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Just how sanitary were cities in North America in the late 19th century? The period was a time of great change in urban sanitary regulations and awareness of public health generally. At the Îlot Hunt site in Québec City, domestic and commercial establishments were investigated and archaeoentomological samples analyzed from two latrines, a drain, and an abandoned well. In total 6755 insects were identified from 48 levels. Through a multidisciplinary contextual analysis, a new view of public health in late nineteenth-century Québec City has been accessed, indicating the value of this approach in historical archaeology. Appendix C features a 12-page, complete listing of all the insect remains recovered from the site.

The seven chapters in this volume were delivered at a cycle of lectures presented (at the Winckelmann-Institut der Humboldt-Universität) in Berlin over the winter of 1998/99. Concentrating on the Roman era, four contributions focus on the impact of Roman settlement in the 'Northwestern Provinces' (Britain, Germany, Gaul, and the Low Countries), and three discuss aspects of Roman life in the Danube Provinces (Moesia/Lower Danube, Apulum/Alba Iulia, and Caracalla/Dacia.).

Papers from a session held at the European Association of Archaeologists Fifth Annual Meeting in Bournemouth 1999The European Association of Archaeology arranged its fifth annual meeting in September 1999 in Bournemouth, England. One of the sessions was entitled "Archaeology and Buildings", and this volume covers the papers presented at it. The topic includes studies on buildings and the built environment, irrespective of age, material, or object function. The nine papers take us from County Limerick to the Orient, and over time from the fifth millennium BC up to the 20th century. They relate to the topic in general terms and from different points of view. Problems on theory, practical works, and cultural heritage management were all considered. Questions with regard to function and development of single objects were also discussed, as well as how buildings can mirror changes, or societal circumstances related to political, social, economic and/or ideological matters. Illustrated throughout with photographs, maps, line drawings, and plans.

Sardinia is the second largest island in the Mediterranean, slightly smaller than Sicily but with a longer coastline. In contrast to Sicily's obvious 'crossroads' position, the recent debate on the relative 'isolation' of Sardinia is analyzed in Robert Rowland's fascinating and accessible 'archaeological history' of the island, spanning the Prehistoric era of dolmens, menhirs and the Nuragic Civilization, to later Medieval times and Pope Boniface's creation of the joint Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica in 1297. Chapter 1 includes a detailed island setting, and a feature of each chapter is the author's use of paragraph keyword-headings throughout for quick references.

The wish of the editors was to bring together a number of individuals who had worked on evidence for the late Roman transition in north Britain in order to compare results, and to attempt to identify common ground, differences, and potential approaches for future research. In order to cover a range of views on the subject, the speakers included excavators (Ferris, Jones, Wilmott and Wilson), specialists in the areas of finds, ceramics, and environmental studies (Cool, Evans, Huntley and Stallibrass), and academics with a specialist interest in the late Roman transition (Dark and Esmonde-Cleary). The area studied is bisected by a national boundary, on each side of which archaeological agendas with different emphases are pursued, and the subject has been seen either as the end of the concern of the Romanist or the beginning of the concern of the medievalist. It is only in relatively recent years that the transition has been recognised widely as a separate study in its own right for which it is necessary to deploy evidence from a great variety of specialisms. As the papers presented here largely represent summaries of work in progress or overviews of work to date they are intended to provoke debate and hopefully act as a springboard for new work, both by the authors and others. Contents include: Transforming an Elite: Reinterpreting Late Roman Binchester by Iain Ferris and Rick Jones; The late Roman transition at Birdoswald and on Hadrian's Wall by Tony Wilmott; Cataractonium (Catterick): The end of a Roman town? by Pete Wilson; Coin Supply in the North in the late Roman period by R J Brickstock; The End of Roman Pottery in the North by Jeremy Evans; The parts left over: material culture into the fifth century by H E M Cool; Late Roman Transition in the North: the Palynological Evidence by Jacqueline P Huntley; How little we know, and how much there is to learn: what can animal and human bones tell us about the late Roman transition in northern England? by Sue Stallibrass; The Late Roman Transition in the North: a discussion Ken Dark; Summing Up by Simon Esmonde Cleary.

