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This work presents the author's research on legal issues concerning archaeological heritage and indigenous rights in Argentina. The country has overcome the political unrest of the early years of the new millennium and the previous heritage laws were finally modified in 2003, although the terms of the new legislation are still a matter of debate and have produced a great deal of criticism. In the course of this period, a new chapter in the story of the three case studies included in the book - the 'Pucará of Tilcara', the 'Quilmes' Ruins' and 'Menhires' Park' - has opened. The Humahuaca ravine, where the 'Pucará of Tilcara' is located, was included on the World Heritage List in 2003; the concession of the Quilmes' Ruins has expired and the members of the Indigenous Quilmes community are campaigning to be recognized as partners in the management of the site; and all the menhires were relocated to a plot of land in El Mollar. The Menhires' Park itself no longer exists, yet the monoliths remain unprotected. The Northwest region of Argentina - where the three sites are located - has become an important tourist destination for national and international visitors thanks to the devaluation of the national currency and the improvement of the economic conditions among the local population. Consequently, changing winds are bringing new challenges for each of these sites, although much of their fate remains in the same hands. Nevertheless, their future - as well as that of the entire archaeological heritage in Argentina - is heavily dependent on a deeper understanding of the past and present circumstances of such sites. Finally, the goal of this book is to analyze the state of archaeological heritage management in Argentina, although many of the conclusions reached also provide clues to understanding contested heritage issues in many other countries, particularly those relating to the Third World.

There is a long-standing interest in use efficiency and evolution in prehistoric ground stone tool research. A design and performance analysis conducted with replica tools examines a number of milling tool performance characteristics, including use efficiency, ease of manufacture, and ease of maintenance, as well as their interplay in the design process. This analysis shows that raw material and use surface area affect use efficiency. A paradigmatic artefact classification documents the variation in prehistoric manos from archaeological sites in the Middle Rio Puerco Valley of New Mexico.

This work represents a study of the hunter-gatherer societies that occupied the Central Plateau of Santa Cruz, with a special focus on La María Archaeological Locality. The broad objective is to try and understand the technological organization of the groups which lived in this area between the final Pleistocene and the late Holocene, and by so doing provide a discussion on the issues relating to other aspects of the society, such as the economic and social strategies of mobility, the use of the space and the exploitation of economic resources implemented in the different periods studied. Other specific objectives include: to identify the environmental changes which occurred since the beginning of the first human occupation in the region; to establish the regional structure of lithic resources; to analyze the variability of the set of artefacts; to characterize the sequences of artefact production for each raw material; to analyze the design of the artefacts; to define the different ways lithic technology was organized in every temporal range; to understand if there were differential technical skills for each of these particular episodes; and, to analyze the different ways the region was occupied during these specific temporal contexts. Full Title: La organización tecnológica en grupos cazadores recolectores desde las ocupaciones del Pleistoceno final al Holoceno tardío, en la Meseta Central de Santa Cruz, Patagonia

This work is the definitive publication of the excavation that took place between 1977 and 1984 of several tombs by the French archaeological mission in Abu Dhabi (United Arab Emirates): six tombs of Hafit type (first phase of the local early Bronze, about 3000-2700 BC) and two tombs of Umm an-Nar type (second phase of the early Bronze Age) - tomb M of Hili and tomb A of Hili north. Tomb M dates to the middle of the architectural sequence of the necropolis of Hili and is one of the rare tombs known for the middle of the 3rd millennium. Tomb A of Hili north, which is later, remains today a site of the first importance for the richness and variety of the discoveries made. It is an important landmark in the establishment of a regional chronology and its study has greatly enriched our perception of trade, on different scales. This work is the first of a series that will be published on the work carried out in the region of Al-Aïn by the French mission, which in 1999 became the French archaeological mission to the United Arab Emirates. The next two volumes will present the anthropological study of tomb N of Hili and the study of ancient technologies at Hili.

