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The book explores settlement and burial patterns across the southeastern corner of the Balkan Peninsula during the second millennium BC and offers a new, detailed cross-border examination of the local pottery data. The volume offers a comprehensive analysis based on the existing cultural-historical framework and calls into question established constructs such as the 'Plovdiv-Zimnicea' culture. The work offers a chronologically structured analysis of pottery sequences and is methodologically innovative in the way it applies a rare combination of settlement-scale analysis using advanced spatial-statistical methods alongside artefact-scale typological and stylistic study on local ceramics also subjected to spatial-statistical mapping. As a result, the research highlights clusters of attributes and cycles of micro-regional interaction. On that basis it also addresses the formation, development and decline of the Late Bronze Age tradition(s) in Thrace and examines the degree to which this trajectory was influenced by wider patterns of regional development.

Archaeology of Prehistoric Art, Volume 1Atlantic Rock Art is a rock art tradition which includes emblematic motifs such as cup-marks, cup-and-rings and lines, known to several countries on the Atlantic seaboard. Design and Connectivity springs from an inter-regional study of this tradition, based on an original and innovative methodology applied to an empirical dataset. The project builds on Richard Bradley's work, investigating differences and similarities in Atlantic Art over study areas in five countries: Scotland, England, Ireland, Spain and Portugal. It applies a multi-scalar methodology developed under the principles of Relational Ontology and Assemblage Theory, providing a dynamic perspective on the empirical data. A thorough categorical scheme was scrutinised using a Presence/Absence Matrix, spatial analysis (fieldwork and GIS) and the development of Social Network Analysis (SNA) to relate and explore the relationships and connectivity between study areas. Concepts of developmental psychology support the idea of intentional teaching and cultural transmission.

Archaeology of Maya, Volume 3En esta obra se abarca de manera amplia los diversos tipos de caminos que construyeron los Mayas Antiguos, específicamente los caminos pavimentados conocidos como calzadas mayas o sacbeob. Como estudio de caso se analizan once sacbeob que se localizan en los sitios de Ichmul, San Felipe y Yo'okop, ubicados en el centro de la península de Yucatán. El libro se compone de una amplia investigación bibliográfica, complementada con datos obtenidos durante reconocimientos de superficie, mapas topográficos, excavaciones de pozos de prueba y excavaciones extensivas. Este trabajo plantea que las calzadas tuvieron funciones y significados específicos, las cuales se pueden conocer si se analiza a estas construcciones en conjunto con sus áreas de inicio/término y no de manera aislada. La interpretación se realiza desde una perspectiva basada en la semántica, además de que se emplean conceptos de la antropología simbólica y la teoría de la metáfora para realizar las conclusiones.This work comprehensively examines the types of roads built by the Ancient Maya, with a specific focus on the paved roads known as Maya causeways, or sacbeob. As a case study, it analyses eleven sacbeob located at the sites of Ichmul, San Felipe and Yo'okop, in the centre of the Yucatan peninsula. The analysis draws upon impressive bibliographical research, complemented by survey data, maps, test pits and extensive excavations. The author proposes that roadways have specific functions and meanings, which can be understood if these constructions are analysed in conjunction with their termini, rather than in isolation. These conclusions are reached from a perspective based on semantics, as well as on concepts drawn from symbolic anthropology and metaphor theory.

Settlement evidence has long been an under-studied category of finds in examining the cultural changes which occurred in northern central Europe in the final centuries BC. These changes have been widely associated with the process of latènisation which affected most of the communities in the North European Plain in the Iron Age. This book addresses the central question of the mechanism and agency behind these changes, by examining material culture patterns. The study uses data from 89 systematically selected settlement sites located in the Oder River area, including places of production. The data is contextualised against the evidence from other central and northern European sites of similar chronology and against other categories of finds from the study area. The book also contains systematic catalogues of the examined sites, of their buildings, and of settlement features of other kinds.

