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Written during the English Civil War (1642-1651), Leviathan argues for a social contract and rule by an absolute sovereign. Hobbes wrote that civil war and the brute situation of a state of nature ("the war of all against all") could only be avoided by strong, undivided government. After lengthy discussion with Thomas Hobbes, the Parisian Abraham Bosse created the etching for the book's famous frontispiece in the géometrique style which Bosse himself had refined. It is similar in organisation to the frontispiece of Hobbes' De Cive (1642), created by Jean Matheus. The frontispiece has two main elements, of which the upper part is by far the more striking. In it, a giant crowned figure is seen emerging from the landscape, clutching a sword and a crosier, beneath a quote from the Book of Job-"Non est potestas Super Terram quae Comparetur ei. Iob. 41 . 24" ("There is no power on earth to be compared to him. Job 41 . 24")-linking the figure to the monster of that book. (Due to disagreements over the precise location of the chapters and verses when they were divided in the Late Middle Ages, the verse Hobbes quotes is usually given as Job 41:33 in modern Christian translations into English, Job 41:25 in the Masoretic text, Septuagint, and the Luther Bible; it is Iob 41:24 in the Vulgate.) The torso and arms of the figure are composed of over three hundred persons, in the style of Giuseppe Arcimboldo; all are facing inwards with just the giant's head having visible features. (A manuscript of Leviathan created for Charles II in 1651 has notable differences - a different main head but significantly the body is also composed of many faces, all looking outwards from the body and with a range of expressions.) The lower portion is a triptych, framed in a wooden border. The centre form contains the title on an ornate curtain. The two sides reflect the sword and crosier of the main figure - earthly power on the left and the powers of the church on the right. Each side element reflects the equivalent power - castle to church, crown to mitre, cannon to excommunication, weapons to logic, and the battlefield to the religious courts. The giant holds the symbols of both sides, reflecting the union of secular, and spiritual in the sovereign, but the construction of the torso also makes the figure the state.

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During his first 20 months in Paris, Hemingway filed 88 stories for the Toronto Star newspaper. He covered the Greco-Turkish War, where he witnessed the burning of Smyrna, and wrote travel pieces such as "Tuna Fishing in Spain" and "Trout Fishing All Across Europe: Spain Has the Best, Then Germany". Hemingway was devastated on learning that Hadley had lost a suitcase filled with his manuscripts at the Gare de Lyon as she was traveling to Geneva to meet him in December 1922. The following September, the couple returned to Toronto, where their son John Hadley Nicanor was born on October 10, 1923. During their absence, Hemingway's first book, Three Stories and Ten Poems, was published. Two of the stories it contained were all that remained after the loss of the suitcase, and the third had been written early the previous year in Italy. Within months a second volume, in our time (without capitals), was published. The small volume included six vignettes and a dozen stories Hemingway had written the previous summer during his first visit to Spain, where he discovered the thrill of the corrida. He missed Paris, considered Toronto boring, and wanted to return to the life of a writer, rather than live the life of a journalist

Atkinson was a prolific writer, and his many books achieved wide circulation among New Thought devotees and occult practitioners. He published under several pen names, including Magus Incognito, Theodore Sheldon, Theron Q. Dumont, Swami Panchadasi, Yogi Ramacharaka, Swami Bhakta Vishita, and probably other names not identified at present. He is also popularly held to be one (if not all) of the Three Initiates who anonymously authored The Kybalion, which certainly resembles Atkinson's other writings in style and subject matter. Atkinson's two co-authors in the latter venture, if they even existed, are unknown, but speculation often includes names like Mabel Collins, Michael Whitty, Paul Foster Case, and Harriett Case.Titles written under the name William Walker Atkinson.These works treat themes related to the mental world, occultism, divination, psychic reality, and mankind's nature. They constitute a basis for what Atkinson called "New Psychology" or "New Thought". Titles include Thought Vibration or the Law of Attraction in the Thought World, and Practical Psychomancy and Crystal Gazing: A Course of Lessons on the Psychic Phenomena of Distant Sensing, Clairvoyance, Psychometry, Crystal Gazing, etc.Although most of the Atkinson titles were published by Atkinson's own Advanced Thought Publishing Company in Chicago, with English distribution by L. N. Fowler of London, England, at least a few of his books in the "New Psychology" series were published by Elizabeth Towne in Mount Holyoke, Massachusetts, and offered for sale in her New Thought magazine The Nautilus. One such title, for which Atkinson is credited as the author, with the copyright internally assigned to Towne, is The Psychology of Salesmanship, published in 1912.