'The 'Ordos bronzes' are well known to collectors and many museums, named for the many finds in and around the Ordos plateau in north China. They are ...the subject of many catalogues and parts of catalogues of collections [and] have much to tell of contacts and of iconographic inspiration passing, in both directions, from China and from the Steppes... I am dealing with what are generally regarded as belt plaques, not the many animal-only 'Ordos bronzes' of various forms and attachments, which may have been applied to harness or dress or furniture, and which are equally numerous; nor with daggers and the like. The main series considered here (the 'Rope-border' plaques) ...begins with works of art of amazing intricacy of composition, combining a certain horror vacui with a desire to indicate all parts of the animal figures involved... The series takes us from over a century before the Qin dynasty 'unification' of China, well into early Han times, roughly from the fourth/third to first centuries BC. Coeval with them, especially in the later period, are other plaque series of different shapes and many of them far less ambitious. These represent more decidedly 'nomad art', even when their forms and iconography are employed for luxury items of some intricacy, of the type that reached Siberia, and which characterize Peter the Great's Treasure which had been assembled there, and whether or not some were made by the Chinese for their nomad rivals...Over the whole period studied the interfaces with the arts of Scythians and Sarmatians are apparent, and noted where important, but the subject is only part of the far wider phenomenon of Eurasian arts, a daunting subject. And like all 'art-historical' studies it carries a historical element involving the nature of relations between nomad and settled (to put it at its simplest), as well as the behaviour of owners/wearers. Many 'nomads' of the areas we visit were virtually 'settled', while among the 'settled' Chinese many lived a transhumance 'nomad' existence. I address this as best I can in the Conclusions, realizing that for many this should be the main reason for such a study. It is likely, however, in the face of the very plentiful material, that a mainly art-historical approach may lead more readily to conclusions of social and historical significance.' (From the author's Preface)

This study re-visits the Late Bronze Age stratigraphy, chronology and history of Tell Atchana (Alalakh) as recorded by Sir Leonard Woolley in the 1930s and 1940s. The author offers both a detailed analysis of the material culture of Late Bronze Age Alalakh and a political history of the region following the destruction of the Level IV palace. The author elucidates the way in which the plans of Tell Atchana that Woolley published are to be interpreted, and the implications of so doing. Next the author establishes the correct location, absolute and relative, of the Level I temples, followed by an analysis of the stratigraphy of the Levels IV-0 temples. Based on the finds in each of the later temples, new data affords a detailed study of the find-spot of the statue of Idrimi, now newly attributed to Level IVB, the first half of the fourteenth century BCE, probably not more than a few decades after the death of Idrimi, king of Alalakh. The same stratigraphic analysis scheme is projected on all the features and structures of Levels V-0, making the author's approach to Late Bronze Age Alalakh significantly different than that found in previous literature, and significantly revises Woolley's 1955 Final Report and later studies. Detailed new phase plans for Levels VA-IB accompany this study and the work concludes by presenting consequential material culture data that leads to a proposed absolute chronology of the relevant strata at Alalakh, accompanied by a discussion of the history of Alalakh in the Late BronzeAge.

A study of the food supply of the Roman army and the local populations. Food provision, principally wheat, was in the hands of an institution known as Annona. This institution mainly oversaw the adequate supply of food supplies for the city of Rome (annona civica) and the army (annona militaris). Both were the beneficiaries of the redistribution system promoted by the emperors in terms of agrarian policy.

This volume is a collection of papers presented at the Association of Environmental Archaeologists conference in Exeter, 2006. The nine papers within this volume consider how social archaeological questions can be investigated utilising environmental remains.

An investigation into the prehistoric mining and metallurgy of the southwest Iberian Peninsular.

This book includes papers from Session C04, 'Technology and Methodology for Archaeological Practice: Practical applications for the past reconstruction', from the XV UISPP World Congress (Lisbon, 4-9 September 2006).

