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The Bolivian high plateau, situated between the two Andean cordilleras, at an altitude of c. 3800-4000 metres above sea level. The Tiwanaku State (Tiwanaku IV and V, c. AD 500- 1150) - the heartland of which was situated in the southern Lake Titicaca Basin - was one of the most important pre-Inca civilisations of the South Central Andes. Since the late 1950s - and especially since the mid- 1980s - understanding of the Tiwanaku culture has increased rapidly. However, no systematic study of Tiwanaku burial practices - combining older and newer archaeological data with information from historical and ethnographic sources - has been available. This study fills this gap and furthers advances the general understanding of the Tiwanaku culture.

Historical records mention that over 200 potters were active in Southern Québec between 1655 and 1920. These locally-made productions are now found on every archaeological excavation undertaken in Southern Quebec, but their contribution to the understanding of the archaeological sites are limited because these locally-made ceramics are rarely identified. This study presents compositional analysis as a solution to the problem of identification and provenance of local wares. Through the analysis of major, minor, and trace elements (using ICP-AES and ICP-MS) of about 300 ceramics uncovered on 16 production sites, the author was able to distinguish and characterize the different productions, as well as relate them to the Southern Québec geological environments (and reduce the risks of confusion with exogenous productions).

A valuable new contribution to the regional archaeology of La Payunia (Argentina), tackling issues of broader interest such as the elusive relationships between foragers and agriculturalists. The work contains new and interesting material which is presented with updated methodologies and conceptualisations.

The bronze lamps in the Istanbul Archaeological Museum, consisting of a variety of material from the Ottoman Empire - Palestine, Syria, the Lebanon and Macedonia - were acquired through confiscation, purchase or in a few cases from excavations (Cos, Lindos, Sidon, Tel-Taannek and Thrace). The collection illustrates the range of bronze lamp production in the Eastern Mediterranean from the Archaic to the Late Roman world. The collection is particularly rich in lamps from the Early Christian period and also includes polycandela for glass lamps. Although provenance is often lacking, the Istanbul lamps nevertheless offer a useful and interesting body of material for the student of lighting technology in the ancient world. Until the 1960s, from almost every corner of Turkey all kinds and types of object were being brought to the Istanbul Archaeological Museum. However, with the new regulations in force, the objects are now being collected in local museums and not much is received by the Istanbul Archaeological Museum. The present catalogue lists metal lamps, lampstands, polycandela, lanterns, suspension chains, and lamplids which have entered the museum's collection up to the end of 1998. Only a few examples of the collection are published.

This book is written for professional archaeologists, students of South American archaeology, heritage managers, museum staff, and the general public. The book intends to provide sufficient breadth and detail that it stands as a scholarly work, while presenting data in a manner which allows for a wide use of the materials. Thus the book summarizes well-known sites and those less known but important to understanding the regional prehistory. The primary objective of this book is to craft an overview and synthesis of the archaeology of Guyana and in so doing document the diversity of human adaptations over several thousands of years. The ten chapters include an historical overview of the history of archaeological research in Guyana during the late 19th and late 20th centuries; an overview of the geological history, climate and geography; the general chronological context of Guyana prehistory; the Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene paleo-environmental context; the evidence for Paleo-Indian occupations; the prehistory of Northwestern Guyana with specific reference to the Archaic shellfisher and later Horticultural patterns of the littoral; the archaeology of the Abary and Hertenrits Phases of Northeastern Guyana; an overview of the Taruma Phase of Southeastern Guyana; the Paleo-Indian, Archaic, and Horticultural occupations of the Rupununi savannahs; a summary and synthesis of the Iwokrama rainforest in central Guyana; and a review of major developments in Guyana archaeology and future research needs.

Paris Monographs in American Archaeology 16This book includes 19 papers relating to current research undertaken by the University of Paris from the High Plains of Mexico to Patagonia.

Cambridge Monographs in African Archaeology 62This work offers a comprehensive historical framework of north-western Benin, West Africa, based on intensive survey work and controlled stratigraphic excavations. The study is divided into two parts. Part one is devoted to the environmental setting, the aims and the excavation and survey methodology, including some theoretical discussions. The second part provides a sequence in chronological order of sites and associated finds discovered in north-western Benin.

III Coloquio Internacional de Arqueología en Gijón, Gijón, 28, 29 y 30 septiembre 200220 papers from the Symposium: The Atlantic Arc in the Roman Age: Cultural Unity and Diversity, held in Gijón in September 2002.