The book explores what has happened to the Hadrian Wall in the post-Roman period; it examines the various types of buildings and structures that have re-used the Wall stone in their fabric, place-name evidence, ancient maps, estate deeds and plans, antiquarian writers and travelers as well as modern archaeological research.

Eski Mosul Dam Salvage Project Excavations of the Polish Center of Archaeology, University of WarsawReport on Polish excavations on Tell Rijim on the western bank of the Tigris. Middle Bronze Age layers are reported: architecture, with two houses, pottery kiln and various other structures; pottery is examined in detail with chapters on fabric, forms and decoration with a comprehensive catalogue; other small finds are described as well. The first structures date from the 18th century BC and belonged to an irregularly planned open village which, in 1600 BC underwent a decided transformation, with fortifications and a deep ravine, although the settlement itself remained small and was certainly not an administrative centre. It seems that the later settlement was a dimtu settlement, which, if true, would make Tell Rijim the oldest such settlement known from the archaeological record.

This book deals with the post-glacial Stone-Age human inhabitants who were populating the Milfield basin in today's Northumberland, and the evolution of land-use, settlement, ideology and the changing nature of people's relationship with the natural world. A wide range of methodologies and fieldwork projects have been employed. The result is a contribution to archaeological knowledge by way of new fieldwork practices, the development of an interpretative scheme for fieldwalking lithic data and the construction of a detailed synthesis for the Milfield area.

Este trabajo de investigación fundamenta su estudio en el interés por conocer las características biológicas de los individuos inhumados en los diferentes tipos de estructuras funerarias y el ritual que estos recibieron, según los datos arqueológicos que proporcionan los diferentes yacimientos con contextos funerarios de la Campiña Litoral y Banda Atlántica de Cádiz durante la Prehistoria reciente. Por tanto, se trata de un estudio donde, por una parte se comparan yacimientos desde el punto de vista arqueológico, centrándonos en las estructuras funerarias y sus ajuares; y por otra, desde una perspectiva bioantropológica se analizan los restos óseos con la finalidad de recoger datos sobre las características de las poblaciones, sus patologías, variantes anatómicas, etc. El resultado final es un análisis integral en el que se relacionan estos datos biológicos con los aspectos culturales propios de su contexto histórico.This research work is based on the importance of knowing the biological characteristics of the individuals buried in various types of funerary structures and the ritual they received, according to the archaeological data that the different deposits have provided in funerary contexts of the Campiña Litoral and Atlantic band of Cadiz during recent prehistory. Therefore, it is a study in which, on the one hand, the deposits are compared from an archaeological point of view, focusing on the funerary structures and their associated grave goods; on the other hand, the skeletal remains have been analysed from a bioanthropological perspective, in order to collect data on the characteristics of the populations, their pathologies, anatomical variants, etc. The end result is an integrated analysis in which these biological data are considered in relation to the cultural data for their historical context.

Valencian castles have been studied from very different approaches, and to greater or lesser degrees. This has allowed scholars to better understand their history and morphology, the materials used in their construction and their pathologies, as well as other aspects related to the people who occupied them at different times in history. Furthermore, multiple interventions have been carried out in order to improve their condition and recover them for cultural, social and tourist uses. Nevertheless, there has been a lack of analysis of how fortifications are managed. This research focuses on cultural heritage management, and especially how castles are managed, in the province of Alicante (Spain). To do this, a qualitative research methodology and semi-structured interviews with specialists have been employed. This project shows the results of research applied to 42 fortifications, owned by several municipalities of the province of Alicante.

Proceedings of the Graduate Archaeology at Oxford Conferences 2015-2016This volume brings together two Graduate Archaeology at Oxford (GAO) conferences held in 2015-2016 to present the work of early-career researchers from across the globe. The papers cover a range of periods and regions, but all share the focus of bridging boundaries, whether these are theoretical, methodological or geographic. Some contributors traverse traditional divisions between subjects by integrating computational approaches with early excavation data or archaeology with historical sources to produce 'thick interpretations' of the past. Several papers approach the past as a bilateral process, examining how people shaped and were in return shaped by their interactions with the world around them. In addition, many authors have directly tackled the modern political divides that influence our research. Building on a strong tradition of novel approaches and interdisciplinary methods, these proceedings present current research on directly tackling issues of division head on.