This volume presents the reader with a selection of installations for the production of wine and oil from Israel of the Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine periods. Many such installations have been found in Israel from earlier periods also but the peak in their development, in the number of installations found, in the technology used and in their variety is towards the end of the Byzantine period. Several factors combined to create this situation. This comprehensive study investigates their archaeological remains. The installations presented in this volume reveal the remarkable variety of techniques and devices found in one small section of the complicated mosaic of local technical cultures that were spread throughout the Mediterranean basin, each developing separately but influenced by and influencing the others. Even techniques such as the use of the screw developed in different ways in different regions. The extent and borders of these technical cultures are in many cases closely related to those of political entities changing in extent and character together with these. Thus the study of these ancient crafts not only reveals important aspects of ancient technology, economics and day to day life but mapping the variegated regional technical cultures contributes a new and independent delineation of ancient human geography.

This book includes papers from the session (Vol. 30, Session WS19) 'Rock Art and Museum' presented at the XV UISPP World Congress (Lisbon, 4-9 September 2006).

The objective of this research is to advance the understanding of the Egyptian Eastern Desert region petroglyphs by means of three steps: 1) To order and analyse the available data; 2) To compare the Eastern Desert petroglyphs with those of neighbouring regions and 3) To determine what the Eastern Desert petroglyphs can tell us about the people responsible for them. The study then moves towards an interpretation of the petroglyphs in terms of what they can tell us about the origins and development of Egyptian society.

This book includes papers from the session entitled 'Megalithic Quarrying' presented at the XV UISPP World Congress (Lisbon, 4-9 September 2006).

Authors: Roberto Bixio, Vittoria Caloi, Vittorio Castellani and Mauro Traverso.The 2004 Ani (the ancient Armenian capital on the eastern border of modern Turkey) expedition was devoted to the inspection of the underground structures. The monumental town was built around the 10th century on a platform defined by deep canyons which cut the volcanic rocks of the plateau. The artificial cavities are located all along the walls of the canyons, often in two or more layers. The structures were first investigated in 1915, beginning a process of identifying, exploring and classified more than 800 cave forms. The 2004 mission checked the status of the dwellings with respect to the investigation of 90 years before, to undertake a detailed exploration of some selected dwellings chosen as term of comparison, and to investigate with special carethose underground structures which were inside or close to the city walls, in order to establish the relations between the town and the underground sites. The first chapter of the report gives a short account of the objectives of the 2004 mission, together with an overview of the relevant literature and of the history of the town. Chapter 2 deals with the settlements outside the town (the rural settlements). The underground sites inside the town walls are discussed in Chapter 3. The nature of the underground sites is discussed in Chapter 4.

A study of early Georgian smelting sites. The features described here are remarkably consistent in their layout and the results of the present publication indicate a large, well developed industry. Further survey work should give us a better idea of just how large this prehistoric iron industry was, but it is already clear from the results reported in this book that the furnaces varied in size, with some being very large.

The idea of this volume came out of two research gatherings that focused on land allotment and field systems. The first was a day seminar on Ancient Fields, held at the National Monuments Record centre at Swindon, England, in June 2002. The second was the session on Land Allotment at the 24th annual conference of the Theoretical Archaeology Group, held at Manchester University in December 2002.

This investigation consists of updates to the chronology of Achaemenid Persia (539 BCE-304 BCE). The state of Achaemenid chronology was the subject of a series of studies published by this writer about ten to fifteen years ago. Newly emerged evidence has necessitated the present updates. Errata in those earlier studies are listed in an appendix. The focus of the present investigation is on what is new. A comprehensive statement on Achaemenid chronology that progresses from first principles and combines all that is new with all that is old remains desirable. Few historical events are as transforming in the history of nations as the death of one ruler and the accession of the next. Accordingly, the chronology of regnal transitions deserves special attention in the study of ancient chronology. This study provides updates for the chronology of nine regnal transitions in the Achaemenid empire: Xerxes I to Artaxerxes I (465); Artaxerxes I to Darius II (424-23); Darius II to Artaxerxes II (405/4); Artaxerxes IIto Artaxerxes III (359/58); Artaxerxes III to Arses (338); Arses to Darius III (336/35); Darius III to Alexander III (331); Alexander III to Philip Arridaios (323); and Arridaios to Alexander IV (317). A comprehensive tabulation of the regnal years of the final years of the empire (340-304) is presented at the end.

