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Infrastructure in the region of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the People's Republic of China, Japan, and the Republic of Korea (collectively known as ASEAN+3) will continue to be a key driver of economic development as its members work toward addressing the underinvestment in healthcare, education, and digital and social infrastructure, as exposed by the coronavirus disease pandemic. The ASEAN+3 region must also deepen investments in renewable energy and climate-resilient infrastructure to support a fair, affordable, and secure energy transition and address the effects of climate change. However, traditional sources of government financing alone are insufficient to meet the widening demand for infrastructure financing. This report presents a practical toolkit of ways to merge public, private, institutional, and other forms of capital to deliver resilient, sustainable, and future-ready infrastructure in the ASEAN+3 region. It provides companies, investors, and policy makers a range of innovative financing models, along with critical success factors based on actual case studies from within and outside the region, that can be adapted, replicated, and upscaled for implementation in developing Asia.

This report explores what a global transition to net zero could mean for Asia and the Pacific under a range of climate policy scenarios and provides recommendations. Developing Asia faces a climate policy crossroads. The region is highly vulnerable to climate change, even as it is an increasing contributor to the global climate crisis. This report models emission pathways based on commitments and pledges under the Paris Agreement and compares them with more optimal routes to net zero. It examines required transformations in the energy sector and land use and assesses socioeconomic implications. The report looks at policy costs, climate benefits, air quality co-benefits, and labor market outcomes, and discusses policies for an efficient and equitable transition.

This manual aims to support the implementation of grid-connected rooftop photovoltaic (PV) projects in Maldives.The manual provides information to assist utility engineers and rooftop solar service providers with the installation, operation, and maintenance of grid-connected solar PV systems, and reflects the latest industry best practices. It highlights the importance of observing safety requirements when dealing with all the elements of a new PV system.

This guide provides advice on setting up logistics centers in Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation (CAREC) member countries to support trade.A logistics center is a complex specifically designed to accommodate warehouses, transport facilities, and associated services. This guide examines how to design, establish, and operate such centers, and what policies can support them. It looks at the potential impacts of logistics centers, and at related trends, opportunities, and challenges in Central Asia.

This report provides an analysis of Indonesia's state-owned enterprises (SOEs), explores their prominent economic and social role, and explains how further reforms can unlock their commercial and developmental potential. Acting as a diagnostic to help inform the government's SOE reform agenda, the report emphasizes the need to strengthen governance and refine incentives. Explaining how SOEs have the potential to help solve core challenges around building infrastructure or tackling climate change, it shows how strengthening SOEs through targeted measures can ensure they better support Indonesia's pandemic recovery and drive stronger economic growth.

In the context of Thailand's economy, this report reviews economic corridors under the Indonesia-Malaysia-Thailand Growth Triangle (IMT-GT) and identifies opportunities for their further development. The IMT-GT comprises five priority economic corridors that are key geographic areas for subregional economic cooperation. A review and assessment of these economic corridors was conducted to evaluate the status of infrastructure connectivity, impacts on cross-border trade, and implications for value chains. This Thailand country report focuses on the three economic corridors that directly connect to southern Thailand in the context of the country's development strategies. The report discusses how the existing corridors could be reconfigured and proposes the route for a new corridor that will involve additional provinces in southern Thailand.

Focusing on Malaysia's economy, this report assesses five economic corridors within the Indonesia-Malaysia-Thailand Growth Triangle (IMT-GT) and explores ways to boost their development, as well as potential advantages of a new, sixth corridor. The IMT-GT comprises five economic corridors that are key geographic zones for its subregional economic cooperation. Analyzing data on physical connectivity, cross-border trade, and value chains-in the context of Malaysia's strategic development-this report reveals areas where these five existing corridors could be reconfigured, and how a sixth economic corridor could also extend benefits to include the Malaysian states of Johor, Terengganu, and Pahang.

Focusing on Indonesia's economy, this report assesses five economic corridors within the Indonesia-Malaysia-Thailand Growth Triangle (IMT-GT) and explores ways to boost their development, as well as potential advantages of a new, sixth corridor.The IMT-GT comprises five economic corridors that are key geographic zones for its subregional economic cooperation. Analyzing data on physical connectivity, cross-border trade, and value chains-in the context of Indonesia's development strategies-this publication reviews the four economic corridors directly connecting to Sumatera. The report reveals where existing corridors could be reconfigured, and how a sixth economic corridor could also benefit additional Indonesian provinces.

Analyzing physical connectivity and cross-border trade across five economic corridors in the Indonesia-Malaysia-Thailand Growth Triangle (IMT-GT), this report reveals how to boost their development, while also mapping a new corridor. Proposing innovative ways to redraw and enlarge economic corridors across the IMT-GT, this wide-ranging study examines their actual and potential impacts on major value chains. The publication also includes details of practical steps to boost subregional collaboration in optimizing all three countries' economic corridors.

