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This book aims to describe some of the current analytical approaches to model past cultural landscapes, their evolution, and relationship with the human societies that inhabited them. To this end, the use of Geographic Information Systems and spatial statistics is proposed, using territorial and landscape archaeology as a theoretical framework.

Este volumen recoge los resultados cientificos del proyecto geoarqueologico sobre el muelle este-oeste de Portus (Roma), desarrollado en el marco del programa de Proyectos Arqueologicos en el Exterior del Ministerio de Cultura y Deporte del Reino de Espana, asi como en el de un Convenio de colaboracion especifico entre la Universidad de Huelva y el Parco Archeologico di Ostia Antica. Desde el ano 2017, sin interrupciones hasta el presente, han sido diversas las campanas de excavacion y estudio que han centrado sus esfuerzos en dicho muelle, siempre con la aplicacion de una metodologia inter y multidisciplinar en la que han participado arqueologos, geologos, paleobotanicos y paleontologos. Desde este punto de vista se han desarrollado actividades de excavacion, prospeccion geofisica, estudios petrograficos, arqueometricos, analisis paramental, siempre con la aplicacion de nuevas tecnicas fotogrametricas y escaneado laser, que han permitido obtener un importante volumen de datos. El analisis e interpretacion de los mismos, suponen, a dia de hoy, el conocimiento mas amplio y actualizado de uno de los muelles mas interesantes y extensos de Portus, con novedosas aportaciones relativas a su cronologia, con una fase edilicia del s. III d.C., su sistema constructivo del cual se ha precisado su cimentacion, el paleoambiente circundante, con nuevos datos relativos al proceso de colmatacion de la ensenada de Claudio, asi como su diacronia en el transito hacia el Altomedievo, entre otros.

The appearance of new media and its enormous diffusion in the last decades of the 20th century and up to the present has greatly increased and diversified the reception of Egyptian themes and motifs and Egyptian influence in various cultural spheres. So-called 'popular' or 'pop' culture (cinema, genre fiction, TV-series, comics, graffiti, computer and video games, rock and heavy music, radio serials, among others) often makes use of narratives and motifs drawn from the observation and study of ancient Egypt, updated and reinterpreted in various ways, and which is now the subject of study by scholars of Egyptology. The present monograph seeks to provide new evidence of this interdisciplinarity between Egyptology and popular culture. It explores the conscious reinterpretation of the past in the work of contemporary authors, who shape an image of the Egyptian reality that in each case is determined by their own circumstances and contexts.

Metalworkers and their Tools brings together 12 papers by 22 authors from the "Metools" international symposium organised in at Queens University, Belfast in June 2016 as part of the HardRock project "Between a Rock and a Hard Place: context, function, and choice of early metalworking tools on Europe's Atlantic facade" (Marie Sklodowska Curie, No. 623392) and the "Metal Ages in Europe" commission of the International Union of Pre- and Protohistoric Sciences (UISPP). Its aim was to shine a spotlight on the tools of the metalworker and to follow their evolution from the beginning of the Bronze Age through to the Iron Age, as well as the place held by metalworking and its artisans in the economic and social landscape of the period.

Several papers focus on Tios (the Acropolis, the lower city and coin finds). Its place in ancient geography/cartography is considered before moving on to the indigenous inhabitants of the surrounding area, the immediate and greater region, then the Turkish Black Sea region, and outwards to the western, northern and eastern shores of the Black Sea.

Archaeological work on land at Upton Park south of Weedon Road, Northampton, uncovered, among other evidence, two Bronze Age/early Iron Age sinuous pit alignments. The extensive work and examination of the two pit alignments at Upton has allowed a typology of the variable areas of pits (and related ditches) to be postulated.