This study focuses on the archaeological record of South-Eastern Spain during the period stretching from the end of the Late Roman period up until the establishment of the new 'states' of the Taifa Kingdoms and the Caliphate of Cordoba. This work is a study of the area of the Vera Basin, and attempts to explain the socio-economic organisation and its interaction with the surrounding environment of this region, and is based therefore on the material remains from settlements during this period. The study is comprised of three parts, the first section is concerned with the period in which these sites existed, the second is concerned with the spatial positioning of these sites, with the third section being a general conclusion. The first section splits the period in question into six distinct phases encompassing the 3rd to the 11th centuries AD. The study looks at occupation in the area in question during these phases and discusses population fluctuations over these periods. The present day environment of the Vera Basin is a semi-desert landscape situated in the south-eastern region of the Iberian peninsula, with the palaeo-ecological data suggesting that there was a period of unusually high aridity from the 7th to the 10th centuries AD, with torrential interludes. The author looks at settlement patterns in the region, starting by covering Late Roman sites such as Baria, a small urban site, as well as numerous villae. Later sites such as Bayra are also discussed, and this was an important site in terms of administration and ideology, as a major mosque was built here, and was the capital of the Bayra district in the 11th century. The study states how the Vera Basin was a heavily populated area at the end of the Late Roman period, and this population was based upon the extensive amount of dryland cereal agriculture, as well as a large amount of irrigational agriculture in alluvial areas. As the power of Rome waned there was a general period of depopulation, with the population becoming dispersed into smaller communities. A majority of the population remained centred around the lowland areas. From the 6th to the 8th centuries there seems to have been an environmental crisis of some kind, basically a period of alternating floods and droughts, and this in turn lead to the widespread abandonment of settlements. The appearance of glazed ceramics in the 9th century probably indicates an influx of new peoples, with three new settlements being founded in this first Andalusi phase. The period from the 10th to the 11th centuries represents a phase of population growth, although the settlements were still largely dispersed. The author concludes by stating that three-quarters of the sites in the Vera Basin were no longer inhabited after the 11th century. This shows that the settlement patterns during the Late Andalusi period did not lead directly into the period of the Caliphate, and it can be assumed that this is because of the major period of instability and upheaval that this region underwent during the 12th century.

Contains a biography of Professor Barri Jones by Nick Higham and a bibliography of his published writings. Thirty-three leading archaeologists, colleagues and friends of the late Professor Barri Jones, contribute to this volume of essays offered to the memory of this eminent figure in gratitude for his inspirational teaching, his charismatic academic leadership, and his warmth as a friend and colleague. Although, strictly speaking, several of these papers really lie outside the Roman Empire, either in terms of geography or period, all have some link to Barri Jones himself, and reflect his interests and encouragement of others.

This book contains papers mainly in English (2 in French) and session abstracts in English, German and Spanish.

Paris Monographs in American Archaeology 11

This volume has been produced by the European Association of Archaeologists (EAA) as a result of the contributions presented by different authors during the sessions held under the general heading of 'Architectural Archaeology' in Lisbon (Portugal) in 2000, and in Esslingen (Germany) in 2001. Archaeotecture: Archaeology of Architecture is a compilation of the majority of the papers presented during these sessions, organised according to their subjects or the chronological periods they cover. All nineteen papers share a common factor: the study of constructions and architectonic spaces, analysed from an archaeological perspective. One of the aims of this volume was to gather together the different analyses that have been carried out into all types of architecture, regardless of their chronology or type. The studies gathered in this volume cover a chronological period that starts with Prehistory and continues to the present day, concentrating equally on the analysis of wooden archaeological structures and monumental architecture built in stone. Another of the objectives of these sessions was to demonstrate that investigation and management are two inseparable elements within the study of heritage constructions, as demonstrated by some of the studies included that discuss the application of Architectural Archaeology in Heritage Management. Although this volume is not a compendium of all of the theoretical and methodological approximations, perspectives and proposals in use today in Architectural Archaeology, it does offer a detailed description of the different types of projects that have been carried out in Europe in recent years.

