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Osteoarthritis is a degenerative condition in which the cartilage between joints wears away and bones rub against each other without the natural cushioning. It is characterized by pain, stiffness, swelling and restricted ability to move. Osteoarthritis of the knee is a form of arthritis affecting the knee joint which usually occurs in people above the age of 45. However, it can also affect younger individuals. This may be due to genetic mutations that lend a susceptibility to the disease, obesity, inherited abnormalities around the knee joint, repetitive stress injuries and other clinical conditions such as excess growth hormone or iron overload disorders. Knee osteoarthritis can take several years to develop. It progresses in stages with symptoms ranging from minor to severe. An examination of the joints, evaluation of their range of motion, blood tests, fluid scan tests and MRI scans can help establish a diagnosis. The treatment of knee osteoarthritis depends on the stage of progression of the disease. Exercises that build strength and mobility, and acetaminophens can address early osteoarthritis. Physical therapy and the practice of wearing braces are recommended for managing mild symptoms. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of osteoarthritis of the knee joint and the recent researches in this condition. The objective of this book is to give a general view of the different symptoms and effects of this condition, and their management strategies. This book is a vital tool for all researching or studying knee osteoarthritis as it gives incredible insights into emerging trends and concepts.

Arthroplasty is a surgical procedure within the domain of orthopedics. In this procedure, the articular surface of a musculoskeletal joint is replaced, remodeled or realigned by osteotomy. The aim of arthroplasty is to relieve pain and restore function to the joint after damage by arthritis or some other type of trauma. The most successful and common form of arthroplasty is the joint replacement arthroplasty. Other types of arthroplasty include interpositional arthroplasty, excisional arthroplasty, resurfacing arthroplasty, mold arthroplasty, etc. However, arthroplasty can cause various complications, such as deep vein thrombosis, infection, bleeding and periprosthetic fracture. The prosthesis selected in arthroplasty must be non-toxic yet resistant, compatible and durable. The technology has been improved in the recent years with a porous-coated prosthesis which helps in bonding to the body. This book strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. It consists of contributions made by international experts. This book is a vital tool for all researching or studying arthroplasty as it gives incredible insights into emerging trends and concepts.

The medical imaging technology that is used for the non-invasive assessment of the function and structure of the cardiovascular system is referred to as cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR). This imaging technique is helpful in evidence-based diagnostic and therapeutic pathways in cardiovascular disease. The applications of cardiovascular MRI include the assessment of myocardial ischemia and viability, myocarditis, iron overload, congenital heart disease and vascular disease. CMR study includes a few techniques of imaging such as cine imaging for heart function, 4D flow CMR, adenosine for perfusion, etc. This book presents the complex subject of cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. The book will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in this field.

The branch of medicine which focuses on easing the suffering of the patients of chronic pain is known as pain management. Pain can cause changes in the physical and emotional health of a person. A combination of medication and provider-based interventions, like patient-specific recommendations for care, is typically involved in the treatment of both acute and chronic pain. Repeated and frequent usage of pain medications involves the risk of adverse reactions, overuse, and dependency. Complimentary therapies offer an alternative method to lower the pain experience. This involves the use of natural products, and mind and body practices. This book outlines the processes and applications of pain management in detail. The various studies that are constantly contributing towards advancing technologies and evolution of this field are examined in detail. Scientists and students actively engaged in this field will find this book full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

Veterinary virology is a major branch of veterinary medicine that studies viruses in non-human animals. Some of the viruses studied under this discipline are rhabdoviruses, foot and mouth disease viruses, pestiviruses, parvoviruses, coronaviruses, toroviruses and influenza etc. Rhabdoviruses are single stranded, negative sense RNA viruses which can infect a wide variety of animals. A few examples of rhabdoviruses are rabies virus and vesicular stomatitis virus. Foot and mouth disease viruses are non-enveloped, positive strand, RNA viruses that cause foot and mouth diseases in animals such as cattle, sheep and pigs. Pestiviruses are made up of single stranded, positive-sense RNA genomes. Diseases like classic swine fever and bovine viral diarrhea are caused due to these viruses. Parvoviruses are one of the tiniest viruses. They cause diseases in the gastrointestinal tract and lymphatic system. This book explores all the important aspects of veterinary virology. It also elucidates some of the vital pieces of work conducted across the world, on various topics related to this field. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Rheumatology is a field of medicine that is concerned with the diagnosis and management of rheumatic diseases. The immune-mediated disorders of the musculoskeletal system, vasculitides, autoimmune diseases and heritable connective tissue disorders are under the scope of this field. These encompass degenerative arthropathies, systemic conditions and connective tissue diseases, inflammatory arthropathies, and soft tissue rheumatism. The diagnosis of a rheumatic disease may be based on multiple joint inspection, musculoskeletal examination, Schober''s test, ultrasounds, X-rays, and the chemical pathology and cytopathology of the fluid aspirated from affected joints. Rheumatic diseases are generally treated with NSAIDs, analgesics, steroids, monoclonal antibodies and disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs. Rheumasurgical interventions may be directed at the prevention of disease progression or may be correctional interventions. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to rheumatology. It strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

