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ARCHAEOLINGUA Central European Series 3This work aims to set up a research agenda to show how archaeology can contribute to an interdisciplinary study of society in the later Middle Ages, in this case in terms of a survey of the possibilities of using archaeology to study Hungarian nobility from the point of view of their living conditions and the functions of their residences. The author, drawn to this theme through an excavation in Pomáz (west of Budapest) in 1995, investigates the co-existence of various settlement types from the point of view of manorial buildings.

This study of the interaction of the southern Iberian early Iron Age communities with the eastern Mediterranean colonisers is based on archaeological evidence from the Guadalquivir valley, the adjacent Mediterranean coast, and a number of sites along the river Guadiana in the modern provinces of Huelva, Cadiz, Seville, Cordoba, Granada, Malaga, Almeria, Alicante, Jáen and Badajoz. In addition to the settlement and cemetery evidence, various types of artefacts, ivory objects, gold jewellery, bronze work and pottery are examined. The investigation concentrates on the time between the 8th and 6th centuries B.C., but the final Bronze Age and, to a lesser extent, the later early Iron Age is also taken into account as the basis for comparison of the settlement pattern, burial custom, and technological and social development.

It is only thanks to a concise reference in Pliny (NH,III,30) that we have any information on the granting of Latium status rights to Spain by Vespasian, the first of the Flavian emperors. The grant of these rights is important as regards explaining the history of the three Spanish provinces under the Flavian dynasty. Through this text -uniuersae Hispaniae Vespasianus Imperator Augustus iactatum procellis rei publicae Latium tribuit- we are today able to discuss the origin, chronology, causes and effects of this significant gesture. Indeed, it is so important that we cannot completely understand the future development of Flavian Spain, and the subsequent Spanish emperor 's activities also, without analysing it fully. This study explores the history of the Latin Right and the privileges granted by Vespasian to Spain, and the evolution of those grants in ancient Rome.Prologue by Francisco Beltrán Lloris

This work explores the way in which novel chemical criteria can be used to identify charred remains of grains of small-grained grasses used as food by pre-agrarian hunter-gatherers in south-western Asia but which have hitherto rarely been identified with any precision. The grass family Gramineae or Poaceae, is the most diverse, abundant and widespread family of higher plants on the planet. Grasses correspondingly have enormous ecological and economic importance worldwide. Their importance is reflected in the prominent role of grain from wild grasses in hunter-gatherer subsistence. In order to reconstruct past subsistence practices and diet, especially of arid-zone hunter-gatherers, it is important to identify the remains of grasses recovered from archaeological sites. However, the recovered grass remains are most often charred, therefore the interpretive potential can be realized only if these charred remains are accurately identified at the level of genus and, in some cases, species. There are enormous problems in identifying charred remains, particularly when relying totally on gross morphological criteria. There is therefore a need for alternative criteria, such as that utilized by chemical analytical techniques. The core rationale in applying the different chemical techniques is the same throughout: grains are taken from modern grasses of known identity and spanning a spectrum of taxa likely to include all the charred ancient specimens to be identified (the unknowns). These modern grains are then analysed to generate spectra. Equivalent spectra from unknowns are then compared with those from the modern grains to effect an identification. Standard practice has hitherto involved comparing the two sets of spectra (know and unknowns) by visual inspection; i.e. "by eye". However, identifications based on such comparisons are inevitably to some degree untestable and unrepeatable, and this represents a long-standing problem in chemistry generally. In the present project the author has therefore explored the use of chemometrics: i.e. the use of statistical systems to compare spectra in a manner that is rigorously testable and repeatable. This is an entirely new development, and has never previously been applied in the analysis of archaeological data.

Proceedings of the symposium held at the Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznä (Poland), May 26-29 2002In the wealth of literature concerning Bell Beakers, the present volume is the first broad treatment of issues relating to their northeast frontier. The book has grown from papers read at the symposium Northeast Frontier of Bell Beakers held in the Institute of Prehistory, Adam Mickiewicz University, in Poznan on 26-29 May 2002. The symposium was co-organized by the AMU Foundation, AMU Institute of Eastern Studies, Archaeological Museum in Poznan and the Poznan Prehistoric Society.