From Photography to 3D Models and Beyond: visualizations in archaeology explores the history of visual technology and archaeology and outlines how the introduction of interactive 3D computer modelling to the discipline parallels very closely the earlier integration of photography into archaeological fieldwork. The incredible potential of interactive 3D computer graphics to provide new insight into cultural change, ancient settlement development, building function, and behavior make virtual heritage a must-use approach, but one that has not been fully grasped. This volume brings together for the first time several key aspects of the history of archaeology: how and where photographs became an indispensable part of excavations; when and for what purposes virtual reality began a similar journey into the field team's arsenal of documentation, publication, and visualization tools; how the common trajectory of both technologies provides clues for why virtual reality has not yet become as commonplace as photography for archaeological research, teaching, and data dissemination; and how new methods and technologies are poised to revolutionize our understanding of the past.

How did the Maltese and Gozitans fare under Roman occupation? How were they treated by their new masters? And what did they do to appease them? What changes did the new political situation bring about in their lives? How did they respond and / or adapt? Was their religious identity in any way affected? How did they manoeuvre their loyalties to their own benefits? And how did they manage their own domestic affairs within the new political set-up? Though based essentially on epigraphical evidence, this study seeks to address the above and other questions through an exercise in which epigraphy and the archaeological record supplement each other. The results shed new light on the governing bodies of the Maltese islands in Roman times and the models they followed, those who administered them, the latter's role and status, and also their relationship with and their significance for the rest of the population.

An edited collection of letters that Karen D. Vitelli wrote from pre-EU Greece and Turkey to family during her later years of graduate school and early field work (at Franchthi Cave, Gordion, and a training session at Corinth) through to the completion of writing her dissertation in Athens during a coup (1968-1974).

24 contributions reflect the vast scope of Joe Cribb's interests including Asian numismatics, museology, poetry and art. Papers are arranged geographically, then chronologically/thematically including studies on coins, charms and silver currencies in or from China; finds from ancient Central Asia and Afghanistan: coins of South Soghd, and far more.

Austria is particularly fortunate in the survival along the Danube of the remains of many Roman military installations. These include forts and towers, some parts surviving up to two stories high. They are a most remarkable survival and deserve to be better known and more visited.

MOLA (Museum of London Archaeology) undertook intermittent archaeological mitigation works for the A43 Corby Link Road, Northamptonshire, between June 2012 to October 2013. Early Bronze Age funerary and domestic features/activity were recorded in one location largely on the flood plain on either side of Harper's Brook. Here an undated palaeochannel, a ploughed-out barrow and a dispersed spread of four pits were recovered. Two of the pits had possible placed animal deposits. The barrow was respected by a late Bronze Age cremation. Nearly 2km away there was an isolated early Bronze Age pit contained significant parts of two collard urns. Around 0.8km from the early Bronze barrow was a moderate sized middle Bronze Age flat cremation cemetery. Here there were 30 probable pits of which 25 produced varied quantities of cremated human remains and two other pits retaining pyre deposits. At a different part of the road scheme was a late Bronze Age/early Iron Age pit alignment which was backfilled in the middle Iron Age when a settlement was established. In the early Iron Age, there was a small area comprising postholes and small pits which may denote short term occupation. In the last part of the middle Iron Age in c2nd century BC there were possibly three separate areas of occupation/activity established in different places. This comprised part of a small single-phase (with limited recutting) farmstead which was abandoned by the Conquest period. The second was a very small, segmented enclosure system which was in use for a short period in the 2nd century BC and/ or 1st century BC and the third middle-late Iron Age settlement continued into the early Roman settlement. In two further areas there was a new settlement established in the latest Iron Age or early Roman period and both these were short lived. It was noticeable there was no middle or late Roman settlement remains from any locations within the A43 scheme. Along the valley side to the north of Newton and parallel to a watercourse there was a Saxon settlement of at least hamlet size. This comprised both timber-frame buildings and sunken-featured buildings associated with household industry including a weaving house and iron smelting, the latter occurred within and probably adjacent to the settlement. The evidence of middle Saxon iron smelting is especially rare, and it is within the national important Rockingham Forest ironworking area. The remains of one furnace was found in situ and others suspected nearby, with other iron working related features excavated included roast-ore pits and quarry extraction pits. At another location there was a single Saxon SFB next to Harper's Brook, which was either isolated or had been part of a dispersed settlement.