The Napatan Cylindrical Sheaths provides a complete analysis of the precious finds discovered at the royal cemetery of Nuri (Sudan) for the first time. This volume critically analyses translations of the inscriptions and identifies the divinities occurring on the cylinder sheaths, which were important in Kushite history between the VII and IV centuries BC. The work is composed of four parts studying: the royal cemetery of Nuri, where the cylindrical sheaths were found; the complete catalogue of the cylinders with their iconographical and epigraphic descriptions; observations on the inscriptions, the features of the bottoms and the main decorations, the crowns worn by the main figured goddesses, the relation of these goddesses and crowns, the attributes held by goddesses, and the small motifs occurring on the cylinders; and the hypothetical identification of the cylinders, their practical function and their ideological significance. This work emphasises the importance of Nubian archaeology as a subject, providing a useful contribution to stimulating and developing further discussion on the function of the cylindrical sheaths.

The book examines the moneyers, those men responsible for minting the king's coinage, within developing urban society in England during the tenth and eleventh centuries to address both their status and whether the internal workplace organisation of the mints might reflect the complexity of an Anglo-Saxon 'state'. In reviewing the minting operation of late Anglo-Saxon England, and the men in charge of those mints, a better picture of the social history of pre-Conquest England is realised. These men were likely part of the thegnly or burgess class and how they organised themselves might reflect broader trends in how those outside of the aristocracy acted in response to royal directives. The book outlines a new and innovative method of analysing the organisation of labour in Medieval England. These new techniques and methodologies provide support for a previously unknown level of complexity in English minting.Accompanying the book are several digital downloads, including the Moneyers of England Database, 973-1086, consisting of information on 3,646 periods of moneyer activity derived from 28,576 individual coins produced at ninety-nine geographic locations.

Este libro reúne las investigaciones sobre la explotación tartésica del estaño realizadas en San Cristóbal de Logrosán (Cáceres, España) por Craig Merideth entre 1992 y 2002 y las coordinadas por el G.I. PRETAGU de la Universidad de Extremadura entre 2013 y 2017. En síntesis, se trata de un estudio interdisciplinar sobre este poblado minero-metalúrgico y de la comunidad que lo habitó, incluida una propuesta de la 'cadena operativa' del beneficio de la casiterita durante el Bronce Final-Hierro I. El relevante papel jugado por este estratégico recurso parece justificar la presencia en esta region interior del suroeste ibérico de elementos de prestigio y estatus social como los del Tesoro de Berzocana y la estela de guerrero de Solana de Cabañas. A mayor escala, los estudios arqueológicos y analíticos permiten integrar San Cristóbal en la 'red regional' de contactos e intercambios atlántico-mediterráneos confluyentes en Huelva, foco emergente de Tartessos.This book brings together the archaeological research carried out by Craig Merideth between 1992 and 2002 on the Tartessian exploitation of tin in Cerro de San Cristóbal de Logrosán (Cáceres, Spain) and the work done later, in the period 2013-2017, coordinated by the G.I. PRETAGU of the University of Extremadura. It is an interdisciplinary study of this metallurgical-mining site and the community that settled there, including a proposal of the 'operational chain' of the treatment and use of the cassiterite during the Late Bronze-Iron I phase. The relevant role played by this strategic mineral resource seems to justify the presence of elements of prestige and social status such as the Berzocana Treasure and the warrior's stela of Solana de Cabañas in the south-central west of the Iberian Peninsular. On a larger scale, archaeological and analytical studies allow the integration of San Cristóbal into the 'regional network' of Atlantic-Mediterranean contacts and exchanges converging in Huelva, an emerging settlement of Tartessos.

The Velebit necropolis, located in the southern Carpathian Basin remains to this day an unpublished archaeological site, although it has been known for almost 50 years. It represents the only systematically-investigated Tumulus (Hügelgräber) culture necropolis in the territories of Serbia and Vojvodina which has not been completely published so far. Bi-ritual burial rites from the Bronze Age perspective of the Velebit necropolis are not so rare in the Tumulus Culture commonwealth (Central Europe, Carpathian Basin and Transdanubian region), but the equal representation of both burial customs is quite uncommon. Graves from the undisturbed contexts at the Velebit necropolis show some differences in Koszider bronze and pottery burial gifts, gender and maybe social differentiation in communities. Certain artefacts possibly indicate economic stratification and the presence of craftsmen (metallurgists) in these Middle Bronze Age communities, which is considered one of the more significant traits of the Tumulus culture.