Cambridge Monographs in African Archaeology 57Volume 57 in the Cambridge Monographs in African Archaeology focuses on the problems of chronological interpretation of two "faciès" from the North African Epipalaeolithic: Typical and Upper Capsian. Originally defined as two evolutionary phases, they are considered as contemporary following the development of the radiometric method in the 1950s. The author tackles the question of evolution or contemporaneousness from a systematic revision of cultural attribution, stratigraphy, and particularly the radiocarbon dates. Evidence is presented at the micro level from a new look at the lithic technology from the assemblages of Bortal Fakher, El-Mekta, Relilaï, and Aïn Dokkara, before widening to include the whole Capsian region for a global comparison of cultural attribution, chronology and lithic technology. By integrating what is known of the Capsian, from previous researches and these new results, the author proposes an evolutionary model that emphasizes the development of the Capsian until the Neolithic in the Maghreb. 243 figures, maps, plans, tables, drawings, illustrations; English abstract.With a preface by Jacques Tixier

The region of Chihuahua in North-Western Mexico is a relatively isolated area with a barren desert landscape. There is little in the way of the Settlement Archaeology typically found in the Southern regions of Mexico, for instance cities, roads, temples and other large stone structures. However, there is archaeological evidence present in this region that points to a significant culture, important due to the fact that it has a material and cultural merging of both Mesoamerican and Puebloan influences. Because of these combined influences there are different theories as to the origins of this culture, with either the Toltecs or the Anasazi being put forward. The study starts by discussing Chihuahuan Prehistory and ceramic research in this area, as well as the environment, geography, the archaeological record, and ceramic chronologies. Also discussed are the cultural boundaries, definitions and characteristics of the Medio period (1200-1450)A.D.). The role of decoration in ceramic reconstruction is also covered. The cultural implications of the decorative patterns on the Chihuahuan polychrome jars have up until now been largely ignored. These polychromes are part of a distinct pottery series, and Hendrickson uses the large number of vessels stored in many North American museums to carry out a whole range of contrastive analyses on these jars, both individually, as well as looking at general design patterns for cultural interpretation. The analysis of the design of the polychrome jars is carried out by contrasting levels of design, styles, and other tests, in order to fit individual samples into the typology. Importantly Hendrckson places these assemblages within geographical, cultural and temporal contexts.

Les populations des VIIIe-Xe siècles du nord-ouest de la France peuvent être analysées grâce à l'étude de leurs ossements. Pour ceci, la mise en pratique de l'anthropologie biologique (sexe, âge, santé, activité) nécessite une méthodologie rigoureuse et des critères nettement définis détaillés ici. La mise au point de nouvelles méthodes permettant des analyses spécifiques aux informations recherchées est proposée. Les sites archéologiques du corpus correspondent à des situations variées du point de vue de l'environnement et la topographie religieuse. La détermination de leur recrutement mais aussi l'étude de leur état sanitaire et de leur niveau d'activité donne la possibilité de les caractériser et de proposer des hypothèses sur leur nature. Ces données, confrontées aux études menées d'après les sources écrites et archéologiques, donnent alors une image précise des populations carolingiennes, permettent de comparer les divers ensembles funéraires et illustrent ainsi la grande variété mais aussi la hiérarchisation partielle des groupes populationnels carolingiens.The 8th to 10th century populations of the north-west of France can be better understood through the analysis of human remains. If biological anthropology is to be used for this purpose (to determine sex, age, health and activity level), it needs a rigorous methodology and clearly defined standards. The development of new methods of analysis specific to the research data is proposed in this volume. The archaeological sites of the corpus correspond to a variety of environmental, topographical and cultural contexts. Analysis of the selection (or acceptance) of individuals for burial at these sites and the study of their state of health and level of activity makes it possible to characterise the populations, and to suggest hypotheses about their origins. These methods, in comparison with studies of archaeological and written sources, can thus grant us a clear picture of Carolingian populations. The data allow us to compare various burial situations and thus to illustrate the large variety, but also the partially hierarchical organisation, of Carolingian population groups.