This book brings together 15 papers on objects from the excavations of the town of Gabii undertaken since 2007. Objects ranging from the pre-Roman to Imperial periods are examined using a mix of approaches, making an effort to be sensitive to excavation context and formation processes.

This book explores the history and archaeological heritage of the southwest coast of the Isla Gaditana ‿ the territory where the Temple of Hercules and the Idol of Cádiz are said to have stood for more than twelve centuries: Torregorda, Camposoto and Sancti Petri.

This volume presents the latest research on Roman roads, not just in terms of their basic infrastructure but also exploring various aspects of life that were connected with it, from the Imperial period to that of decline, acculturation and integration of new identities, within the three Roman provinces of Pannonia, Moesia and Dalmatia.

10 articles focus on worked hard materials of animal origin (shell, tusk, bone, antler) ranging chronologically from the Upper Palaeolithic to the Middle Ages. The authors have varied academic backgrounds that enhance the archaeological analyses carried out, often at first hand, on numerous collections from the Old and New Worlds.

Although it is one of the main archaeological sites in Oman, the medieval port of Qalhat, near Sur in Ash-Sharqiyah Governorate, has long remained poorly documented. The extensive research initiated in 2008 by the Ministry of Heritage and Tourism shed striking light on the history of this famous harbour city.

The site of Rakhigarhi, situated in Hisar District, Haryana, India, is one of the largest metropolises of the Harappan Civilization found so far, to be mentioned alongside the iconic sites of Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa and Dholavira. Between the years 2011 and 2017 extensive explorations and excavations were carried out by teams from the Deccan College P.G.R.I., Deemed University, Pune, Seoul National University and Haryana State Archaeology Department. Mounds 4, 6 and 2 were habitation deposits where cultural sequences of Early and Mature Cultural layers were found. Among the major finds were classical Harappan ceramic assemblages; beads of terracotta, faience, stones and steatite; seals; shell and terracotta bangles; terracotta figurines, etc. Mound 7 was a cemetery, representative of the Mature Harappan period, where systematic excavation was carried out. After chapters introducing the excavations at Rakhigarhi and setting out the objectives of the project, the book focuses on the cemetery, with detailed analysis and inventories of the burials. Data on the physical and pathological traits of the Harappan population are presented in full, with specialist chapters on craniofacial reconstruction, and on parasitological analysis. The volume is completed with analysis of the faunal remains from Rakhigarhi habitation area.

‿Breaking the dšr.t-vessels‿ was a funerary rite that involved the intentional damaging of a certain type of ceramic vessel. The aim of this study is to gain a better understanding of the rite through a re-evaluation of the primary sources and previous research and to provide the first study devoted entirely to the rite.

How did the Ancient Egyptians maintain control of their state? This book considers this question from a wide variety of angles and across all periods of Egyptian history, from the Old Kingdom to Coptic times. Topics include the controlling function of temples and theology, state borders, scribal administration, visual representation, patronage, and the Egyptian language itself. These different strands are tied together by legal pluralism theory, which argues that a single state can rely on multiple - and at times even contradictory - strategies for upholding what it considers just within the bounds of what is nominally a single jurisdiction. This theoretical approach, while increasingly common in modern postcolonial studies and the history of law, is yet to be deployed in Egyptology. This book therefore aims to fill that gap. The chapters are expanded versions of papers originally presented at the 3rd Lady Wallis Budge Egyptology conference, organised by Christ's College and held online on 27th-28th August 2020.

The present volume collects thirty-two papers on various topics from the history of Egyptology to archaeology and material culture, from the Predynastic to the Roman period, through history and epigraphy, as well as new technologies.

