.

The outbreak of World War I saw the collapse of socialist notions of class solidarity and reaffirmed the enduring strength of nationalism. The workers of the world did not unite, but turned on one another and slaughtered their fellows in what was then the bloodiest war in history. There have been many efforts to explain the outbreak of war in 1914, but few from so intimate a perspective as LeBon's. He examines such questions as why German scholars tried to deny Germany's obvious guilt in the war, and what explained the remarkable resolve of the French army to persevere in the face of unprecedented adversity.To such questions, LeBon proposes answers built upon principles well articulated in the larger body of his work. He transforms the character of the debate by demonstrating how psychological principles explain more persuasively both the causes of German academic ignominy and the origins of French valor. Convinced as he was that only psychology could illuminate collective behavior, LeBon dismisses purely economic or political interpretations as ill-conceived and inadequate precisely because they fail to appreciate the role of psychology in the collective behavior of national statesmen, prominent scholars, and ordinary soldiers.The Psychology of the Great War provides a bridge to study both crowd behavior and battlefield behavior by illustrating how ordinary people are transformed into savages by great events. This element in LeBon's thinking influenced Georges Sorel's thinking, as he had seen the same phenomenon in those who participated in general strikes and revolutions. And in a later period and different context, Hannah Arendt gave this strange capacity of the ordinary to be transformed into the extraordinary the name "banality of evil." The book will be of interest to social theorists, psychologists concerned with group behavior, and historians of the period.

"La masa es siempre intelectualmente inferior al hombre aislado. Pero, desde el punto de vista de los sentimientos y de los actos que los sentimientos provocan, puede, según las circunstancias, ser mejor o peor. Todo depende del modo en que sea sugestionada".Este diagnóstico pertenece a un hombre que poseía una estatura imponente y un aspecto irónico y severo, figura un poco altanera, frente ancha, ojos penetrantes y barba a la antigua, evocando a los dioses retratados por el Renacimiento. Se llamaba Gustave Le Bon, y nació en 1841, en la villa de Nogent-le-Rotrou, en una familia bretona de larga tradición militar.Gustave Le Bon (1841-1931) fue condiscípulo de Théodule Ribot (Las enfermedades de la personalidad) y de Henri Poincaré (La ciencia y la hipótesis). Su obra, una de las más importantes de los siglos XIX y XX, está dominada por dos títulos: Psicología de las masas (1895) y La evolución de la materia (1905).Viajero infatigable, sus primeras expediciones (África del norte, India y Nepal) despiertan su atención. "Me fue evidente al espíritu ¿relata en su obra sobre Las leyes psicológicas de la evolución de los pueblos (1894)¿ que cada pueblo posee una constitución mental tan fija como sus caracteres anatómicos, de la que se derivan sus sentimientos, sus pensamientos, sus instituciones, sus creencias y su arte".Precursor de la psicología social, también se interesa por la etnología y la antropología, la sociología, la filosofía de la historia, la física, la biología, la historia de las civilizaciones y de las doctrinas políticas, la cartografía, y (¿por qué no?) la psicología de los animales, especialmente del caballo, y la equitación.

" Naissance et développement de l'i dée égalitaire. - Les conséquences qu'elle a produites. - Ce qu'a déjà coûté son application. Son influence actuelle sur les foules. - Problèmes abordés dans cet ouvrage. - Re- cherche des facteurs principaux de l'évolution générale des peuples. - Cette évolution dérive-t-elle des institutions ? - Les éléments de chaque civilisation : institutions, arts, croyances, etc., n'auraient-ils pas certains fondements psychologiques spéciaux à chaque peuple ? - Les hasards de l'histoire et les lois permanentes. La civilisation d'un peuple repose sur un petit nombre d'idées fonda- mentales. De ces idées dérivent ses institutions, sa littérature et ses arts. Très lentes à se former, elles sont très lentes aussi à disparaître. Deve- nues depuis longtemps des erreurs évidentes pour les esprits instruits, elles restent pour les foules des vérités indiscutables et poursuivent leur ¿uvre dans les masses profondes des nations. S'il est difficile d'imposer une idée nouvelle, il ne l'est pas moins de détruire une idée ancienne. L'humanité s'est toujours cramponnée désespérément aux idées mortes et aux dieux morts."

La naissance et l'évanouissement de la matière, a été considérée comme importante tout au long de l'histoire de l'humanité. Dans un effort pour s'assurer que ce travail ne soit jamais perdu, nous avons pris des mesures pour assurer sa préservation en republiant ce livre dans un format moderne pour les générations actuelles et futures. Ce livre complet a été retapé, remanié et reformaté. Comme ces livres ne sont pas des scans des publications originales des auteurs, le texte est lisible et clair.

"The Psychology of Revolution" is a book written by Gustave Le Bon. In this book, Le Bon explores the psychological and sociological factors that contribute to the occurrence of revolutions. He analyzes the motivations of individuals and groups who engage in revolutionary activities, as well as the emotions and beliefs that drive them. Le Bon argues that revolutions are not simply driven by political or economic factors, but rather by deeper psychological impulses that are rooted in the human psyche. He posits that revolutions are often driven by a collective belief in a shared cause, as well as a sense of identity and belonging to a group. Additionally, he suggests that revolutionary leaders often use manipulation and propaganda to sway the masses and mobilize them toward their cause. The book also discusses the role of crowds in revolutionary movements, and how they can be influenced and controlled by those in power. Le Bon suggests that crowds are inherently irrational and prone to violence and that they can be easily manipulated by skilled leaders who know how to appeal to their emotions and desires.

The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind (French: Psychologie des Foules; literally: Psychology of Crowds) is a book authored by Gustave Le Bon that was first published in 1895.In the book, Le Bon claims that there are several characteristics of crowd psychology: "impulsiveness, irritability, incapacity to reason, the absence of judgement of the critical spirit, the exaggeration of sentiments, and others. Le Bon claimed that "an individual immersed for some length of time in a crowd soon finds himself - either in consequence of magnetic influence given out by the crowd or from some other cause of which we are ignorant - in a special state, which much resembles the state of fascination in which the hypnotized individual finds himself in the hands of the hypnotizer.

The Psychology of Revolution is a social psychology classic text by Gustave Le Bon that deals with the The Psychology of Revolution and contains the following excerpt:The present age is not merely an epoch of discovery; it is also a period of revision of the various elements of knowledge. Having recognised that there are no phenomena of which the first cause is still accessible, science has resumed the examination of her ancient certitudes, and has proved their fragility. To-day she sees her ancient principles vanishing one by one. Mechanics is losing its axioms, and matter, formerly the eternal substratum of the worlds, becomes a simple aggregate of ephemeral forces in transitory condensation.