Bøker av Nelson Collins

PREVIEWGastric bypass is a surgical procedure that can help people with obesity to lose weight and improve their health. It decreases the size of the stomach and changes the way the stomach and small intestine absorb food, making it easier to lose weight. This procedure is also called a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.Gastric bypass surgery is a metabolic and weight loss procedure. It's also known by the French term, "Roux-en-Y." The procedure works by modifying your digestive system so that you consume and absorb fewer calories. It modifies your stomach and also your small intestine.Like other bariatric surgery operations, gastric bypass is recommended for people who have clinically severe obesity. It has been shown to help relieve a long list of obesity-related health conditions, including type 2 diabetes, hypertension, obstructive sleep apnea and GERD (chronic acid reflux).If you are very obese and have other health problems, and have tried hard to lose weight by dieting and doing more exercise, your doctor might suggest gastric bypass surgery to help with weight loss.Gastric bypass surgery is a very effective type of surgery for weight loss, but it is not for everyone. Discuss with your doctor which approach is best for you, and talk about what to expect.Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB) - pronounced "roo-en-why" - is the most commonly performed weight-loss procedure in the United States. It has been in practice for more than 30 years and provides an excellent balance of weight loss and manageable side effects. The operation can be performed laparoscopically (small incisions to the abdomen) or robotically (computer-assisted surgery used to aid in surgical procedures).A gastric bypass is where surgical staples are used to create a small pouch at the top of the stomach.The pouch is then connected to your small intestine, missing out (bypassing) the rest of the stomach.This means it takes less food to make you feel full and you'll absorb fewer calories from the food you eat. Get a Copy Now!

PREVIEWPancreatic cancer occurs when cells in your pancreas mutate (change) and multiply out of control, forming a tumor. Your pancreas is a gland in your abdomen (belly), between your spine and stomach. It makes hormones that control blood-sugar levels and enzymes that aid in digestion.Most pancreatic cancers start in the ducts of your pancreas. The main pancreatic duct (the duct of Wirsung) connects your pancreas to your common bile duct.Early-stage pancreatic tumors don't show up on imaging tests. For this reason, many people don't receive a diagnosis until the cancer has spread (metastasis). Pancreatic cancer is also resistant to many common cancer drugs, making it notoriously difficult to treat.Ongoing research focuses on early detection through genetic testing and new imaging methods. Still, there's much to learn.The pancreas secretes enzymes that aid digestion and hormones that help regulate the metabolism of sugars. This type of cancer is often detected late, spreads rapidly and has a poor prognosis.There are no symptoms in the early stages. Later stages are associated with symptoms, but these can be non-specific, such as lack of appetite and weight loss.Treatment may include surgically removing the pancreas, radiation and chemotherapy.Pancreatic cancer is responsible for approximately 3% of all cancers in the United States. It's the 10th most common cancer in men and people assigned male at birth, and the 8th most common cancer in women and people assigned female at birth.Pancreatic tumors are either exocrine or neuroendocrine (endocrine) tumors. This is based on the type of cell they start in. Knowing the type of tumor is important because each type acts differently and responds to different treatments.More than 90% of pancreatic cancers are exocrine tumors. The most common type of pancreatic cancer is adenocarcinoma.Less than 10% of pancreatic tumors are neuroendocrine tumors (pancreatic NETs or PNETs), also called islet cell tumors. They often grow slower than exocrine tumors.Changes in your DNA cause cancer. These can be inherited from your parents or can arise over time. The changes that arise over time can happen because you were exposed to something harmful. They can also happen randomly.Pancreatic cancer's exact causes are not well understood. About 10% of pancreatic cancers are considered familial or hereditary. Most pancreatic cancer happens randomly or is caused by things such as smoking, obesity and age.If you are a first-degree relative of someone diagnosed with pancreatic cancer, you may have an increased risk of developing pancreatic cancer. Your family member with pancreatic cancer is strongly recommended to undergo genetic testing for inherited mutations. Get a Copy Now!

PREVIEWMyalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a complex and disabling disease. It has been classified as a neurological disorder by the World Health Organization, though it affects many parts of the body, including the brain and muscles, digestive, immune and cardiac systems.The term 'myalgic encephalomyelitis' means pain in the muscles, and inflammation in the brain and spinal cord. Scientists are starting to understand some of the biological changes in the bodies of people with ME/CFS, although they have not yet found how to prevent, or cure it.Research has found that ME/CFS is associated with problems involving: The body's ability to produce energy at a cellular levelImmune, neurological and hormonal systemsBlood pressure and heart rate regulationDigestionSleepCognition - how quickly information is processedME/CFS affects men, women and children of all ages, ethnicities, and socioeconomic backgrounds. 75-80% of people with the disease are female. It is estimated that up to 600,000 Victorians may be living with ME/CFS, and as many as 90% are undiagnosed.The main symptom of ME/CFS is extreme physical and mental tiredness (fatigue) that does not go away with rest or sleep. This can make it difficult to carry out everyday tasks and activities.Most people with ME/CFS describe their fatigue as overwhelming and a different type of tiredness from what they've experienced before.Exercising usually makes the symptoms worse. Sometimes the effect is delayed and you'll feel very tired a few hours after you've exercised, or even the next day.Symptoms vary from person to person, and the severity of symptoms can vary from day to day, or even within a day. Get a Copy Now!