Dion Fortune's first magical mentor was the Irish occultist and Freemason Theodore Moriarty. She had befriended him while still involved in psychotherapy, believing that he could help one of her patients, a young man who had been fighting on the Western Front and claimed to be plagued by unexplained physical phenomena. Moriarty performed an exorcism, claiming that the young man was the victim of the soul of a deceased East European soldier which had latched onto him as a parasite. Fortune became an acolyte of Moriarty's Masonic-influenced lodge, which was based in Hammersmith, and joined his community of followers living at Gwen Stafford-Allen's home in Bishop's Stortford. Moriarty spent much time talking about the lost city of Atlantis, a topic that would also come to be embraced by Fortune. Fortune later fictionalized Moriarty as the character Dr. Taverner, who appeared in a number of short stories first published in 1922, later assembled in a collected volume as The Secrets of Dr. Taverner in 1926. Like Moriarty, Dr. Taverner was portrayed as carrying out exorcisms to protect humans from the attacks of etheric vampires.

Very little is known of Euclid's life, and most information comes from the scholars Proclus and Pappus of Alexandria many centuries later. Medieval Islamic mathematicians invented a fanciful biography, and medieval Byzantine and early Renaissance scholars mistook him for the earlier philosopher Euclid of Megara. It is now generally accepted that he spent his career in Alexandria and lived around 300 BC, after Plato's students and before Archimedes. There is some speculation that Euclid studied at the Platonic Academy and later taught at the Musaeum; he is regarded as bridging the earlier Platonic tradition in Athens with the later tradition of Alexandria.In the Elements, Euclid deduced the theorems from a small set of axioms. He also wrote works on perspective, conic sections, spherical geometry, number theory, and mathematical rigour. In addition to the Elements, Euclid wrote a central early text in the optics field, Optics, and lesser-known works including Data and Phaenomena. Euclid's authorship of two other texts-On Divisions of Figures, Catoptrics-has been questioned. He is thought to have written many now lost works.

The Gateway Experience is a training system designed to alter consciousness and escape time and space. The CIA investigated this technique in 1983, focusing on psychic research and remote viewing. The process began with Robert Monroe, a radio broadcasting executive, who discovered sound patterns affecting human capabilities. He established an R&D division within RAM Enterprises, focusing on sleep learning and out-of-body experiences. In 1962, RAM Enterprises expanded into radio station ownership, cable television, and audio cassette production. In 1971, Monroe published Journeys Out of the Body, popularizing the term "out-of-body experience." In 1972, a classified report claimed the Soviet Union funded research into ESP and psychokinesis for espionage purposes. In 1975, Monroe registered patents on audio techniques for stimulating brain functions until the left and right hemispheres synchronize, promoting mental health or causing altered states of consciousness. In 1983, the CIA published "Analysis and Assessment of the Gateway Process," establishing a scientific framework for understanding and expanding human consciousness.

In the Republic, Socrates discusses the meaning of justice and whether the just man is happier than the unjust man with various Athenians and foreigners. He considers the natures of existing regimes and then proposes a series of hypothetical cities in comparison, culminating in Kallipolis, a utopian city-state ruled by a class of philosopher-kings. They also discuss aging, love, the theory of forms, the immortality of the soul, and the role of the philosopher and of poetry in society.The Republic is generally placed in the middle period of Plato's dialogues. However, the distinction between this group and the early dialogues is not as clear as the distinction between the late dialogues and all the others. Nonetheless, with their separate methodologies, Ritter, Arnim, and Baron agreed that the Republic was well distinguished, along with Parmenides, Phaedrus, and Theaetetus.However, the first book of the Republic, which shares many features with earlier dialogues, is thought to have originally been written as a separate work. Then the remaining books were conjoined to it, perhaps with modifications to the original of the first book.

The author attempts to create a brief and accessible guide to the problems of philosophy. He introduces philosophy as a repeating series of (failed) attempts to answer the same questions: Can we prove that there is an external world? Can we prove cause and effect? Can we validate any of our generalizations? Can we objectively justify morality? He asserts that philosophy cannot answer any of these questions and that any value of philosophy must lie elsewhere than in offering proofs to these questions.Focusing on problems he believes will provoke positive and constructive discussion, Russell concentrates on knowledge rather than metaphysics: If it is uncertain that external objects exist, how can we then know of them but by probability? There is no reason to doubt the existence of external objects simply because of sensory data.The book also looks at the question of mathematical truths and philosophy within mathematics, particularly the question of how pure mathematics is possible.Russell guides the reader through his famous 1910 distinction between knowledge by acquaintance and knowledge by description and introduces important theories of Plato, Aristotle, René Descartes, David Hume, John Locke, Immanuel Kant, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, and others to lay the foundation for philosophical inquiry by general readers and scholars alike.