A collection of essays dedicated to the memory of Eleni Hatzivassiliou (1977-2007). The range of subjects reflects her broad circle of friends. Many are her contemporaries, but many are very senior scholars; ages range from 25 to 80. It is truly remarkable that someone who had not yet reached her thirtieth birthday could have come to know so many scholars and win their admiration and affection.

The purpose of this volume is to reveal as much information as possible on the nature of dance in Old Kingdom Egypt. This is achieved through the thorough examination of the primary evidence pertaining to dance in the old Kingdom, which comes to us in the form of pictures, letters, captions and titles. Scenes of dance abound in tomb decoration, in particular, but can also be found in solar temples attended by the living. Indeed, when a clear definition of what constituted dance in Ancient Egypt is reached, the number of pictorial examples relating to dance became so vast that it necessitated restricting this study to material from the old Kingdom. While the study of pictures of dance reveals much about the history and development of art, much regarding the nature of dance can also be perceived. It is reasonable to assume that much of the information recorded regarding dance; the poses, costumes, props and gender of dancers as depicted in scenes of dance, should reflect the nature of dance as it was performed at the time and even the region in which it was recorded. Therefore, the developments traced in the course of this study relate to the art history record of dance as much as to dance itself.

Interest in studying historical environments expanded quite rapidly parallel to a passion for romantic landscapes in the 19th century and the knowledge of natural resources among the ecologists of the 20th century. From the point of view of geomorphology, this interest has generated a wealth of research on coevolution between relief and human population. Later, with the study of recent sediment deposits in the Mediterranean Basin, the concept of parallel development between the spread of the Oikumene anderosive phenomena has emerged. Since then, numerous and sometimes contradictory studies have highlighted the diversity of the Holocene sedimentation and morphogenic response to human settlement and population growth according to the geographical variety. With the present work, the author contributes to this line of research by studying a semi-arid Mediterranean environment, the island of Cyprus. The work focuses on the Gialias River watershed which extends from the piedmont of the Troodos range to the Eastern Messaoria plains. The goal is to reconstruct the history of the Holocene morphogenesis in connection with the forms and structures of fluvial landscapes. This work is inscribed in a both geomorpholigical and geoarchaeological perspective and adds to recent advances on the evolution of sub-arid and semi-arid environments in the oriental part of the Mediterranean Basin.

With a definite economic focus, this work utilises a broad spectrum of information, including structural, artefactual, environmental, technological and documentary to examine the economy of early medieval Ireland and the domestic life of the non-elite population.

This regional study looks at the topography and epigraphy of Megaris, the territory between Attica, Corinth and Boetia, focusing on the Post-Classical periods. Philip Smith examines in turn, the archaeological, literary and epigraphic evidence for the region, compiling a useful catalogue of sites on the Megarid, with numerous maps and plans.

This book presents eleven papers from a session held at the EAA conference in Cork, Ireland, in 2005.

This study uses faunal remains, specifically the frequency of pig bones, to act as a barometer of social complexity. It finds that variations in the frequency of pigs from site to site cannot be explained by environmental factors, as is thus indicative of economic differences.

This book presents the proceedings of Red Sea Project III held in the British Museum, London, in October 2006.

Nine papers from a session held at the EAA conference in Cork, Ireland, in 2005.

An investigation of the relations between heterogeneity in the material world and variations in human behaviour, particularly landscape settlement and stone tool fabrication, in the European Lower and Middle Palaeolithic. A theoretical approach termed ecological geography is developed.

with English summary and abstract.

Cambridge Monographs in African Archaeology 67This book is a presentation of North Cameroon, and, as required, the neighbouring regions' prehistory, back to the most remote Palaeolithic times. It focuses on a region and mainly on the most recent period, from which grew the cultures of its ethnographic present: that is to say the Postneolithic, often termed Iron Age civilizations of sub-Saharan Africa, dating to the two last millennia. This work attempts to serve simultaneously as a useful introduction to the archaeology of the region, and as a general interpretation of those later prehistoric times that constitute the background of its historic and present settlements. In doing so it relies upon the data related to this region gathered by a wide range of disciplines over the past three to five decades.