Otolaryngology is a subfield in medicine that focuses on the conditions of the ear, nose and throat. It also deals with the conditions of other related structures of head and neck. It is concerned with the surgical management of cancers and benign tumors of the head and the neck. The most important procedures of otolaryngology are free muscle and bone transfer, free skin and fat transfer as well as microvascular reconstruction repair. In free muscle surgery, a muscle is collected from the back or abdominal region to reconstruct the skull or cranial vault. Whereas the free bone transfers deal with the bone defects. Bone transfers are used for the mandibular reconstruction. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of otolaryngology. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. The readers would gain knowledge that would broaden their perspective about otolaryngology.

A medical condition in which the poor blood flow towards the brain causes cell death is known as a stroke. The two main types of stroke include ischemic and hemorrhagic. Ischemic stroke occurs due to insufficient blood flow to the brain to meet metabolic demands that lead to cerebral hypoxia and causes the death of the brain tissues. Hemorrhagic stroke is a condition where bleeding occurs within the skull. A stroke could occur due to different reasons such as a blood clot around atherosclerotic plaques, arterial embolism, reduction of blood flow due to heart failure and hypertension. The most common signs and symptoms of a stroke include an inability to move or feel on one side of the body, problems in understanding or speaking, loss of vision to one side and dizziness. This book presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge. This book will also provide interesting topics for research which interested readers can take up.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) refer to a set of conditions in humans caused due to infection with HIV. The initial infection with the virus causes little or no symptoms, followed by a brief period of influenza-like illness. This period is succeeded by a long period with no symptoms. However, with the progression of the illness, a gradual shift in the immune response of the body emerges which is expressed with the incidence of common infections like tuberculosis, certain opportunistic infections and tumors which rarely affect people with a well-functioning immune system. HIV is contracted through unprotected sex, use of hypodermic needles, exposure to contaminated blood transfusions and mother to child HIV transmission during pregnancy, breast feeding and delivery. A patient may survive up to an average of 11 years without treatment. The disease can however be slowed down and patients can have a near-normal life expectancy, with antiretroviral therapies. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of HIV/AIDS. The various studies that are constantly contributing towards advancing the understanding and management of this disease are examined in detail. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed experts of this field, this book targets students and professionals.

A branch of medicine which deals with the diseases of nails, hair and skin is known as dermatology. It involves the use of medications as well as surgeries. A few of the major fields of dermatology are dermatopathology, trichology and pediatric dermatology. Dermatopathology is primarily concerned with the pathology of the skin. Trichology focuses on the diseases of the hair such as hair abnormalities, scalp changes, hypertrichosis, etc. Pediatric dermatology includes the complicated diseases of infants such as hereditary skin diseases and various other problems of the neonates. Dermatology also includes various therapies such as excision and treatment of skin cancer, radiation therapy, phototherapy and laser therapy and allergy testing. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of dermatology. It traces the progress of this field and highlights some of its key concepts and applications. The book will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

Geriatrics medicine is a field of medicine that deals with the health care of elderly people. The main aim of geriatrics medicine is to promote health by preventing and treating diseases and disabilities in elderly people. Geriatrics medicine focuses on the distinctive need of elderly persons. It focuses on the unique needs of elderly people which makes it quite different from standard adult medicine. Geriatrics medicine aims to treat diseases that are present and achieve healthy aging. It focuses on achieving the patient's highest priorities in the context of multiple chronic conditions, and on preserving function. It deals with increasing complexity, geriatric giants, and practical concerns. Some sub-specialties of geriatrics medicine are geriatric anesthesia, geriatric nutrition, geriatric pharmacy, geriatric podiatry, geriatric audiology, etc. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of geriatrics medicine. It strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.