Bøker av Nicolai Hartmann

This textbook includes important texts by Hartmann, some of them virtually inaccessible before, with a concise introduction to the central themes in Hartmann's thought. There has been a recent renaissance of interest in his "e;new ontology"e;both as systematic theory and in philosophical anthropology. This text serves as an ideal introduction to Hartmann and as a supplement in courses on metaphysics, anthropology, and 20th century philosophy.

The book is the first English translation of Nicolai Hartmann's final book, published in 1953. It will be of value to graduate students in philosophy, scholars concerned with 20th century Continental philosophy, students of aesthetics and art history and criticism, and persons in and out of academic philosophy who wish to develop their aesthetic understanding and responsiveness to art and music. Aesthetics, Hartmann believes, centers on the phenomenon of beauty, and art "e;objectivates"e; beauty, but beauty exists only for a prepared observer. Part One explores the act of aesthetic appreciation and its relation to the aesthetic object. It discovers phenomenologically determinable levels of apprehension.Beauty appears when an observer peers through the physical foreground of the work into the strata upon which form has been bestowed by an artist in the process of expressing some theme. The theory of the stratification of aesthetic objects is perhaps Hartmann's most original and fundamental contribution to aesthetics. He makes useful and perceptive distinctions between the levels in which beauty is given to perception by nature, in the performing and the plastic arts, and in literature of all kinds. Part Two develops the phenomenology of beauty in each of the fine arts. Then Hartmann explores some traditional categories of European aesthetics, most centrally those of unity of value and of truth in art. Part Three discusses the forms of aesthetic values. Hartmann contrasts aesthetic values with moral values, and this exploration culminates in an extensive phenomenological exhibition of three specific aesthetic values, the sublime, the charming, and the comic. A brief appendix, never completed by the author, contains some reflections upon the ontological implications of aesthetics. Engaged in constant dialogue with thinkers of the past, especially with Aristotle, Kant and Hegel, Hartmann corrects and develops their insights by reference to familiar phenomena of art, especially with Shakespeare, Rembrandt and Greek sculpture and architecture. In the course of his analysis, he considers truth in art (the true-to-life and the essential truth), the value of art, and the relation of art and morality. The workstands with other great 20th century contributors to art theory and philosophical aesthetics: Heidegger, Sartre, Croce, Adorno, Ingarden, and Benjamin, among others.

Nicolai Hartmann's Possibility and Actuality is the second volume of a four-part investigation of ontology. It deals with such questions as: How do we know that something is really possible? Is the possible only the actual? Is the actual only the possible? What is the difference between ideal and real possibility? This groundbreaking work of modal analysis describes the logical relations between possibility, actuality, and necessity, and it provides insight into the relations between modes of knowledge and modes of being. Hartmann reviews the history of philosophical concepts of possibility and necessity, from ancient Megarian philosophy to Aristotle, to Medieval Scholasticism, to Leibniz, Kant, and Hegel. He explains the importance of modal analysis as a basic investigative tool, and he proposes an approach to understanding the nature of human existence that unifies the fields of ontology, modal logic, metaphysics, and epistemology. This brilliant and fascinating work is relevant to many topics of debate in contemporary philosophy, including the ontology of possible worlds, the metaphysics of modality, the logic of counterfactual conditionals, and modal epistemology. It illuminates the nature of real, ideal, logical, and epistemic possibility.

