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Presents a new approach to the subject of cosmology. This book exploits Einstein's theory of general relativity. It contains a brief discussion of black holes and pulsars. It delves into philosophical considerations such as the different types of 'truth', positivism versus realism and a discussion of the role of the Mach principle in physics.

Combinational optimization (CO) is a topic in applied mathematics, decision science and computer science that consists of finding the best solution from a non-exhaustive search. CO is related to disciplines such as computational complexity theory and algorithm theory, and has important applications in fields such as operations research/management science, artificial intelligence, machine learning, and software engineering.Advances in Combinatorial Optimization presents a generalized framework for formulating hard combinatorial optimization problems (COPs) as polynomial sized linear programs. Though developed based on the 'traveling salesman problem' (TSP), the framework allows for the formulating of many of the well-known NP-Complete COPs directly (without the need to reduce them to other COPs) as linear programs, and demonstrates the same for three other problems (e.g. the 'vertex coloring problem' (VCP)). This work also represents a proof of the equality of the complexity classes "P" (polynomial time) and "NP" (nondeterministic polynomial time), and makes a contribution to the theory and application of 'extended formulations' (EFs).On a whole, Advances in Combinatorial Optimization offers new modeling and solution perspectives which will be useful to professionals, graduate students and researchers who are either involved in routing, scheduling and sequencing decision-making in particular, or in dealing with the theory of computing in general.

The development of functional materials is at the heart of technological needs and the forefront of materials research. This book provides a comprehensive treatment of functional materials, which are needed for electrical, dielectric, electromagnetic, optical, and magnetic applications. It covers materials concepts that are linked to applications.