Acts of the XIVth UISPP Congress, University of Liège, Belgium, 2-8 September 200112 papers and posters from Section 14 of the Acts of the XIVth UISPP Congress, University of Liège, Belgium, 2-8 September 2001 (Archaeology and History of the Middle Ages).

This work describes the organization of an agricultural homestead and its equipment and function and the ensuing research contributes towards an understanding of aspects of the social and economical status of peasants during the High and Late Middle Ages. Looking at homesteads, courtyards and villages, the author mainly focuses on the period between the 13th - 15th centuries in the region of the present-day Czech Republic, as well as in other parts of Central Europe, extending the current knowledge base,with the intention of bringing more information on the development of the inner structure of the mediaeval village.Written by Rostislav Nekuda and translated by Radek Kobzik and David Kone¿ný

15 papers on research (1970-2001) into Roman Dalamtia in honour of J. J. Wilkes.

The research presented in this study focuses upon a 2,000 sq km area in the Körös River Valley, in northern Békés County, eastern Hungary. Within this region, the author analyzes two separate lines of evidence that relate to the changing patterns of social interaction and integration during the Late Neolithic and Early Copper Age periods. Chapter 1 details the scope of the project Chapter 2 develops the theoretical framework. Chapter Three discusses the methodological correlates of this theoretical framework, and addresses the archaeological problem of inferring dynamic social systems from static material remains. The middle range theory and bridging arguments are presented and the problems of measuring social interaction and integration in prehistoric contexts are discussed. Chapter Four presents the archaeological background necessary for understanding the radical social changes that occurred on the Great Hungarian Plain, ca. 4,500 BC. Chapter Five presents the specific research design. Chapter Six provides an overview of the study area and presents the sites and assemblage included in the subsequent analyses. Chapter Seven details the analysis of integration throughout the study area, based upon the spatial data and Chapter Eight lays out the analyses of Early Copper Age interaction, based upon the stylistic data from the Early Copper Age ceramic assemblages. Chapter Nine integrates the analyses presented in Chapters Seven and Eight into a coherent model and attempts to place the study area into the wider temporal and geographic context of the Great Hungarian Plain, and into the wider context of anthropological archaeology.

This work analyses two spatially referenced radiocarbon databases for the spread of Europe's first farmers and for the spread of the first sheep in southern Africa respectively. The methods for visualising large-scale diffusion processes are compared using the European database; these include chronology maps, isochron maps, and a new simulation using the probability distribution of calibrated dates. The patterns in the radiocarbon data are then quantified by using linear regression of both calibrated anduncalibrated dates to calculate rates of spread and possible departure points for the European data at two scales of analysis, continent-wide and by demic and cultural region. The new analytical technique, using the whole of a date's calibrated range, is then applied to the database for the spread of the first sheep in present day South Africa. Two competing hypotheses for the route of the spread, a western coastal route from present day Namibia southwards, and an interior route are tested by analysing the spatial and temporal patterns in the radiocarbon data.

Two of Sir Cyril's notebooks describing minor earthworks of the Welsh Marches and visits to four Welsh museums, with two other unpublished papersMost of Sir Cyril Fox's papers are held in the National Museum of Wales, but two notebooks, which form the bulk of this volume, have a curious history. The first, which covers the years October 1927 to July 1930, contains a variety of material, but significantly it included his notes on a number of dykes and other features close to or associated with Offa's Dyke which he was surveying at the time. The second, relating only to the summer of 1932, was limited to his surveys of six groups of short dykes, with an endpiece on Wigmore Castle. After 1932, Fox lost interest in these shorter dykes and passed the two notebooks to Noel Jerman, who retained them until in turn passing them on to the Offa's Dyke project at the Extra-Mural Department of Manchester University in the 1980s: they are eventually to be deposited in the National Museum of Wales. The first notebook contained a few other papers. The most interesting is a part transcript of an impromptu lecture that Fox gave to Miss L. F. Chitty on the way down from the Kerry Ridgeway. To this collection the author has added an unpublished note of Fox's describing an excavation he made at Tallard's Marsh, near Chepstow, which he believed to be the southern extremity of Offa's Dyke. The editors' intention has been to reproduce this material, with an expansion of Fox's sometimes difficult abbreviations, and add comparative reports from a date as near as possible to Fox's own, with illustrative aerial photographs, where they could be obtained.