The Search for Wellbeing and Health between the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Period compiles a series of works on cosmetics and health care, covering different geographical areas of Europe. The studies also focus on different cultures, with some chapters dedicated to the Hebrew sphere, others to the Muslim world, and a larger percentage dealing with Christian society. The contributions make use of some very important written sources: recipe books and treatises on medicine and cosmetics, especially those preserved from the Late Middle Ages (13th-15th centuries) onwards. These manuscripts reveal the raw materials used to make certain products, whose origin could be vegetable, animal or mineral. Many were used to combat various ailments, but also to take care of the body aesthetically. Thus, there are remedies to heal the eyes; to avoid problems with the teeth and to make them shine white; creams and soaps for the skin; hair dyes to avoid grey hair; lotions to combat baldness; and even diverse gastronomic recipes to obtain inner wellbeing. Other contributions take a more practical perspective. Studies are included in which some of the ingredients and products are explored through experimental archaeology (chemical analysis) and faunal remains obtained from archaeological campaigns are analysed in the laboratory, showing the Christian diet. Overall the book demonstrates the importance of healthcare and cosmetics in past societies that had very significant technical knowledge of a multitude of completely natural and sustainable products.

This book is the result of a large-scale yet detailed study of early medieval grave furnishings from the Netherlands, aiming at the creation of a comprehensive artefact typology and updated relative chronology for this under-explored period in the Low Countries.

Rushen Abbey, now owned and managed by Manx National Heritage, was a Cistercian monastery founded in 1134 and suppressed in 1540. It was the most important religious institution on the Isle of Man wielding significant secular power as well as ecclesiastical authority. Its location in the middle of the Irish Sea and its political connections made it one of the most influential houses in western Britain and Ireland. The first known excavations were carried out in the late 1890s by Deemster Gill, one of the most senior law officers on the island. They were followed in 1912 and again in 1926 by more extensive investigations of parts of the east range the north transept of the church by William Cubbon then owner of the site. The modern study of the site began in 1978 and 1979 with excavations of the presbytery and both transepts by Dr Lawrence Butler, who followed them in 1988 and 1989 with a complete exploration of the east range. In between these two programmes of work Dr Larch Garrad of the Manx Museum carried out an important rescue excavation to the east of the church in 1984, locating a new chapel, part of the monastic cemetery and a charnel pit. Under threat of development for a hotel complex the site was purchased by the Manx Government in 1998 and the Centre for Manx Studies, University of Liverpool was asked to carry out exploratory excavations in the first place, followed by more extensive investigations of a number of areas of the site. These were carried out each year from 1998 to 2008 and succeeded in defining the plan of the church and claustral buildings together with parts of the western courtyard. In addition, to the south of the Cistercian complex an already disturbed early medieval cemetery was investigated. Alongside the excavations, medieval documentary sources were reviewed, and extensive fieldwork was carried out on the abbey's lands throughout the island. This book aims to provide a synthesis of all the available evidence for Rushen Abbey under one cover. Given the numbers of excavations, their complexity and the richness of finds, the detailed evidence on which this overview text is based is provided by a set of 20 online reports.

Ancient funerary reliefs are full of representations of writing materials and instruments, the interpretation of which can help us better understand the phenomenon of ancient literacy. The eight studies in this volume enrich our knowledge of Roman writing with many new aspects and detailed observations.

In questo volume sono stati raccolti i risultati delle indagini condotte dal Gruppo Studi Sotterranei per la Turchia su due aree specifiche della Cappadocia, Goreme e Sahinefendi, integrati da documentazione realizzata in collaborazione con ricercatori ucraini, francesi e turchi. Oggetto della attivita del Team e stata l'individuazione e la documentazione delle architetture sotterranee complementari alle piu conosciute e monumentali chiese rupestri bizantine. Tale ricerca, condotta con tecniche speleologiche e rilievi archeometrici, ha permesso, in particolare, il ritrovamento di numerose strutture a carattere difensivo, prima del tutto sconosciute, e di peculiari sistemi idraulici ipogei funzionali alla loro organizzazione. Ne emerge un quadro del tutto inedito delle aree indagate, in cui le opere ecclesiali e funerarie scavate nelle rocce rappresentano soltanto la punta di un 'iceberg di pietra', cioe la parte piu evidente e piu vicina alla superficie di un mondo sotterraneo che si e rivelato assai piu esteso e diversificato di quanto si potesse immaginare.