Esta investigación se desarrolla como una exploración crítica de los principios de la Economía y el Estado en el fundamento de las sociedades humanas. Transita, así, a través de una multiplicidad de tradiciones disciplinares, casos de estudio y debates que van desde las reflexiones aristotélicas sobre la casa y la ciudad hasta las de los pensadores contemporáneos sobre lo que es una sociedad de consumo; sobre la semiosis del dinero y lo sagrado, en los márgenes operativos de la identidad política; o sobre el poder de los cazadores de cabezas melanesios, y el no-poder de los reyes divinos del África central. Por este camino irá perfilándose un nuevo utillaje teórico basado en una comprensión praxeológica de la historia, en un intento por recomponer, más allá de la obcecada oposición entre modos de producción y narrativas, la unidad de nuestra especie biológica también en la interpretación de su radical variabilidad cultural.This research constitutes a critical exploration of the onset of Economics and the State in the foundations of human societies. It thus moves through a multiplicity of disciplinary traditions, case studies and debates. From Aristotle's reflections on the household and the city to those of contemporary authors on what a 'consumer society' is; on the semiosis of money and the sacred, towards the operative margins of political identity; or on the power of Melanesian headhunters, and the non-power of the 'divine kings' of Central Africa. On this path a new theoretical toolkit based on a praxeological understanding of history will be outlined, as an attempt to reset, beyond the obtuse opposition between modes of production and narratives, the unity of our biological species also in the interpretation of its radical cultural variability.

African Archaeology, Volume 91This book is an original study of very large pots in parts of Chad, Cameroon and Nigeria. Found in excavations and surface fieldwork, they have been attributed to the So, a group of pre-Islamic inhabitants of the area before the sixteenth century AD, who have become mythologised as giants. Originally for burial, in some cases the pots have been dug up by villagers and reused: for brewing beer or as dye pits for indigo cloth. The book focuses on a group of these pots that survived until the late twentieth century in villages in a small part of Borno, north-eastern Nigeria. With the passage of time and terrorist activities in the region, their fate is now unknown and the photographs from 1963 to 1993 reproduced in this book have become a major archive of an unusual pottery group.

The excavations of the Roman settlement of Littamum in San Candido, situated in the Alps have been conducted at a variety of sites over the past three decades, as construction becomes an increasing problem on the site.

The settlement of Ilgynly-depe is situated in the foothills of the Kopet Dag mountains approximately 240 km due south-east of Ashgabat and 110 km north-west of Meshkhed, southern Turkmenistan. The settlement was founded in the late 5th and early 4th millennium BC. The subject of this study was the collection of anthropomorphic figurines found within the confines of the Ilgynly-depe settlement. The assemblage of over 500 distinctive figurines was gathered in the course of 14 excavation seasons. This is the first time the collection has been published in depth. The accompanying download shows each figurine in colour.

Dans cette étude, l'auteur explore tous les aspects du chien et les origines de l'animal au début de l' Egypte et le Soudan - sauvage et domestiqué, divine et bâtarde. Inclus sont un catalogue de découvertes connexes et un Gazetteer des sites clés.In this study the author explores all aspects of the dog and the animal's origins in early Egypt and the Sudan - wild and domesticated, divine and mongrel. Included are a catalogue of related finds and a Gazetteer of key sites.

This technical study of biological population affinities amongst Eastern Mediterranean Chalcolithic and Bronze Age humn skeletal examples' is based on the author's analysis of 686 samples from eight sites in Cyprus, Greece and Syria. Parras focused on age, sex and non-metric traits from the dentition, crania and post-crania.

This study represents a compilation and systematisation of a corpus of Mayan inscriptions dated to the 9th century from Chitchén Itzá, Mexico. A philological analysis has been carried out, which enabled further studies on the characteristic dialect used for the inscriptions. The catalogue consists of transliteration, transcription and translation of 47 glyphic texts which represent more than 90% of the known epigraphical production of the city of Chichén Itzá.

This is the first general synthesis of the major social dimensions of mortuary practice with respect to age, gender, horizontal and vertical dimensions. The study carefully examines quantitative approaches to extracting social information, previews previous work on the subject and offers a novel and systematic assessment of these approaches. The conclusions, which at times dispute conventional judgement, are well documented with the help of a new methodology developed by the author.