Section 10: Âge du Cuivre au Proche Orient et en Europe / Copper Age in the Near East and EuropeColloque / Symposium C 10.2The main emphasis of this book is water and its importance in prehistoric societies, and it looks at how people in the period from the Chalcolithic to the Early Bronze Age exploited water in various ways. This ranges from the large scale utilisation of water for agricultural purposes, down to the design of bowls, materials and decorative figures. The study gives a broad outline of the cultural and physical impact of water upon societies during this period, and goes so far as to define water as a central element for the study of ancient societies. The argument is that as civilisation progressed out of the Neolithic, people gained a better control of wetlands and were able to colonise river valleys and drain marshes. The study begins by investigating the Neolithic in Mesopotamia and the Chalcolithic in the Balkans, stating how society had gained a developed management of water on different levels, and this is indicated by the design of settlements, houses and objects. The importance of water as a major influence over settlement patterns is shown in terms of water as a resource, but also as a means of communication and as a defensive barrier. Technological improvements relating to the collection, movement, storage, and usage of water are investigated in depth. These advances offered man a greater level of control over his environment, and allowed the control of seasonal flooding in the Near East, and more intensive agriculture in Temperate areas of Europe. Water trade routes from the Neolithic were still used in the Chalcolithic and the Bronze Age, but many other trade routes grew up as shipbuilding developed, with the cultures of Greece and Mesopotamia becoming seafarers. The study of certain objects such as figurines and temple offerings show that cultures considered the collection and storage of water to have a great importance, and attached ritual values to these practices. Often, owing to the importance of water in their lives, people would worship the springs and other water sources associated with their settlements. Some of the papers in this study infer that these primitive religions were based upon the fertility values of water in their society. For instance, in the Balkans many container vessels are in the shape of the female body, linking these to a fertility cult of water. However the main theme of this book is to look at the archaeology of water exploitation strategies, both on the macro and the micro-level.

Cambridge Monographs in African Archaeology 55The focus of this study (number 55 in the Cambridge Monographs in African Archaeology) is the impact of developments from the 13th-19th centuries on the Ìlàrè District of Central Yorubaland, SW Nigeria. The author's goal is to explain how the pan-regional interaction networks and historical processes shaped the settlement history, socio-political development, and transformations in the material aspects of cultural institutions in Ìlàrè District during the period studied. Although Ìlàrè District is recognized as a periphery in the interacting networks that linked several regional metropolises in Yorubaland, this study demonstrates that a regional history of these networks can be reconstructed by using the archaeological and oral historical data from Ìlàrè District. As the first archaeological investigation in this interesting area, this work extends the frontiers of academic research in Yorubaland, and contributes to the pool of data needed to construct a comprehensive cultural history for the region.

The subject of this work is the way that symbolism operates in official representations of the pharaohs' sons and daughters, during the historical period widely known as the New Kingdom (1550-1069 BC). The use of symbols in different expressions of Egyptian culture has been widely mentioned, and has been discussed from many different angles. Scholars have also analysed the identity and function of various royal children through historical and genealogical works. However, there has been little attempt to associate general ideas about visual and verbal symbolism with a socially homogeneous group such as the royal children. The author therefore aims to explore and explain what lies beneath the choice, the variation and the evolution of symbols used in the royal children's iconography and imagery. The area of Egyptian culture that was most affected by this symbolism is essentially the royal ideology. In the course of the five chapters of this work the author explains not only the role of royal children in analogies between divine and royal families, but also how the royal children became an official link between the king and leading non-royals.

