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Furthermore, this thesis finds a method to study the phase relationship between ULF waves and drift-bounce resonant particles, and proposes that the phase relationship can be used to diagnose the parallel structure of standing wave electric field and energy transfer directions between waves and particles.

This thesis first reveals the mechanism of Goertler instabilities and then demonstrates how transitions at hypersonic flows can be effectively controlled (either promoted or suppressed) with Goertler or Klebanoff modes.