The Murders in Praed Street is a 1928 detective novel by John Rhode, the pen name of the British writer Cecil Street. It features the fourth appearance of the armchair detective Lancelot Priestley, who figured in a long-running series of novels during the Golden Age of Detective Fiction.In 1936 it was adapted into the film Twelve Good Men, produced by the British subsidiary of Warner Brothers at Teddington Studios. Directed by Ralph Ince, it starred Henry Kendall, Nancy O'Neil, and Joyce Kennedy. It is the only one of the author's novels to be filmed.Street was born in Gibraltar to General John Alfred Street CB of Woking, and his second wife, Caroline, daughter of Charles Horsfall Bill of Storthes Hall, Yorkshire, head of a landed gentry family. Caroline had married comparatively late and her only son was born when she was thirty-five. General Street, having retired from the Army at the age of sixty-two just after his son's birth, died suddenly. Consequently, Street and his mother lived with his maternal grandparents at their house in Firlands, Woking, which was "comfortably staffed with seven domestics.". Street remained "modestly circumspect" about his privileged background in later life and valued "a man's personal accomplishments over his family heritage".

Major Hesketh Vernon Prichard, later Hesketh-Prichard DSO MC FRGS FZS was an India-born British explorer, adventurer, writer, big-game hunter, marksman, and cricketer who contributed to sniping practice within the British Army during the First World War. Concerned not only with improving the quality of marksmanship, the measures he introduced to counter the threat of German snipers were credited by a contemporary with saving the lives of over 3,500 Allied soldiers.Hesketh-Prichard eventually gained official support for his campaign, and in August 1915, he was given permission to proceed with formalized sniper training. By November of that year, his reputation was such that he was in high demand from many units. In December, he was ordered, on General Allenby's request, to the Third Army School of Instruction and was made a general staff officer with the rank of captain. On January 1, 1916, he was mentioned in dispatches.His friend George Gray, himself a champion shooter, told him that he had reduced sniping casualties from five a week per battalion to forty-four in three months in sixty battalions; by his reckoning, this meant that Hesketh-Prichard had saved over 3,500 lives. He was promoted to major in November 1916. By this time in the war, his contributions to sniping had been such that the former German superiority in the practice had now been reversed.

Hunting For Hidden Gold is Volume 5 in the original The Hardy Boys Mystery Stories published by Grosset & Dunlap. The book ranks 111th on Publishers Weekly's All-Time Bestselling Children's Book List for the United States, with 1,179,533 copies sold as of 2001.Franklin W. Dixon is the pen name used by a variety of different authors who were part of a team that wrote The Hardy Boys novels.Canadian author Charles Leslie McFarlane is believed to have written the first sixteen Hardy Boys books, but worked to a detailed plot and character outline for each story. The outlines are believed to have originated with Edward Stratemeyer, with later books outlined by his daughters, Edna C. Squier and Harriet Adams. Edward and Harriet also edited all books in the series through the mid-1960s. Other writers of the original books include MacFarlane's wife Amy, John Button, Andrew E. Svenson, and Adams herself; most of the outlines were done by Adams and Svenson. Several other writers and editors were recruited to revise the outlines and update the texts in line with a more modern sensibility, starting in the late 1950s.

The Odyssey was originally composed in Homeric Greek around the 8th or 7th century BC and, by the mid-6th century BC, had become part of the Greek literary canon. In antiquity, Homer's authorship of the poem was not questioned. Still, contemporary scholarship predominantly assumes that the Iliad and the Odyssey were composed independently and that the stories formed part of a long oral tradition. Given widespread illiteracy, the poem was performed by an aoidos or rhapsode and was more likely to be heard than read.Crucial themes in the poem include the ideas of nostos "return"), wandering, xenia ("guest-friendship"), testing, and omens. Scholars still reflect on the narrative significance of certain groups in the poem, such as women and slaves, who have a more prominent role in the epic than in many other works of ancient literature. This focus is especially remarkable when contrasted with the Iliad, which centers on the exploits of soldiers and kings during the Trojan War.The Odyssey is regarded as one of the most significant works of the Western canon. The first English translation of the Odyssey was in the 16th century. Adaptations and re-imaginings continue to be produced across a wide variety of media. In 2018, when BBC Culture polled experts worldwide to find literature's most enduring narrative, the Odyssey topped the list.