Le présent volume rassemble les résultats des dix premières années de fouilles archéologiques espagnoles menées dans la nécropole de Qoubbet el-Hawa. Il s'ouvre sur un aperçu historique de la province la plus méridionale de l'Égypte dans l'Antiquité afin de contextualiser les vestiges funéraires découverts à Qoubbet el-Hawa. Suit une description historique et archéologique de la découverte des vestiges de la nécropole par différents chercheurs et le programme de recherche mis en œuvre par la présente mission espagnole pour développer son projet multidisciplinaire. Le volume comprend en outre plusieurs axes subsidiaires de recherche axés sur la conservation du site et le développement local à partir de la valorisation du patrimoine. L'un des apports majeurs du présent ouvrage est la publication des résultats historiques et archéologiques réalisés sur le site et mis à jour par les dernières publications faites par l'équipe multidisciplinaire en charge du projet.This book presents the results of the first ten years of Spanish archaeological excavations in the necropolis of Qubbet el-Hawa. It opens with an outline of the history of the southernmost province of Egypt in Antiquity, in order to contextualize the funerary remains found in Qubbet el-Hawa. This is followed by a historic and archaeological description of the discovery of Qubbet el-Hawa by various scholars and of the research programme carried out by the current Spanish mission to develop its multidisciplinary project. The volume also includes subsidiary lines of research, focusing on the conservation of the site and the local development resulting from the valorisation of this heritage. One of the main contributions of the present work is the publication of the historical and archaeological results, updated and reinterpreted, together with the latest works produced by the multidisciplinary team.

In this book, David A. Fisher combines methods including Geographic Information Systems (GIS), GPS, computerised three-dimensional modelling and astronomical formulae in order to reconstruct the world as it was seen by the builders of Scottish megalithic sites within the region of Argyll and Mull. These sites have no associated archaeological artifacts that allow us to determine the dates of their construction. Through the employment of these methods, however, the sites' astronomical orientations may be visualised and used to predict a feasible date range for their construction more accurately than has been possible in past research. New discoveries made via computer simulations/animations showing 3D recreations of the sites through the course of a single year, or over millennia (available as a digital download accompanying this book), show that the sites are 800 to 1000 years older than previously stated, and new hypotheses as to how the sites were employed are also suggested. For the first time, the author offers the definitive conclusion that stars formed an important part of megalithic history.

Questo volume è il risultato di quattro diversi seminari che hanno rappresentato un'occasione unica per condividere i risultati degli ultimi anni di ricerche archeologiche e topografiche condotte all'interno delle regioni comprese tra le due sponde dell'Adriatico centrale. Sono stati coinvolti ricercatori che si occupano o si sono occupati di queste tematiche negli attuali territori costieri di Emilia-Romagna, Marche, Abruzzo, Dalmazia e Illiria. Le recenti ricerche sembrano indicare che diversi fenomeni di trasformazione della cultura materiale e delle scelte insediative sono influenzati direttamente dai continui cambiamenti politici e dalle diverse influenze economiche e culturali che caratterizzano le zone occupate dai barbari rispetto a quelle sotto il controllo romano-"bizantino". Nei contributi raccolti in questa occasione vengono prese in esame, attraverso sintesi regionali e attraverso la presentazione di singoli contesti di studio, le forme degli insediamenti e gli aspetti delle produzione e della circolazione dei prodotti ceramici e di tutti i prodotti artigianali, in questo periodo di crisi.This volume is the result of four seminars that represented a unique opportunity to share the results of the most recent archaeological and topographical research conducted in the regions on the two shores of the central Adriatic Sea. The contributors include specialists who have been involved in excavations or who have researched archaeological topics in the coastal territories of Emilia-Romagna, Marche, Abruzzo, Dalmatia and Illyria. Recent research seems to indicate that different phenomena relating to the transformation of material culture and settlement choices were directly influenced by the continuous political changes and the various economic and cultural influences that characterised the areas occupied by 'barbarians' compared to those under Roman-Byzantine control. The papers here collected, through regional summaries and through the presentation of individual study contexts, examine the forms of settlements and aspects of the production and circulation of ceramics and other craft products during this period of crisis.