In this volume, the author examines the woodland banking in the parish of Cudham on the North Downs (to the south of the Greater London region) to establish the phases of expansion and contraction of the woodlands in the Medieval period. An anomaly was evident between the Domesday Book reference suggesting extensive ploughlands and a post-Medieval reference suggesting extensive woodlands. Synthesis of the evidence from a sampling survey of the banking, the place-name evidence and from documentary sources suggested changes in the land use and settlement patterns, with the woodlands consistently prominent through all periods. The extant banking is thought to relate to the earliest Medieval settlement of the parish, which probably took the form of bounded estates. Their later use as woodland banks has preserved them in the landscape. Early Medieval use of the landscape for transhumant pasturing, followed by a dispersed settlement in the woodlands, led to a limited, arable, open field system in the later Medieval period. Non-manorial land tenure was characterised by renting, indicating the ability to generate income through the sale of surplus woodland products. The post-Medieval period is characterised by privately-owned woodland compartments. The conclusion is drawn that, over time, Cudham has been maintained as a specialised, woodland resource-producing area in the hinterland of London.

Recent research suggests that the earliest human occupation of the British Isles stretches back to before 500,000 years ago, whilst anatomically modern humans do not appear to have arrived in Europe before approximately 50-40,000 years ago. During the intervening period, of perhaps half a million years, referred to as the Lower and Middle Palaeolithic, archaic species of human were at least sporadically present in southern England. Few actual hominid fossils have survived, but there are plenty of other enduring traces of human presence.This book presents the results of an investigation of stone artefacts from southern England, which date to the Lower and Middle Palaeolithic, with particular reference to assemblages from 2 sites at high levels in the landscape. This book aims to show that aspects of cultural adaptation in European archaic humans can be investigated using the evidence of Lower and Middle Palaeolithic stone artefacts.In addition, the book is devoted to the specific question of how best to understand Palaeolithic artefacts preserved within deposits mapped as Clay-with-flints. The contents of the volume includes a review of approaches to the study of stone artefacts produced as a result of handaxe-making, and then presents a study of an experimentally produced handaxe and associated waste products from its manufacture. This, in turn, forms the basis for the methodology of artefact recording which was applied to the Wood Hill Palaeolithic assemblage from Kent. Analyses of the Wood Hill assemblage are presented in Chapter Three and Chapter Four. In Chapter Five, the themes of handaxe functional efficiency and knapping skill development, which developed from the study of the Wood Hill assemblage, are investigated with interesting results regarding handaxe morphological variability. Chapter Six presents the results of investigations (including field-survey) at the site of Dickett's Field in Hampshire. In Chapter Seven, observations and experiments to investigate the ways in which flint artefacts weather are discussed, The discussion and conclusions chapter (Chapter Eight) comprises a final synthesis of the evidence presented. This work represents the first dedicated modern study of Palaeolithic assemblages from sites on deposits mapped as Clay-with-flints and provides plenty of food for thought. Excitingly, many of the themes touched upon now require further investigation and development. In the accompanying downloadable video, the author provides the commentary for a demonstration of butchery techniques using flint tools, showing the effectiveness of various shapes and sizes of cutting implements.

The detailed estimation of the original live size of faunal specimens from archaeological assemblage provides a particularly useful, though generally under-employed, tool for zooarchaeological analysis. Though a variety of methods have been employed in the generation of such size estimations, statistical regression provides perhaps the most accurate estimations of the original live length and weight of fish specimens found in archaeological contexts. Such estimations are useful for the reconstruction of diet and the investigation of past environments. Furthermore, detailed size estimations can contribute to a refinement of other methods of faunal quantification, such as the calculation of minimum numbers of individuals (MNI). Statistical regression was applied to the comparison of skeletal element size and the live length and weight of six fish taxa: Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus), Walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma), Atka mackerel (Pleurogrammus monopterygius), Greenling (Hexagrammos sp.), Rockfish (Sebastes sp.), and Irish Lords (Hemilepidotus sp.). For each taxon, a selection of skeletal elements were measured from comparative specimens and these data sets used to generate regression formulae which compared the known live length and weight to specific skeletal element measurements. This resulted in the creation of a easily applicable tool for the estimation of the live size and weight of skeletal specimens from archaeological contexts. This methodology was tested in the context of a case study involving the analysis of fish remains from five archaeological sites in the Aleutian archipelago. Specifically, this included two sites on Adak island, a single site on Buldir island, and two sites on Shemya Island, providing a sample that spans the central and western parts of the Aleutian chain. In the assessment of the relative contributions of the taxa under consideration to the diet of the prehistoric inhabitants of these sites, the regression approach was shown to produce superior results to those obtained through traditional meat weight calculations. The results of this analysis also provide insight into temporal changes in the local environment and ecology.

