Bøker av International Agency for Research on Cancer

****When not purchasing directly from the official sales agents of the WHO, especially at online bookshops, please note that there have been issues with counterfeited copies. Buy only from known sellers and if there are quality issues, please contact the seller for a refund.*****WHO Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues is a Revised Fourth Edition of the WHO series on histological and genetic typing of human tumors. This authoritative, concise reference provides an international standard for oncologists and pathologists and will serve as an indispensable guide for use in the design of studies monitoring response to therapy and clinical outcome. Diagnostic criteria, pathological features, and associated genetic alterations are described in a strictly disease-oriented manner. Sections on all recognized neoplasms and their variants further include new ICD-O codes, epidemiology, clinical features, macroscopy, prognosis, and predictive factors. This classification, prepared by 132 authors from 23 countries, contains about 1300 color images and tables and more than 4500 references.

Records 22 papers presented at a meeting concerned with the design of prospective studies to investigate the role of diet and hormones in the etiology of cancer. The objective of the meeting was to identify methodological differences and common elements in both on-going and planned studies in order to facilitate the consolidation of data, communicate practical lessons about the advantages and pitfalls of different methodological approaches, and avoid duplication of efforts. Papers are presented in four main parts. The first describes on-going or planned prospective studies on diet and cancer at centres in the USA, Holland, Italy, France, Finland, Sweden, Denmark, and Poland. Papers in the second section, devoted to dietary assessment methods for epidemiological studies, communicate experiences in the use of dietary questionnaires and in methods for attenuating the problem of measurement error in nutritional epidemiology. Methodological problems in the use of biochemical, anthropometric and other measures of diet and nutritional status are considered in the third section. The book concludes with papers describing four prospective studies designed to determine the link between endogenous and exogenous hormones and cancers of the breast and female reproductive organs.

Evaluates the carcinogenic risks to humans posed by exposure to crystalline and amorphous silica, some silicates (palygorskite, sepiolite, wollastonite, and zeolites other than erionite), coal dust, and para-aramid fibrils. The volume opens with a discussion of the many complexities involved in assessing the cancer risks associated with occupational exposure to inhaled mineral dusts, and the special toxicological considerations required when evaluating the results of experimental studies. Against this background, the first and most extensive monograph evaluates human and animal carcinogenicity data on silica, concentrating on evidence of an increased risk for lung cancer. On the basis of this evaluation, crystalline silica inhaled in the form of quartz or cristobalite from occupational sources was classified as carcinogenic to humans. For amorphous silica, evidence from both epidemiological and experimental studies was judged inadequate, and amorphous silica could not be classified. For palygorskite, the evaluation found sufficient evidence from studies in rats that long fibres were carcinogenic; studies of exposure to short fibres showed no significant increase in the incidence of tumours. The few studies in humans were judged inadequate. Long palygorskite fibres were classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans. Short fibres could not be classified. For coal dust, several limitations in human studies, largely concerned with excessive mortality from lung and stomach cancer, hindered interpretation of the epidemiological literature. The few adequate experimental studies showed no increase in tumours. Coal dust therefore could not be classified. para-Aramid fibrils likewise could not be classifed in view of inadequates in both the epidemiological and experimental data.

Evaluates the carcinogenic risk to humans posed by the therapeutic use of thirteen pharmaceutical drugs, including eight benzodiazepines and related compounds used for the treatment of anxiety and as sedatives and anticonvulsants, three triphenylethylene anti-oestrogenic compounds developed for the treatment of breast cancer, and two cholesterol-lowering agents used to treat patients at high risk for cardiovascular disease. Evaluations are based on a critical assessment of all data available for these compounds, including abundant information on pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects, precise studies of exposure-response relationships, and findings that shed light on mechanisms of carcinogenic action. The most extensive monograph evaluates the large body of data on tamoxifen, which has been used for almost two decades as the first-line endocrine therapy for postmenopausal women with advanced metastatic breast cancer. Tamoxifen is also used as adjuvant therapy in patients with breast cancer and is being tested for use as a preventive agent. The evaluation found sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of tamoxifen in increasing the risk for endometrial cancer, and conclusive evidence that tamoxifen reduces the risk for contralateral breast cancer in women with a previous diagnosis of breast cancer. Evidence for the carcinogenicity of tamoxifen in other organs was judged inadequate. Of the benzodiazepines, diazepam, which is the most widely prescribed, received the most extensive evaluation. Evidence reviewed suggested lack of carcinogenicity to the breast and inadequate evidence for carcinogenicity at other sites in humans. Diazepam could not be classified as to its carcinogenic risk to humans. Of the remaining benzodiazepines and related compounds, estazolam, prazepam, ripazepam, and temazepam could not be classified as to their carcinogenicity to humans. Oxazepam was classified as possible carcinogenic to humans on the basis of its carcinogenicity to rodents and uncertainty about extrapolation of experimental data to humans. Phenytoin, which has been widely used since the 1930s as an anticonvulsant in the treatment of epilepsy, was classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans. Of the remaining triphenylethylene anti-oestrogenic drugs developed for the treatment of breast cancer, neither toremifene, which is just being introduced, nor droloxifene, which is under development, could be classified. Likewise, data were judged inadequate for the classification of the two cholesterol-lowering drugs, clofibrate and gemfibrozil.

Evaluates the carcinogenic risk to humans posed by infection with human papillomaviruses (HPVs). To date, more than 70 HPV types have been identified, of which over 15 have been reported in cervical cancer biopsies. Although investigations of cervical cancer are most abundant, the report also considers the possible involvement of HPV infection in cancers at other sites, including the vulva, anus, skin, and aerodigestive tract. The first part summarizes what is known about the structure and molecular biology of papillomaviruses, and the epidemiology, pathology, and clinical management of HPV infections, including prospects for vaccine development. The main part evaluates the vast body of epidemiological studies investigating whether infection with HPV causes cervical cancer and cancers at several other cites. Findings from over 100 epidemiological case-control and cohort studies were considered. Evidence reviewed includes epidemiological studies conducted in the general population, studies of HPV and cancer conducted in special populations, including transplant patients and HIV-infected persons, and studies of skin cancer in patients with epidermodysplasia verruciformis. The studies provide compelling epidemiological evidence that some HPV types are human carcinogens, with HPVs detected in over 90% of all invasive cervical cancers. Part three cites experimental data supporting the carcinogenicity of specific HPV genotypes and elucidating the mechanisms by which HPV exerts its carcinogenic effects. The final part gives a summary and evaluation of all the available data. The report concludes that HPV types 16 and 18 are carcinogenic to humans. The report further concludes that HPV types 31and 33 are probably carcinogenic to humans, and that some HPV types other than 16, 18, 31 and 33 are possibly carcinogenic to humans.