Health was a constant concern in life and even the deceased needed extra care so that they would be at their prime when enclosed in the sarcophagus; and in the possession of magical 'weapons' so that when they reached the Afterlife, they would be in complete possession of all their physical abilities. Medicine in ancient Egypt was trying to restrain all malefic beings from action and to preserve the well-being of the individual. Through this work, all descriptions and conceptions observed in the existing legacy of ancient Egypt will lead to conclusions that attest this unique duality: its main aim is to synthesize information from ancient Egyptian daily life; everything that has been written upon it and analyzed until today, throughout the world, in different perspectives and several languages, thus giving a contribution for international research and also possible future contributions for medicine and Egyptology. This work is divided into four chapters: Chapter 1: Sources of Information; Medical and Magical Papyri; Chapter 2: Heka -"the art of the magical written word"; Chapter 3: Pathological types; Chapter 4: Medical-magical prescriptions and their ingredients; this list is a description that contemplates from the global perspective to details, revealing all, from general existing sources to particular ingredients used in prescriptions.

This book publishes the results of investigations carried out between 1999-2003 in West Greenland on reindeer that died naturally. 282 complete skeletons and 403 skeleton parts were recorded and measured, mostly in the field, but with some analysed at the Zoological Museum of Copenhagen.

This work analyzes the variety of Mesolithic decorated productions, using a variety of ethnographic, sociological and anthropological approaches.

'Here is a mixture of approaches, from traditional culture history to interpretative archaeologists at home with some current theoretical debate about Heidegger's phenomenology of human being-in-the-world...' From the Foreword by Michael Shanks.

Papers in this volume are grouped under following headings: Oases and other forms of agricultural intensification; The visibility of nomads and herders across the archaeological record; The rise and decline of complex societies in Mediterranean Europe during the Middle and Late Bronze Age; Political and cultural frontiers; Archaeology and ethnicity. Sixty-nine authors come from all over Europe and the USA.Edited by Mark Pearce and Maurizio Tosi with Anna Maria Bietti Sestieri, Serge Cleuziou, Alessandro Guidi, Ludmila Koryakova, Pietro Laureano, Manuel Molinos, Mike Rowlands, Nataliya Shishlina, Simon Stoddart and Andrea Zifferero

This book offers an extensive discussion of the several types of deposits (mainly consisting of votive objects like human and animal figures, model boats and shrines, mace heads and jewellery) found in the Early Dynastic temple of Tell Ibrahim Awad, in the Eastern Nile Delta of Egypt. The introduction presents a general description of the site, its geographical and historical context and a specific description of the successive temple layers (between 3300 and 1950 BC). This is followed by a detailed discussion of the votives themselves (material, production, meaning, ritual presentation) and other objects (ceramics, animal bones, lithic tools and temple decorations) found in the deposits, the rituals with which they were associated and comparisons with finds from other sites in Egypt and abroad (Syria/Palestine and Mesopotamia). Images and a detailed catalogue of the objects are also included in the volume.

Archaeology of Roman Britain, Volume 1This book examines the archaeological material from Hadrian's Wall within the significant Clayton Collection. The Collection was formed through the work of John Clayton, antiquarian and landowner, in the 19th century. His work took place at a pivotal time in the study of Hadrian's Wall, as public interest was growing, access was improving, and the discipline of archaeology was developing. As part of a large network of antiquarians, Clayton excavated, studied and published his discoveries. After his death, his archaeological estate was retained, and the Collection was moved into a museum in 1896. Despite being in the public domain for so long, the material has never been studied as a whole, or in the light of its 19th century creation. This work is the first to bring together the history and development of the collection alongside the material itself. It offers an insight into how important antiquarian collections can provide valuable information about Roman life.

UCL Institute of Archaeology PhD Series, Volume 1The research presented in this book advances scholarship on Anglo-Saxon non-elite rural settlements through the analysis of material culture. Forty-four non-elite sites and the high-status site of Staunch Meadow, occupied throughout the Anglo-Saxon period (c. 5th-11th centuries) and geographically representative of Anglo-Saxon settlement in England, were selected for study. Comparative analyses of the material culture assemblages and settlement data from these sites were evaluated from four main research perspectives: the archaeological contexts and distributional patterns of material culture at the sites; the range and character of material culture; patterns of material culture consumption; and material culture as evidence for the economic reach of rural settlements.