Troward was a divisional judge in Punjab in British-administered India. His hobby was the study of comparative religion.After he retired from the judiciary in 1896, Troward set out to apply logic and a judicial weighing of evidence in the study of matters of cause and effect. The philosopher William James characterized Troward's Edinburgh Lectures on Mental Science as "far and away the ablest statement of philosophy I have met, beautiful in its sustained clarity of thought and style, a classic statement."According to Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) archivist Nell Wing, early AA members were strongly encouraged to read Thomas Troward's Edinburgh Lectures on Mental Science. In the opening of the 2006 film The Secret, introductory remarks credit Troward's philosophy with inspiring the movie and its production.Troward was a past president of the International New Thought Alliance.Geneviève Behrend studied with Troward from 1912 until 1914; Behrend was the only personal student he had throughout his life.Bob Proctor credited Troward's works on several occasions and cited The Creative Process in the Individual as the most important in developing an individual's persistence.

Heyer essentially established the historical romance genre and its subgenre Regency romance. Her regencies were inspired by Jane Austen. To ensure accuracy, Heyer collected reference works and kept detailed notes on all aspects of Regency life. While some critics thought the novels were too detailed, others considered the level of detail to be Heyer's greatest asset. Her meticulous nature was also evident in her historical novels; Heyer even recreated William the Conqueror's crossing into England for her novel The Conqueror.While in Tanganyika, Heyer wrote The Masqueraders, set in 1745. The book follows the romantic adventures of siblings who pretend to be of the opposite sex to protect their family, all former Jacobites. Although Heyer did not have access to all of her reference material, the book contained only one anachronism: she placed the opening of White's a year too early.

Two fishermen haul a mysterious shipping crate ashore off the coast of Burry Port in South Wales, where they discover a brutally murdered, decaying corpse inside. The local police, perplexed by the lack of leads, called in Inspector French of Scotland Yard, one of the Criminal Investigation Department's top detectives. Inspector French will eventually find the killer, thanks to his meticulous pursuit of leads.

In 1990, Katherine Kenny described the book as the most successful of Sayers' early fiction, coupling a slick detective plot with vivid details of post-war English life. "The book is a tightly constructed little drama based upon the old joke about an Englishman's club so stuffy that its dead members cannot be differentiated from the living-a pertinent comment upon the society so described.".In 1973, the novel was the subject of a BBC TV mini-series starring Ian Carmichael as Wimsey.Born in Oxford, Sayers was raised in rural East Anglia and educated at Godolphin School in Salisbury and Somerville College, Oxford, graduating with first-class honors in medieval French. She worked as an advertising copywriter between 1922 and 1929 before success as an author brought her financial independence. Her first novel, Whose Body?, was published in 1923. Between then and 1939, she wrote ten more novels featuring the upper-class amateur sleuth Lord Peter Wimsey. In 1930, in Strong Poison, she introduced a leading female character, Harriet Vane, the object of Wimsey's love. Harriet appears sporadically in future novels, resisting Lord Peter's marriage proposals until Gaudy Night in 1935, six novels later.

This book is the first collection of short stories about Lord Peter Wimsey by Dorothy L. Sayers. All of them were included in later complete collections.The Abominable History of the Man with Copper FingersThe Entertaining Episode of the Article in QuestionThe Fascinating Problem of Uncle Meleager's WillThe Fantastic Horror of the Cat in the BagThe Unprincipled Affair of the Practical JokerThe Undignified Melodrama of the Bone of ContentionThe Vindictive Story of the Footsteps That RanThe Bibulous Business of a Matter of TasteThe Learned Adventure of the Dragon's HeadThe Piscatorial Farce of the Stolen StomachThe Unsolved Puzzle of the Man with No FaceThe Adventurous Exploit of the Cave of Ali BabaNOTES TO THE SOLUTIONBorn in Oxford, Sayers was raised in rural East Anglia and educated at Godolphin School in Salisbury and Somerville College, Oxford, graduating with first-class honors in medieval French. She worked as an advertising copywriter between 1922 and 1929 before success as an author brought her financial independence. Her first novel Whose Body? was published in 1923. Between then and 1939, she wrote ten more novels featuring the upper-class amateur sleuth Lord Peter Wimsey. In 1930, in Strong Poison, she introduced a leading female character, Harriet Vane, the object of Wimsey's love. Harriet appears sporadically in future novels, resisting Lord Peter's marriage proposals until Gaudy Night in 1935, six novels later.