PREVIEWAn inflammation or infection in one or more small pouches in the digestive tract.Diverticulitis is more common after the age of 40.Symptoms include abdominal pain, fever, nausea and a change in bowel habits.Treatment can include rest, a liquid or low-fibre diet and antibiotics. Severe cases may need hospital care and surgery. Doctors may recommend a high-fibre diet after recovery to prevent future episodes.Diverticulosis is a medical condition when small, bulging pouches form on the wall of your bowel. On the other hand, diverticulitis is the medical condition when those pouches get inflamed or infected. Together, these two conditions are known as diverticular disease.Although it was rare before the 20th century, diverticular disease is a very common health problem in the Western world. It's a group of conditions that can affect your digestive tract.The most serious type of diverticular disease is diverticulitis. It can cause uncomfortable symptoms and, in some cases, serious complications. If left untreated, these complications can cause long-term health problems.Both sexes are equally affected by diverticular disease and diverticulitis, although the condition is more likely to appear at a younger age (under 50) in men than in women. Overall, symptoms of diverticulitis are most likely to occur in people over 70 years old.People aged 50-70 who eat a high-fibre diet (25g a day) have a 40% lower chance of admission to hospital with complications of diverticular disease - compared to others in their age range with the lowest amount of dietary fibre.Fiber helps to soften stools, and not consuming enough dietary fiber leads to hard stools. This may cause more pressure or strain on the colon as muscles push the stool down. This pressure is thought to cause the development of diverticula.In parts of the world where dietary fiber intake is large, such as in Africa or South Asia, diverticula disease is fairly uncommon. On the other hand, it is quite common in Western countries where dietary fiber intake is much lower. Get a Copy Now!

PREVIEWLymphoma is a type of blood cancer that affects white blood cells called lymphocytes. It is also called a cancer of the lymphatic system, as it starts in the lymph glands Open a glossary item or other organs of the lymphatic system Open a glossary item.There are 2 main types of lymphoma. These are called Hodgkin lymphoma and Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). The treatment you need depends on the type you have.When you're looking for information about lymphoma, it's important to know which type you want to know about. Ask your doctor or specialist nurse if you aren't sure.Non-Hodgkin lymphoma accounts for approximately 85% of all lymphoma diagnoses and is the most common type of blood cancer in New Zealand.There are many different sub types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma which are divided into 'B-cell' or 'T-cell' lymphomas. Both sup-types are cancers of the lymphatic system after the B or T lymphocytes (type of white blood cell) undergo a malignant change and multiple uncontrollably. These abnormal cells eventually form as tumours, most commonly in the lymph nodes of the body.Hodgkin lymphoma is a rare cancer accounting for approximately 0.5% of all cancers diagnosed in New Zealand. While non-Hodgkin lymphoma can affect either the B or T cells, Hodgkin lymphoma is marked by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells. Reed-Sternberg cells are malignant, mature B cells, and are unusually large.Lymphoma is a cancer that occurs in white blood cells called lymphocytes. Lymphocytes help the body fight off disease. They travel through the lymphatic system, a network of lymph nodes connected by vessels. They are also located in the blood stream, bone marrow, and other organs such as the spleen.Lymphoma develops when immature lymphocytes start multiplying rapidly due to a genetic mutation or other alteration in their biology. This can lead to tumors in the lymph nodes or other organs.There are two main types of lymphoma: non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Hodgkin lymphoma. But within these two broad categories, there are many additional subtypes. At this time, scientists have identified more than 90 different subtypes of lymphoma.Both Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas can occur in children and adults, and prognosis and treatment depend on the stage and the type of cancer. Get a Copy Now!

PREVIEWA disorder that affects a person's ability to think, feel and behave clearly.The exact cause of schizophrenia isn't known, but a combination of genetics, environment and altered brain chemistry and structure may play a role.Schizophrenia is characterised by thoughts or experiences that seem out of touch with reality, disorganised speech or behaviour and decreased participation in daily activities. Difficulty with concentration and memory may also be present.Treatment is usually lifelong and often involves a combination of medications, psychotherapy and coordinated speciality care services.Schizophrenia is a chronic, severe mental disorder that affects the way a person thinks, acts, expresses emotions, perceives reality, and relates to others. Though schizophrenia isn't as common as other major mental illnesses, it can be the most chronic and disabling.People with schizophrenia often have problems doing well in society, at work, at school, and in relationships. They might feel frightened and withdrawn, and could appear to have lost touch with reality. This lifelong disease can't be cured but can be controlled with proper treatment.Contrary to popular belief, schizophrenia is not a split or multiple personality. Schizophrenia involves a psychosis, a type of mental illness in which a person can't tell what's real from what's imagined. At times, people with psychotic disorders lose touch with reality. The world may seem like a jumble of confusing thoughts, images, and sounds. Their behavior may be very strange and even shocking. A sudden change in personality and behavior, which happens when people who have it lose touch with reality, is called a psychotic episode.The symptoms of schizophrenia usually appear in late adolescence or early adulthood. Schizophrenia can affect a person's speech, thinking, emotions as well as social interactions and other everyday activities. Get a Copy Now!