This study documents the corpus of terracotta figurines that were found during excavations at Tell Timai between 2009 and 2013. The study assesses the locations in which terracotta figurines have been found both at Tell Timai and across Egypt, and discusses their usage within the settlements of Pharaonic and Ptolemaic-Roman Egypt. In addition, a chronological discussion of terracotta usage in Egypt from the Pharaonic to the Ptolemaic-Roman Period is presented to place the Tell Timai terracottas in chronological order to highlight themes of continuity and change. The figurine catalogue provides a detailed examination of the types and forms represented at Tell Timai and highlights the manufacturing techniques and decoration schemes used for specific types. This analysis also provides a clearer idea of the type of domestic religious activities that were practised at Tell Timai by the local population and the choice of terracotta styles used at specific periods. The study also provides date ranges based on associated ceramic assemblages to provide clearer dating for Egyptian terracotta types in Egypt.

This book presents the analyses, technical interpretation and socio-economic contextualisation of the production remains of zinc distillation from three Ming sites in Fengdu and one Qing site in Shizhu, Chongqing, southwest China. Zinc ore, zinc metal, retorts and slag from these sites were analysed by OM, SEM-EDS, EPMA-WDS and XRD. Following on from a detailed technological reconstruction, some differences were found between the zinc distillation technologies in Fengdu and Shizhu, not only in technical efficiency but also in the organisation of production, which can be explained as adaptation of the zinc production for coinage to the different social, political and economic constraints affecting each group of sites. This book then contextualises and discusses the significance of Chinese zinc production with reference to coinage in Ming and Qing China, but also by comparing it to other brass- and zinc-making technologies in China, India and Europe, and by assessing the influence of Chinese zinc in the international maritime trade.

Grumentum, in the inland of Basilicata, was a Lucanian city and then a Roman colony. This volume publishes the papers presented at two conferences, held in 2012 and 2015. Their aim was to discuss the results of the recent archaeological research in Grumentum and other sites in Lucania. The results are many, and include a new numismatic document concerning the Lucanian city and the reconstruction of the central area of the Roman town from the Late Republican phases to the Augustean project of the new Forum. The most important monuments are studied and their features and transformations are presented according to a chronological frame provided by the finds and their date. Typological studies and chemical and physical analyses have yielded new data which improves our knowledge of the economy, trade, diet and culture of Grumentum. Finally, the transformation of this city into a Christian community is highlighted by new discoveries and findings.Grumentuim, nell'interno della Basilicata, fu una città lucana e poi una colonia romana. Questo volume pubblica i contributi presentati in due congressi, svoltisi nel 2012 e nel 2015. Il loro obiettivo è stato quello di discutere i risultati delle recenti ricerche archeologiche a Grumentum e in altri siti della Lucania. I risultati sono numerosi e comprendono un nuovo documento numismatico relativo alla città lucana e la ricostruzione dell'area centrale della città romana dalle fasi tardo-repubblicane al progetto augusteo del nuovo Foro. Vengono esaminati i monumenti più importanti: la loro forma e le trasformazioni sono presentate entro il quadro cronologico fornito dai reperti e dalla loro datazione. Studi tipologici e analisi chimiche e fisiche hanno prodotto nuovi dati che migliorano la nostra conoscenza dell'economia, del commercio, della dieta e della cultura di Grumentum. Infine, la trasformazione della città in una comunità cristiana viene chiarita dalle nuove scoperte.Contributors: Lorna Anguilano, Luca Arioli, Paola Artoni, Antonella Arzone, Luca Bellucci, Riccardo Bertolazzi, Giulia Bison, Silvia Braito, Alfredo Buonopane, Lianka Camerlengo, Federica Candelato, Antonio Capano, Cristina Di Lorenzo, Federica Fenzi, Helena Fracchia, Ugo Fusco, Maria Pina Gargano, Maurizio Gualtieri, Christian Laes, Barbara Lepri, Chiara Maria Marchetti, Attilio Mastrocinque, Bruna Nardelli, Monica Pagan, Salvatore Pagliuca, Daniela Pizzolato, Jessica Pompele, Lara Pozzan, Antonio Priore, Carlotta Righetti, Roberto Rotondo, Fabio Saggioro, Leonardo Salari, Massimo Saracino, Alessio Sassù, Marianna Scapini, Rossana Scavone, Fiammetta Soriano, Roby Stuani, Francesco Tarlano and Elisa Zentilini