Frontmatter -- Einleitung -- I. Abschnitt. Dimensionen der realen Welt -- 1. Kapitel. Stellung von Raum und Zeit als Kategorien -- 2. Kapitel. Die Kantische Raum- und Zeitlehre -- 3. Kapitel. Realzeit und Anschauungszeit -- 4. Kapitel. Ausdehnung und extensive Größe -- II. Abschnitt. Kategorialanalyse des Raumes -- 5. Kapitel. Der geometrische Raum -- 6. Kapitel. Der Realraum -- 7. Kapitel. Die Räumlichkeit der Dinge -- 8. Kapitel. Der Anschauungsraum -- 9. Kapitel. Die Räumlichkeit des Anschauungsfeldes -- III. Abschnitt. Kategorialanalyse der Zeit -- 10. Kapitel. Problemansätze der Zeitanalyse -- 11. Kapitel. Die Realzeit -- 12. Kapitel. Die Zeitlichkeit der Realprozesse -- 13. Kapitel. Die Zeitmodi höherer Ordnung -- 14. Kapitel. Die Anschauungszeit -- 15. Kapitel. Die Zeitlichkeit des Anschauungsfeldes -- IV. Abschnitt. Das Raum-Zeitsystem der Natur -- 16. Kapitel. Kosmologische Raumzeitlichkeit -- 17. Kapitel. Die Kategorie der Bewegung -- 18. Kapitel. Spekulative Relativismen des Raumes und der Zeit . -- ZWEITER TEIL Kosmologische Kategorien -- I. Abschnitt. Das Werden und die Beharrung -- 19. Kapitel. Das Realverhältnis -- 20. Kapitel. Das Werden und der Naturprozeß -- 21. Kapitel. Modalanalyse des Prozesses -- 22. Kapitel. Die Substantialität -- 23. Kapitel. Die Beharrung und das Beharrende -- 24. Kapitel. Abwandlungen der Beharrung -- 25. Kapitel. Die Zuständlichkeit -- II. Abschnitt. Die Kausalität -- 26. Kapitel. Die kausale Determinationsform -- 27. Kapitel. Zur Metaphysik der Verursachung -- 28. Kapitel. Komplexes Bewirken und Einmaligkeit -- 29. Kapitel. Psychophysische Kausalität -- 30. Kapitel. Die Aufweisbarkeit des Kausalzusammenhanges -- 31. Kapitel. Kausalität als Bewußtseinskategorie -- III. Abschnitt. Naturgesetzlichkeit und Wechselwirkung -- 32. Kapitel. Der Prozeß und seine Gesetze -- 33. Kapitel. Das Naturgesetz und seine mathematische Struktur -- 34. Kapitel. Klassische und statistische Gesetzlichkeit -- 35. Kapitel. Natur gesetzlichkeit als Erkenntniskategorie -- 36. Kapitel. Die Wechselwirkung -- 37. Kapitel: Komplexes Bewirken -- IV. Abschnitt. Natürliche Gefüge und Gleichgewichte -- 38. Kapitel. Das dynamische Gefüge -- 39. Kapitel. Innere Dynamik und Stabilität der Gefüge -- 40. Kapitel. Zentraldetermination -- 41. Kapitel. Der Stufenbau der Natur -- 42. Kapitel. Dynamische Ganzheitsdetermination -- 43. Kapitel. Dynamisches Gleichgewicht -- 44. Kapitel. Selektivität der Gleichgewichte -- DRITTER TEIL Organologische Kategorien -- I. Abschnitt. Das organische Gefüge -- 45. Kapitel. Aufgabe und Einteilung -- 46. Kapitel. Das Individuum -- 47. Kapitel. Der formbildende Prozeß -- 48. Kapitel. Das Widerspiel der Prozesse -- 49. Kapitel. Formgefüge und Prozeßgefüge -- 50. Kapitel. Die organische Selbstregulation -- II. Abschnitt. Das überindividuelle Leben -- 51. Kapitel. Das Leben der Art -- 52. Kapitel. Die Wiederbildung des Individuums -- 53. Kapitel. Tod und Zeugung -- 54. Kapitel. Die Variabilität -- 55. Kapitel. Die Regulation des Artlebens -- III. Abschnitt. Die Phylogenese -- 56. Kapitel. Die Abartung -- 57. Kapitel. Die Zweckmäßigkeit -- 58. Kapitel. Organische Selektion -- 59. Kapitel. Die Mutation -- 60. Kapitel. Ursprüngliche Formbildung -- IV. Abschnitt. Organische Determination -- 61. Kapitel. Das organische Gleichgewicht -- 62. Kapitel. Der Lebensprozeß -- 63. Kapitel. Der nexus organicus -- 64. Kapitel. Die Artgesetzlichkeit -- Backmatter

Since the nineteenth century, moral philosophy in the Western world has been dominated by utilitarianism, Kantianism, and relativism

Ethics is Nicolai Hartmann's magnum opus on moral philosophy

The first part of the author's treatise "Ethics" looks at the structure of ethical phenomena and criticises utilitanarism, Kantianism, and relativism as misleading approaches. The essence of moral values, including their absoluteness and ideal being, and the essence of "ought" are discussed.

Specifically describing fundamental moral values - such as goodness, nobility and vitality - and special moral values - such as justice, wisdom, courage, self-control, trustworthiness, and modesty - this work takes theoretical philosophy and brings it very much into the realm of the practical.

Contemporary philosophy has reasserted the belief that philosophy has practical tasks

"Ethics" is Nicolai Hartmann's magnum opus on moral philosophy. "Moral Phenomena" is concerned with the nature and structure of ethical phenomena. "Moral Values" describes all values as forming a complex and imperfectly known system. "Moral Freedom" deals with the individual's freedom of the will.