This volume is concerned with the monumental stone inscriptions from Spain and Gaul during the period from 300 to 750 AD, and therefore the vast majority of these inscriptions are Christian and Latin in origin, with a few Jewish and Greek ones as well. Inscriptions make up the largest body of surviving written material from this period, but this is a relatively ignored area of research. This study attempts to use this large body of evidence in order to better understand the cultural, social and religious history of these regions during the period in question. Handley begins by introducing Christian epigraphy and places the relevant Gallic and Spanish material in the context of the Latin West. He also discusses the ideas held about death and funerary inscriptions that were held in this period, and he is interested in the changes that occurred after Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire, as well as what happened after the fall of the Empire itself. Methods of the creation of these inscriptions is discussed, and Handley looks at literary sources as well as physical evidence, with the pattern emerging of workshops creating inscriptions from largely pre-prepared stones and written models. The usage of inscriptions is another important question, and the evidence points towards inscriptions being mainly reserved for the higher classes and social élite. Handley also divides up all of the burials that have inscriptions into an analysis of different ages and genders; for example, he discusses the ratios of male to female inscriptions, as well as family commemorations. This enables the study to look at when women or the elderly were most likely to be commemorated with an inscription. Handley also looks at what demographic information these inscriptions can give us, with analysis of aspects such as average life expectancy, marriage age, seasonal fertility and seasonal mortality being collected. A large number of inscriptions also record the actual day of death, and this gives a large amount of information on the pagan names of the days and their continued usage, Christian names of days, as well as information on the use, and later development from, the Roman calendar system. These inscriptions also give information on the cults of saints in Gaul and Spain, and go into detail on the cult of St Martin of Tours, also discussing Spanish evidence for martyr cults, inscriptions in the town of Vienne, as well as pilgrim graffiti from Gaul and Spain. The study goes on to look at literacy levels during this period and discusses how much information these inscriptions can give us to determine this, and also covers other questions that this raises. In his conclusion Handley looks at the end of the practice of epigraphic inscriptions in Gaul and Spain during this period, with changes in commemoration practices, and in society in general, leading to a decline in the amount of inscriptions being made on tombstones. Inscriptions of these kind in the period in question are of importance because the epitaph that was placed on the stone became the 'embodiment' of the deceased and was a focus for mourning. The characteristics of the deceased were placed there on the stone, so the inscription therefore represented the dead. These inscriptions represented the social élite in the way that they wished to appear, and their very presence was a status symbol. This book opens up our eyes to the wealth of information that can be gained from such a large pool of information that these inscriptions represent.

This is a highly unusual and particularly interesting BAR which is very atypical in terms of its content and form from many of our other titles. This study deals with Ethnoarchaeology, which is the study of material culture in present-day contexts, not with regards to another field, but with respect to the material culture of archaeologists themselves. This is therefore as the title plainly states, an Ethnography of Archaeology, and in the author's own words this study: 'takes an outside perspective looking in rather than an inside perspective looking out.' The author carries out a detailed analysis of the various practices and material cultures of archaeological fieldwork, looking at certain skills, traditions, tools and other objects which become part of common everyday use on a dig, and he goes on to look further at the meaning and symbolism of these practices and objects. Edgeworth compares the act of archaeological excavation to a 'traditional craft process', for by all definitions of the word it is indeed a craft. He then goes on to discuss a typology of the related tools of the this 'craft', splitting them up into two categories, those related to actually digging into the ground, e.g. spades, trowels, pick-axes...and those related to measuring and recording, e.g. pens, pencils etc. Furthermore there are many associated formal methods of dealing with archaeological features, involving either removing objects (material transactions) or making recordings (inscriptions). One object of particular ritual and hierarchical importance is the trowel, which is shown to be a very personal item of equipment that can often even be a status symbol (for instance a well-worn trowel indicates experience, a position akin to that of a sort of tribal elder within the dig). The technique of an archaeologist is also discussed, with it being likened to a learned skill that can be passed on to other, less experienced members of the social group on the dig. However, there are other, less material, aspects discussed in this thesis, as the social transactions on the dig are of considerable significance. With all participants carrying out the same actions there will be a general shared feeling of intent or purpose, common goals and interests, a shared unfolding of the dig, as well as similar skills and abilities derived from shared cultural experiences. The author carries out extensive ethnographic interviews in order to gauge the thought processes and general method of operating an archaeologist generally goes through when digging. The way archaeologists recognise certain features is of particular interest here as the learned and inherent skills and abilities which are usually taken for granted are illustrated.