Before its publication, Siegfried Sassoon's reputation rested entirely on his poetry, primarily written during and about World War I. Only ten years after the war ended, after some experience in journalism, did he feel ready to branch out into prose. So uncertain was he of the wisdom of this move that he anonymously published Memoirs of a Fox-Hunting Man. It depicts his early years as an autobiographical novel, with false names given to the central characters, including Sassoon himself, who appears as "George Sherston.". Sassoon was motivated to write the work by a war incident when a fox was loose in the trenches, and one of his friends shot and killed it. However, the book draws heavily on his pre-war life, with riding and hunting among his favorite pastimes.Much of the material for the novel came from Sassoon's diary. He said he was inspired by the work of Marcel Proust, saying, "A few pages of Proust have made me wonder whether insignificant episodes aren't the most significant.". In particular, his relationship with "Aunt Evelyn," a fictionalized representation of his mother, Theresa, is revealed as a significant influence in his upbringing.

This edition is a modern English translation based on the Christian Bible for the Church of England, which was commissioned in 1604 and published in 1611 under the sponsorship of King James VI and I. The 80 books of the King James Version include 39 books of the Old Testament, 14 of the Apocrypha, and 27 of the New Testament.Noted for its "majesty of style," the King James Version has been described as one of the most important books in English culture and a driving force in shaping the English-speaking world. The King James Version remains the preferred translation of many Christian fundamentalists and religious movements, and it is also considered one of the important literary accomplishments of early modern England.

Willa Cather was an American writer known for her novels of life on the Great Plains, including O Pioneers!, The Song of the Lark, and My Ántonia. In 1923, she was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for One of Ours, a novel set during World War I. In 2023, a statue of Willa Cather was placed in Statuary Hall in the US Capitol, one of the statues from the State of Nebraska.Cather achieved recognition as a novelist of the frontier and pioneer experience. She wrote of the spirit of those settlers moving into the western states, many of them European immigrants in the nineteenth century. Common themes in her work include nostalgia and exile. A sense of place is an essential element in Cather's fiction; physical landscapes and domestic spaces are for Cather's dynamic presence, against which her characters struggle to find community.Willa Cather's novel "One of Ours," published in 1922, was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Novel in 1923. It follows the life of Claude Wheeler, who was born in Nebraska in the early decades of the 20th century and lived there for several years. Because his father was a prosperous farmer and his mother was an extremely devout Christian, he will always have a secure way to make a living. However, Wheeler sees himself as a victim of both his father's success and his unexplainable malaise. He blames both on himself. Cather's cousin Grosvenor (G.P. Cather) was born and raised on the farm that adjoined her own family, and in the character of Claude, Cather combined aspects of her personality with those of Grosvenor's.

Elizabeth Gaskell wrote the episodic novel Cranford. It first appeared in the magazine Household Words in installments before being published as a book with minor revisions under Cranford in 1853. The work gradually gained popularity, and by the turn of the twentieth century, it had received a number of dramatic adaptations for the stage, radio, and television. The fictional town of Cranford is based on Elizabeth Gaskell's hometown of Knutsford in Cheshire. She had already drawn on her childhood memories for an article published in America, "The Last Generation in England" (1849), as well as the town of Duncombe, which featured in her extended story "Mr. Harrison's Confessions" (1851). These accounts of life in a country town and the old-fashioned class snobbery that prevailed were carried over into what was initially intended to be just another story and were published as "Our Society in Cranford" in the magazine Household Words in December 1851. 1946, the novel was adapted for NBC radio in the United States. Martyn Coleman's three-act stage play, first performed in 1951, was adapted for British television that same year. Following that, the BBC broadcast a four-part television adaptation of the novel in 1972. In 1975, a British musical based on the book went on stage, and Thames Television broadcast another in 1976. Cranford, a five-part television series aired in 2007, was merged with three other works by Gaskell: My Lady Ludlow, Mr. Harrison's Confessions, and The Last Generation in England. Return to Cranford, a sequel, aired in the UK in 2009 and the US in 2010.

The little pamphlet that sold 1.5 million copies encapsulates positive thinking and the law of attraction. Mind is the Master power that moulds and makes,And Man is Mind, and evermore he takesThe tool of Thought, and, shaping what he wills,Brings forth a thousand joys, a thousand ills:-He thinks in secret, and it comes to pass:Environment is but his looking-glass.