This book provides a corpus of inscribed hawking rings (vervels) reported Treasure via the Portable Antiquities Scheme over the last twenty years. Since vervels are normally inscribed with information about their owners, they constitute an important social and archaeological record. This information is explored through the corpus, which shows the objects to have been owned predominantly by men of status, particularly in the Stuart period. Also included is a discussion of the development of hawking and the use of vervels, and analysis of their form, function and dating, as well as variations in design. Particularly significant is the information on their distribution, as many inscribed vervels are found in the vicinity of estates owned by the individuals mentioned upon them. This publication thus provides a unique resource to the scholar and to the casual enthusiast.

El presente trabajo aborda el amplio periodo que abarca desde finales de la Edad del Hierro hasta los primeros siglos del Imperio romano en el Sureste de la Península Ibérica (IV a.C.-III d.C.) En él se analizan, desde una perspectiva global e integradora, las dinámicas y transformaciones que experimenta el paisaje de dichas centurias atendiendo a aspectos como los patrones de asentamiento, la economía y la organización sociopolítica. A través de todo ello se pretende ofrecer una perspectiva de estudio novedosa frente a perspectivas tradicionales en este ámbito peninsular únicamente centradas en el estudio aislado de los principales yacimientos y su cultura material. El volumen aborda así, por primera vez, un análisis diacrónico y comparativo de estos territorios, ofreciendo una nueva imagen de los mismos a lo largo de las centurias analizadas e insertándolos, además, en el contexto más amplio del ámbito sur peninsular.The book analyses, from a global and comprehensive perspective, the period between the end of the Iron Age and the first centuries of the Roman Imperial period in the Southeast of the Iberian Peninsula (4th century BC-3rd century AD). It aims to provide a broader analysis from a different and innovative perspective, which goes beyond the traditional isolated study of the main regional sites and their archaeological record. Thus, it focuses on the dynamics and transformations operating in the landscape, the settlement patterns, the economy and the socio-political organisation of these territories, providing the first diachronic and comparative analysis of these centuries. As a result, the volume offers a new long-term picture of these Iberian territories, providing a view of their evolution and inserting them into the context of the southern peninsular area.

Hypogean Archaeology No 13Nel territorio dell'Alto Lario, zona settentrionale del Lago di Como, vi è una diffusa e importante presenza di incisioni rupestri schematiche e figurative. I lavori di indagine si sono svolti dagli anni '80 con operazioni di ricerca sul territorio, documentazione grafica e fotografica, raccolta ed elaborazione dei dati. Il metodo seguito è stato finalizzato alla creazione di uno strumento di schedature fruibile e utilizzabile a più livelli. Il lavoro presentato si articola in tre parti. La prima è un inquadramento dell'area con contributi sulla geologia, il territorio, la storia e la toponomastica. La seconda parte analizza il fenomeno delle incisioni rupestri in funzione delle teorie più significative e dei contributi apportati dalle principali discipline scientifiche coinvolte nello studio di questo fenomeno. Vengono poi presentate le linee guida utilizzate nello studio affrontato e le varie teorie interpretative espresse dagli studiosi, nonché gli elementi riscontrati sul territorio. La terza parte del lavoro mostra le schede di studio e l'elaborazione dei dati raccolti.In the territory to the north of Lake Como, known as Alto Lario, there is a variety of important schematic and figurative rock engravings. The work on these engravings presented in this book began in the 1980s, and has included research operations, graphic documentation, and the collection and processing of data. The method adopted has resulted in the development of a multi-layered study tool. The work is divided into three parts: the first provides information about the region, with contributions on geology, landscape, history and toponymy; the second analyses the phenomenon of rock engravings according to the most significant theories, presenting the contributions of the main scientific disciplines involved in the study of this phenomenon, along with the guidelines used in the present study and the various interpretative theories offered by scholars, to situate the examples under study; the third provides the data sheets and an interpretation of the collected data.