Petits échanges en familleLa culture Blicquy/Villeneuve-Saint-Germain marque la fin des traditions danubiennes (Néolithique ancien) dans le nord de la France et en Belgique. Les onze sites étudiés sont localisés en Belgique. Deux aires d'implantation, distantes d'une centaine de km sont distinguées (en Hainaut et en Hesbaye). La mise en œuvre d'une analyse techno-économique de l'industrie lithique blicquienne visait à répondre à un double objectif: restituer l'organisation socio-économique de la production lithique et les relations entretenues entre les différentes zones de peuplement de cette culture. Cette étude souligne la structure duale de la production lithique et suggère une spécialisation intra- voire intercommunautaire de cette production laminaire. L'étude de la diffusion des matières premières illustre l'intensité des relations entre les villages, impliquant fréquemment le déplacement de tailleurs. Ce travail souligne à nouveau l'importance des échanges dans la vie socio-économique de ces premières communautés agro-pastorales.In the north of France and Belgium, the Blicquy/Villeneuve-Saint-Germain culture marks the end of the Danube traditions (Early Neolithic Period). The eleven sites studied are all found in Belgium. Two settlement areas, separated by 100 km, are highlighted (in Hainaut and in Hesbaye). The author has performed an analysis of the technical and economical characteristics of the Blicquian lithic industry, in order to describe the socio-economic organisation relating to lithic production as well as the relationships between the different settlement areas of this culture. The study concludes that there were two distinct types of production and suggests some kind of specialisation in the laminar production in the community, or even among several communities. The study of the diffusion networks of siliceous raw materials illustrates the intensity of relations between villages, often involving the movement of knappers, demonstrating further the importance of exchanges for the socio-economical welfare of those agro-pastoral communities.

Sardinia preserves an exceptional record of its Final Neolithic and Copper Age cultures, with a diverse crafts repertory, henges and dolmens, statue-menhirs, chamber tombs - and the only known ziggurat in Europe. The present study provides a synthesis in English for a scholarly readership interested in Mediterranean adaptations during this earliest period of metallurgy. As elsewhere, the infusion of metallurgy had profound implications, as island cultures underwent a series of transformations tied directly or indirectly to it. Spanning two millennia, these changes are studied in terms of material cultures known as Ozieri, Sub-Ozieri, Filigosa-Abealzu, Monte Claro and Bell Beaker. A more overarching finding from this review is the periodic engagement between these cultures and geographically distant ones. Such punctuations of the insular condition had long-lasting effects on local expression, and some thoughts on how this might contribute to understandings of concepts like identity formation are presented by way of a conclusion.

This book represents the final report on the field work carried out in 2008 and 2009 by the Iranian-Italian Joint Archaeological Mission at the archaeological site of Persepolis West, where parts of the town adjacent to the well-known Achaemenid monumental terrace of Persepolis have been located. The eleven trial trenches excavated in areas indicated by the results of Iranian and Iranian-French geophysical surveys represent the first stratigraphic excavations ever carried out on this site, the dating of which is supported by a rich series of radiocarbon datings. Illustration of the excavations is preceded by an accurate geophysical study of the topographical context and accompanied by a detailed and richly illustrated analysis of pottery and other finds: the safe stratigraphic context makes these finds a particularly important source of evidence for our knowledge of the ceramics of Fars during the historic pre-Islamic age. The excavations largely confirm the location of the built-up area of Parsa indicated by geophysical surveys.

Questo libro è una raccolta di 10 saggi su vari temi di archeologia e museologia della Sicilia sud-orientale. I primi quattro capitoli sono incentrati su problematiche relative a musei, Patrimonio Culturale e paesaggio, e su alcuni aspetti poco noti concernenti la formazione e la personalità di alcuni celebri studiosi ed intellettuali del territorio siracusano. I rimanenti sei saggi riguardano temi di archeologia e topografia antica: le emergenze archeologiche gravitanti intorno alla Riserva Naturale Integrale Grotta Monello; nuove osservazioni di carattere storico sul santuario rupestre di Cibele ad Akrai; i rapporti tra Indigeni e Greci nell'entroterra siracusano sulla base delle nuove indagini archeologiche nei siti di Cugno Case Vecchie, Causeria e Olivella; l'analisi delle tipologie, funzioni e caratteristiche delle tombe monumentali paleocristiane a baldacchino e delle chiese rupestri medievali con iconostasi; lo studio e la valorizzazione dei castelli medievali della Sicilia sud-orientale.This book is a collection of 10 papers on Archaeology and Museology issues in south-eastern Sicily. Two papers are focused on issues related to museums, cultural heritage and landscape, and two present some notable aspects of the cultural education and personality of famous scholars and intellectuals of Syracuse. The remaining six papers are related to the archaeology and ancient topography of the Hyblean plateau: the archaeological discoveries in the Riserva Naturale Integrale Grotta Monello; new chronological observations on the rock sanctuary of Cybele in Akrai; relations between Greek and indigenous archaeological sites in the territory of Syracuse, on the basis of new archaeological surveys in the sites of Cugno Case Vecchie, Causeria and Olivella; an analysis of the typologies, functions and characteristics of early Christian monumental canopy tombs and medieval rock churches with iconostasis; and the study and valorization of the medieval castles of south-eastern Sicily.With contributions by Ray Bondin, Franco Dell'Aquila, Iorga Ivano Prato and Paolo Daniele Scirpo and preface by Lorenzo Guzzardi