This publication highlights how Bangladesh can diversify its participation in trade and global value chains to help promote economic growth. Textiles and textile products dominate Bangladesh's exports, but such concentration poses risks to the economy. This publication explores how the country can build on its recent economic success by unlocking productivity gains from technology adoption, narrowing the digital divide, and expanding its participation in global value chains. It identifies high-potential industries with deeper domestic linkages that offer opportunities to broaden the base of economic growth. It is published jointly with the Islamic Development Bank Institute.

Designed to identify and tackle sexual exploitation, abuse, and harassment (SEAH) in ADB-financed projects with civil works, this Good Practice Note sets out recommendations to prevent, mitigate, and manage SEAH risks in the workplace and project communities. This document defines SEAH and outlines how to prevent and respond to SEAH risks in the workplace and communities in the context of projects with civil works. It provides recommendations and sets out roles and responsibilities for ADB and project partners in addressing SEAH risks throughout the project cycle and responding to incidences of SEAH should they occur.

This country sector assessment shows how rapid economic growth and climate change are impacting Bangladesh's agriculture, natural resources, and rural development sector, and outlines ways the Asian Development Bank (ADB) is helping foster greater food security. With agriculture generating over 40 percent of jobs, it analyzes changing demand patterns, shows how the pandemic and food price rises have hit the sector, and explores how increasing production and adding value can help reduce rural poverty. It outlines how ADB is focusing on deepening value chains and agricultural commercialization, plus improving rural connectivity and natural resource management, to help improve livelihoods and bolster resilient rural development.

This edition notes slowing growth in the last quarter of 2022 in emerging East Asia's local currency (LCY) bond market, though aggregate issuance of LCY bonds by these economies reached a record high in 2022. The publication explains how improved financial conditions in emerging East Asia have been clouded by uncertainty over the path of monetary tightening in the United States and other risks. It includes findings from the latest LCY bond market survey, noting that liquidity weakened overall in 2022. Growth in the sustainable bond market moderated.

This publication shares lessons on reducing integrity risks in projects in the energy sector. It draws on reviews of six projects that were financed by the Asian Development Bank. The publication outlines how to identify and address control weaknesses that give rise to integrity risks in procurement, contract and asset management, and financial management. It aims to help stakeholders and those engaged in designing and implementing development projects learn from past vulnerabilities and effectively mitigate integrity risks. The publication is part of a series from the Asian Development Bank's Office of Anticorruption and Integrity that shares insights from reviews of work in various sectors.

This publication reviews the financial performance of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in nine Pacific island economies and looks at how policy makers can help state-owned power utilities address climate risk. It identifies climate-related risks and assesses policy mechanisms that could improve the utilities' resiliency and sustainability. The publication shows how commercializing and partnering with the private sector is helping SOEs to respond to climate change and facilitate inclusive economic growth. It is the seventh in a series of comparative studies of SOEs in the Pacific.

This publication shares lessons on reducing integrity risks in projects in the water sector. It draws on reviews of 12 projects that were financed by the Asian Development Bank. The publication outlines how to identify and address control weaknesses that give rise to integrity risks in procurement, contract and asset management, and financial management. It aims to help stakeholders and those engaged in designing and implementing development projects learn from past vulnerabilities and effectively mitigate integrity risks. The publication is part of a series from the Asian Development Bank's Office of Anticorruption and Integrity that shares insights from reviews of work in various sectors.

This guidebook analyzes India's plans to use rooftop solar power to boost its renewable energy, explains the benefits it offers, and details why new business models and market mechanisms would drive greater adoption. It examines India's renewable energy targets and explains why rooftop solar generation has been slow to increase despite an enabling policy environment and attractive economics. It identifies the roles and responsibilities of various stakeholders and discusses four business models to help utilities evaluate and finetune their strategies. It shows why taking a targeted approach can maximize economic benefits for utilities and deliver long-term advantages for consumers.

This publication shares lessons on reducing integrity risks in projects in the transport sector. It draws on reviews of 31 projects that were financed by the Asian Development Bank. The publication outlines how to identify and address control weaknesses that give rise to integrity risks in procurement, contract and asset management, and financial management. It aims to help stakeholders and those engaged in designing and implementing development projects learn from past vulnerabilities and effectively mitigate integrity risks. The publication is part of a series from the Asian Development Bank's Office of Anticorruption and Integrity that shares insights from reviews of work in various sectors.

This publication shares lessons on reducing integrity risks in agriculture, natural resources, and rural development projects. It draws on reviews of 14 projects that were financed by the Asian Development Bank. The publication outlines how to identify and address control weaknesses that give rise to integrity risks in procurement, contract and asset management, and financial management. It aims to help stakeholders and those engaged in designing and implementing development projects learn from past vulnerabilities and effectively mitigate integrity risks. The publication is part of a series from the Asian Development Bank's Office of Anticorruption and Integrity that shares insights from reviews of work in various sectors.