Tauric Chersonesos was one of the prominent ancient Greek centres on the north coast of the Black Sea. This comprehensive study of the cults of the gods of the Chersonesan polis, firmly based on the available sources, sheds new light on the religious life of this ancient Greek centre at various stages in its development.

The mural paintings of Cacaxtla were discovered by chance in 1975. They arouse excitement in the Mesoamericanist community for their original style, at the crossroads of traditions from the Central Highlands, the Maya area and the Gulf Coast. Vibrant polychrome references also echo the sculpted panels of the Pyramid of the Feathered Serpent at Xochicalco (Morelos), known since the late 18th century. These hybrid visual assemblages constitute the starting point for a discussion of cultural interactions and the fabrication of prestige. After the disintegration of the Teotihuacan system around 550 AD, how did the city-states of the Central Highlands transform their material culture to construct new political discourses to establish their new local authority? Thanks to the joint contribution of anthropology, art anthropology and archaeology, the purpose of this book is to explore holistically the way in which these Mesoamerican societies thought and created their otherness and expressed it in their visual and material universe.

La ciudad de Buenos Aires, fundada en 1580, tras un intento fallido previo, fue establecida sobre una meseta natural frente al caudaloso Rio de la Plata, con un pequeno puerto natural ubicado en un rio cercano llamado Riachuelo. La presencia de poblacion originaria en el lugar es un tema de discusion en este libro. La region era parte del sistema natural de tierras bajas e inundables. La ciudad se extendio sobre las tierras altas hasta que en la mitad del siglo XIX la necesidad de ocupar nuevos espacios llevo a concebir un proyecto poco comun para la epoca: rellenar las tierras bajas con basura y escombro, aunque se alteraran los desagues naturales, para luego edificar encima. Los antecedentes provienen del siglo XVIII, pero la falta de tecnologia lo hizo imposible de llevar a gran escala. Para el ensayo inicial de ese manejo de la basura se fundo en 1855 un pueblo, Belgrano, excavado por el autor de este libro, donde se experimento con el manejo de la basura para rellenos de nivelacion; el sistema fue eficiente pero los costos sociales fueron tremendos y a la vez minimizados. A partir de alli mas de la mitad del suelo de la ciudad ha sido hecho con rellenos de varios metros de altura, compensados con el rebaje de las zonas elevadas para rellenar tierras bajas y manejar la basura urbana. Esta politica de manejo de residuos y de venta de tierras no aptas para urbanizarse, se justificaba desde una paralela construccion literaria, la de la pampa infinita, tierra plana de una horizontalidad imposible de existir. Era la imagen que el pais vendia al exterior como exportador de productos ganaderos y agricolas. La arqueologia ha ido excavando cada uno de los sectores altos y bajos para comprender este proceso nunca explicitado de transformacion del territorio. La arqueologia urbana para el autor se define como el estudio de las ciudades actuales, que existen y funcionan, no de ciudades muertas sino vivas, no es la busqueda de etapas anteriores bajo construcciones actuales. Es la comprension del fenomeno urbano, la ciudad y su territorio, desde sus inicios hasta hoy. Una "arqueologia de nosotros mismos" que interpela al presente y busca en el pasado la explicacion de acciones y decisiones actuales.

Art as Ritual Engagement is examined through a case study of feminised funerary representation in the repertoire of Watetkhethor, an elite woman interred in the mastaba tomb of her spouse, Mereruka, at Saqqara, c.2345-2181 BCE.