Il Museo Egizio di Firenze possiede una delle più importanti collezioni di Ushabti d'Italia e d'Europa. La collezione consta di circa ottocento ushabti, in origine afferenti a diverse collezioni: Granducale, Nizzoli, Rosellini, Ricci, Schiaparelli. Altre raccolte minori afferiscono a differenti acquisizioni effettuate tra il 19° e il 20°. Il corpus di ushabti del Museo Egizio di Firenze è databile dal Secondo Periodo Intermedio fino all'Epoca Romana. Dal 2008 il "progetto ushabti" del Centro Studi di Egittologia e Civiltà Copta "J.F.Champollion" di Genova, in collaborazione con il Museo Egizio di Firenze, ha avviato uno studio completo dei reperti e la pubblicazione di un nuovo catalogo della collezione di ushabti. Questo secondo volume del catalogo conclude lo studio dei pezzi databili al Nuovo Regno: una raccolta di 128 schede relative agli ushabti e ai loro contenitori. Il volume si compone della simbologia ed abbreviazioni, delle schede, dell'apparato fotografico e di indici e bibliografia quali utili riferimenti finali. The Egyptian Museum of Florence has one of most important Ushabti collections in Italy, and in Europe as a whole. The collection contains around eight hundred ushabtis that originally belonged to different collections: Granducale, Nizzoli, Rosellini, Ricci and Schiaparelli. Other smaller groups contain objects of various origin, collected in the 19th and 20th centuries. The ushabtis in the museum at Florence date from the end of the Second Intermediate and Roman Period. Since the 'Ushabti Project' was started in 2008, the 'J.F. Champollion' Centre for Egyptology and Coptic Civilization Studies of Genoa, in cooperation with the Egyptian Museum of Florence, has been involved in a complete study and scientific publication of a new catalogue presenting the Ushabti collection. The catalogue is divided into several volumes, providing a complete documentation of the Florence ushabti collection. This second volume of the catalogue concludes the study of artefacts dating to the New Kingdom: a collection of 128 records pertaining to funerary statues and their boxes. The volume contains the abbreviations and textual codes, the records, a photographic section, a useful index and a bibliography. Catalogo degli Ushabti del Museo Egizio di Firenze, Volume I: II Periodo Intermedio - Nuovo Regno (Prima Parte) contains a general introduction about the history of the collection, the abbreviations and textual codes, the records, a photographic section, an index and a bibliography (BAR Publishing, S2828, 9781407314884, 2016).

Examining the use of Tholos Tomb C and Burial Building 19 and the role of illumination in relation to mortuary practices and the perception of life and death by the livingA virtual reconstruction of the Minoan Cemetery at Phourni, Archanes (Crete), examining the use of Tholos Tomb C and Burial Building 19 and the role of illumination, in relation to mortuary practices and the perception of life and death by the living. This computer-based research provides scientists with an alternative reading of the dataset from the Minoan cemetery at Phourni, Archanes; the analysis attempts to evaluate the tomb architecture, use, visual impact, and capacity over different time periods,as well as the contribution of light to determine not only practical purposes, but also philosophical and religious beliefs.

South American Archaeology Series No. 10

This detailed study compares the results of previously published excavations in what is termed the North Pontic region (Southern Russia and the Ukraine). It explores the question of whether a 'Scythian' ethnic grouping can be identified and its culture defined.

with French abstract

Proceedings of the Seventh Meeting of Postgraduate Researchers at the Institute of Archaeology, University College London, 21st -23rd February 200332 papersEdited by Camilla Briault, Jack Green, Anthi Kaldelis and Anna Stellatou