PREVIEWNeuropathy is a disorder of the nerves -- the body's system for transmitting messages from the body to the spinal cord and brain, and vice versa. Common symptoms include tingling, numbness, weakness, changes in sensation, and pain.Neuropathy is a form of nerve damage that is estimated to affect more than 20 million Americans. It often accompanies other health problems including diabetes, cancer, shingles, autoimmune disease or injury."Neuropathy presents a spectrum of symptoms," says Daniel DiCapua, MD, a Yale Medicine neurologist. Those symptoms may include a burning sensation, shooting pain, numbness or muscle weakness. For some patients, Dr. DiCapua says, the symptoms are just an annoyance. But for others, the effects of neuropathy can be debilitating.The team at Yale Medicine has both the comprehensive expertise and advanced equipment to diagnose neuropathy successfully. They also provide treatments that both minimize the discomfort and offer the best opportunity to reverse the condition.Patients with neuropathy experience "misfiring" of the peripheral nerve cells (nerves that carry signals between the brain and other parts of the body). The result can range from pain to complete loss of sensation.Up to half of patients with diabetes experience some kind of neuropathic pain.Other health problems associated with neuropathy include shingles, cancer, autoimmune disease, and certain kinds of injury. It is not clear to researchers exactly why nerve damage results from those conditions.Early signs of neuropathy can include muscle weakness, twitching or cramps, as well as feelings of numbness or loss of sensation, or lightheadedness.As the condition progresses, patients might also experience imbalance, emotional distress or trouble sleeping.Some patients complain of losing sensation in their feet or have problems with motor control. Others feel neuropathic pain in their feet, plus legs, back and hands, which can make the simple act of sitting at a desk-or lying in bed-very difficult. Get a Copy Now!

PREVIEWPulmonary Fibrosis (PF) is a type of rare lung disease that causes the tissue (interstitium) around the air sacs (alveoli) within the lungs to become thickened and scarred - this is called fibrosis. This scarring makes the lungs stiff which makes it increasingly difficult to breathe deeply. This stops the efficient delivery of oxygen into the bloodstream where it is needed to be transported to the rest of the body.There are many types of PF. Some people with PF may already have features of other associated conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis or scleroderma. Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) is a specific disease where the underlying cause is unknown. It is important for your healthcare team to identify the underlying type of PF, to help determine the most appropriate treatment options for your condition. These webpages provide information that is common across the different types of PF. For information that is specific to your diagnosis, it is important that you speak with your healthcare team.Pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive disease that causes lung tissue to become thickened and scarred. This scarring makes the lungs stiff, making it increasingly difficult to breathe deeply. It can be easy to dismiss the common symptoms of pulmonary fibrosis as ageing or lack of fitness but breathlessness, cough, fatigue and unexplained weight loss shouldn't be ignored. Early diagnosis and treatment can help slow disease progression and improve quality of life. Learn more about pulmonary fibrosis and talk to your GP today.Researchers currently believe that a combination of exposure to lung irritants like certain chemicals, smoking, and infections, along with genetics and immune system activity, play key roles in pulmonary fibrosis.It was once thought that the condition was caused by inflammation. Now scientists believe that there is an abnormal healing process in the lungs that leads to scarring. The formation of significant lung scarring eventually becomes pulmonary fibrosis. Get a Copy Now!

PREVIEWEating nutritious foods that are high in calories is a good way to gain weight. It's also important to understand the reason why you're underweight.Being underweight can be defined in a couple of ways. It can mean low weight for a person's height, defined as a body mass index (BMI) of less than 18.5. It also could be weight that is 15 to 20% below the typical weight for a person's age.There are many reasons you may not be at your goal weight. Recovering from an illness or losing weight as you age are two examples. It's also common for athletes to want to gain weight as muscle.It is best to see your health care provider if you lost weight unexpectedly. Your provider or a dietitian can help you gain weight in a healthy way. Together, you can create a plan based on your needs.Weight gain, especially if it's new, can signal a number of health conditions. For example, someone with heart failure might experience weight gain from fluid retention-which might appear as swelling in the feet, ankles, legs, or belly. "This would likely be accompanied by symptoms such as fatigue or shortness of breath," Dr. Apovian says.Other underlying conditions associated with weight gain includeDiabetesCertain kidney diseasesSleep apnea (pauses in breathing during sleep)Thyroid problems.Gaining weight can be difficult for some people. With a few changes, you can gradually reach a healthy weight.Being underweight could mean you're missing out on vitamins and minerals.This could lead to health problems such as a weak immune system and bone fractures. Get a Copy Now!