This work examines small mammal faunas from cave sites in southwest England and Wales. Its three main objectives are to investigate the rapid environmental changes taking place in the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene periods; to understand the processes by which small mammal remains were deposited in the cave sites examined; and to demonstrate the value of small mammals studies as an archaeological tool. All identifiable mammal remains from 12 selected sites are listed. 10 of the locations are new material. An examination of possible agents of accumulation is provided for each site to identify any bias introduced by prey selection. Reconstructions of the environments local to each cave at the time of deposition are offered. The evidence provided by the small mammals is related to the archaeological findings from each cave, to demonstrate the effect of human habitation of cave sites on the depositional and post-depositional processes shown by the microfauna. The environmental evidence provided by the study reflects a wider landscape rather than merely the immediate surroundings of the cave, and so gives a basis for human exploitation patterns in the area accessible from the cave. Reconstructions of the ecological mosaics formed by the rapidly changing climate of the period and the topographic variation around the cave sites are provided, demonstrating the potential complexity of the environment in which the humans and other fauna of the period existed. This is intended to encourage archaeologists to look beyond the general division of environmental boundaries in this period, and to examine the local variation in habitat availability and use.

Functional Analysis has become firmly established as a methodology of archaeological research and is seen to play a crucial role in the disciplinary advance of archaeology. This present volume developed from the 1st Conference on Functional Analysis in Spain and Portugal, held in Barcelona at the end of 2001. The 29 papers focus on various aspects of prehistoric activity in the Iberian Peninsular. The first section of the book is dedicated to theory and methodology; the second part concentrates on new methodological advances, and the third concentrates on specific hunter-gatherer sites from different archaeological periods.

This book analyses the 'local pottery' tradition of Roman Dacia. (In the summer of 106 AD a part of Dacia - today Romania - became a Roman province.) Taking wheel- and hand-made products, the author investigates only that pottery which clearly derives from the classic Dacian Late Iron Age, and under 'local pottery' includes the terms 'local tradition', 'native', and 'indigenous pottery'. The work contains a repertory of wholly native pottery found in Roman Dacia, as well as a list of sites.

Aberglasney comprises a substantial house, outbuildings walled gardens, wooded areas, and a Yew tunnel. It is situated in the Tywi valley in the Parish of Llangathen in Carmarthenshire. The Aberglasney Restoration Trust was established in 1994 to save these remains, which were in an advanced state of decay, and eventually open the gardens to the public. Archaeological involvement was required since the house and gardens were about to undergo a major scheme of restoration. The excavations aimed to remove later landscaping levels to reveal the layout of the 17th and 18th century gardens and findings confirmed that occupation started in the late 15th century, and that an extensive formal garden was laid out during the first half of the 17th century. Kevin Blockley's report provides a fascinating account of the work undertaken under the control of John Trefor, BBC Wales produced a four-part programme in 1999 entitled Aberglasney: A Garden Lost in Time. This present volume makes a valuable companion to the series.Written by Kevin Blockley and Ian Halfpenney.With contributions from John Carrott, Edward Besly, Martin Bridge, Paul Courtney, Phil Evans, Allan Hall, Michael Ibbotson, Su Johnson, Frances Large, Daniel Miles, Nigel Nayling, Mark Redknap, William Wilkins and Darren Worthy.Illustrations by Attila Csaba.

Technological variability between north-eastern sites and Sierra de Atapuerca sites

with English summary

This ambitious study aims to explore the decision-making processes of Neanderthals when making and selecting tools, from selecting the raw material to the finished tool and its use.

The adaptive re-use of English monastic buildings in the second half of the 16th century has been relatively little studied. With a few notable exceptions, it has been generally assumed that most former monastic sites were simply plundered for their building materials. Two new approaches suggest that frequently this was not so. First, by examining in detail all the monastic houses of a single county - in this case Hertfordshire - which survived until the Dissolution, and, secondly, by treating the surviving architectural evidence as a primary source, it can be shown that much medieval fabric is, in fact, incorporated in later houses on monastic sites, even when this is not readily apparent. Coupled with contemporary documentary records and later antiquarian accounts, this structural analysis allows a reconstruction to be made of the processes of re-use in the half-century after the Dissolution. The author features 13 detailed case studies of important properties.

A study of the representation of theatre structures on Italian painted ceramics of the 4th and 3rd centuries BC, focusing in particular on the regions of Apulia, Campania, Lucania, Paestum and Sicily.

Lampeter Workshop in Archaeology 4The 11 papers in this volume derive from a series of seminars under the aegis of the Lampeter Workshop in Archaeology. The result is an attempt to broaden the debate and discuss the many problems that face archaeologists in the area of ethics today. It also aims to theorize some of the terms that have tended to be taken for granted in previous discussions. Many people engage with ethical issues in their everyday lives, including within their roles as archaeologists, but this thoughtful critical practice perhaps does not always become articulated in published form.