This publication shares lessons on reducing integrity risks in projects in the education sector. It draws on reviews of 10 projects that were financed by the Asian Development Bank. The publication outlines how to identify and address control weaknesses that give rise to integrity risks in procurement, contract and asset management, and financial management. It aims to help stakeholders and those engaged in designing and implementing development projects learn from past vulnerabilities and effectively mitigate integrity risks. The publication is part of a series from the Asian Development Bank's Office of Anticorruption and Integrity that shares insights from reviews of work in various sectors.

This publication shares lessons on reducing integrity risks in projects in the health sector. It draws on reviews of seven projects that were financed by the Asian Development Bank. The publication outlines how to identify and address control weaknesses that give rise to integrity risks in procurement, contract and asset management, and financial management. It aims to help stakeholders and those engaged in designing and implementing development projects learn from past vulnerabilities and effectively mitigate integrity risks. The publication is part of a series from the Asian Development Bank's Office of Anticorruption and Integrity that shares insights from reviews of work in various sectors.

This publication explores Georgia's growing technology startup scene, assesses the challenges and opportunities for new ventures, and outlines ways to boost the ecosystem and help spur social and economic growth.Drawing on interviews with founders, the publication analyzes the prospects for tech startups in agriculture, the green economy, health, and education. It examines the government's active role and looks at funding options including venture capital. Explaining why founders struggle to secure financing and international exposure, it outlines how Georgia can develop its talent pools, encourage more women founders, and tailor support to ensure its startups survive and thrive.

This publication explores the potential for central bank digital currencies to help promote financial inclusion. It considers how such currencies could leverage digital finance technologies and enhance the reach and value of formal financial products and services among the unbanked or underserved. It also looks at the challenges involved and how these could be addressed. The publication provides recommendations for policy makers and regulators on designing central bank digital currencies, establishing preconditions, and managing risk. It shares insights from the Asia-Pacific Financial Inclusion Forum, a policy initiative of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Finance Ministers' Process.

This guidebook shows how India plans to meet its ambitious rooftop solar energy targets and why identifying new business models, better engaging utilities, and developing new market mechanisms will speed up its adoption. It explains how factors such as access to finance and policy uncertainty are slowing the roll out, and how demand aggregation can help utilities lower costs, reduce risk, and expand market opportunities. It offers a step-by-step guide for utilities to design demand aggregation programs and recommends they introduce targets, build capacity, and run marketing campaigns to grow rooftop solar and help reduce India's emissions.

This publication provides key highlights and takeaways from the Asia-Pacific Rural Development and Food Security Forum 2022 on four main areas: sustainable, resilient, and inclusive food systems; financing for sustainable agriculture and natural capital; nutrition security; and the rural-urban divide.The publication shares insights from the forum to support policymakers in rethinking the future of agriculture amid complex and evolving challenges; exploring new research, innovations, and technologies to build nature-positive food systems; and in forging partnerships to mobilize financing for food and nutrition security. It includes recommendations for moving forward.

This report presents an analysis of 2018 social protection data from the Asian Development Bank's 14 Pacific developing member countries. It uses the bank's Social Protection Indicator to assess the level of resources invested in social protection, the extent of coverage, and the benefit levels of social protection programs. Further data disaggregation provides the distribution of social protection expenditures in relation to poverty, gender, and people with disabilities. The report identifies measures adopted in response to the coronavirus disease pandemic and outlines future directions for social protection in the Pacific region.

This publication explores how roads are financed in five Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation (CAREC) program countries and outlines lessons and best practices to help build a robust road network throughout the region. The publication details how road funds are managed in Azerbaijan, the Kyrgyz Republic, Mongolia, Pakistan, and Uzbekistan, and explains how earmarked road user charges help finance maintenance and repair. It recommends countries create road asset management systems to prioritize roads with the highest economic returns, boost data collection, and increase the efficiency and transparency of road fund financing.

This report explains how rising climate and disaster risk can increase the vulnerability of Asia and the Pacific region's urban poor and how engendering systemic change can strengthen their resilience. It emphasizes the need to put them at the center of decision-making and for targeted actions to tackle the drivers of vulnerability. It shows why households and cities are key entry points for the investment and intervention needed to cut risk and improve adaptation. Urging stronger community-level infrastructure, social protection, and urban planning, it underscores how governments can create enabling environments that help build a more resilient future.

This report presents case studies that highlight how ADB's teams are working together to design innovative urban projects across the Asia and Pacific region that leverage its value-added services and support sustainable economic growth. Based on interviews with teams in countries including Mongolia, India, and Uzbekistan, the report explores the development challenges they faced. It shows how they built consensus internally and with government and private sector clients to launch programs. Explaining how lending teams are collaborating to devise solutions, it delves into ADB projects in sectors including housing, green infrastructure, and tourism, that are helping make cities more resilient.