Il volume si occupa di un contesto che parte dal 238 a.C. e giunge al 700 d.C, affrontando lo studio - diacronico e sincronico - della ceramica rinvenuta nel corso del survey del territorio di Nora (Cagliari - Sardegna Meridionale). La ceramica fornisce l'impulso alla ricostruzione dello sviluppo del paesaggio di Nora, sottolineando la presenza di fattorie, ville, necropoli e cave, che erano localizzate nel territorio alle spalle della città. La grande quantità di ceramica, proveniente da tutta l'area mediterranea, mostra un ricco ed attivo panorama, che sottolinea le diverse attitudini di ogni periodo storico, dal primo arrivo dei Romani in Sardegna, sino alla Tarda Antichità, a ridosso dell'occupazione araba dell'isola.This book studies the imported and local pottery from 238 BC to 700 AD that was recovered during a survey of the territory of Nora (Cagliari - South Sardinia) in diachronic and synchronic terms. The pottery provides a stimulus for the reconstruction of the development of the territory of Nora, underlining the presence of farms, villas, necropolises and quarries, which were located in the land behind Nora. The huge quantity of pottery, coming from the whole Mediterranean area, covers a rich and varied spectrum, which reveals the different attitudes of each historical period, from the first arrival of the Romans in Sardinia till Late Antiquity, just before the Arab occupation of the island.

On the death of Dan Urman in 2004, his colleagues set about completing his unfinished manuscripts, including this volume: Rafid on the Golan (its ruins remain in a demilitarized zone controlled by United Nations forces), one of Dan Urman's last archaeological projects. He succeeded in completing the chapters detailing the survey of the houses in the village, carried out during the years 1968-1970. The houses were measured, photographed, and an overall map was drawn, which included all houses, alleys, footpaths, public areas and water reservoirs. The survey team realized that Rafid was an unusual archaeological resource that preserved scores of ancient buildings still standing from foundation to the rafters, constructed of basalt. Dan Urman saw in the survey of Rafid and in the scientific material collected within its framework the highest achievement of the Golan survey: the intact buildings built of decorated basalt could, in his opinion, serve as a model of the building style prevalent in the Roman and Byzantine periods - not only on the Golan, but also on the Korazim and Issachar plateaus. Because of the long time that elapsed between the survey and the preparation of the material for publication, it was necessary to find a Golan expert, who would complete lacunae in the manuscript and present with the rich archaeological material from Rafid also the general background and new research on the Golan and the region bordering on it. Dr. Moshe Hartal from Israel Antiquities Authority, who worked in the original survey team with Dan Urman agreed to work on the manuscript and added the following chapters: The geographical setting, the architectural decorations, the Hauran-style architecture and a synthesis of the history of Rafid in the various historical periods.Written by Dan Urman and edited by Shimon Dar, Moshe Martal and Etan Ayalon

Acts of the Xth Session of the EAA Congress, Lyon September 2004This volume represents the proceedings (with later additions) of a session held at the EAA Congress, Lyon, in September 2004. The session looked at continuing exchanges between educators and archaeologists, discussing, among other topics, how programmes are successfully organized and viewed in different countries.

In contrast to traditional stereotypes of the prehispanic culture of the Chontals of Oaxaca, architectural sites and artifacts along the Pacific coast indicate that there were more complex societies, well integrated into southeastern Mesoamerican networks of socio-cultural, economic and political interaction. This research presents the results of surface surveys and test excavations at the Río Huamelula, District of Tehuantepec, Oaxaca (southeastern Mexico), conducted by the author in 2001. The pottery classification aims at reconstructing the settlement chronology of the area from the Classic to the early Colonial periods, c. A.D. 300-1600. Stylistic traits of ball-game-related artifacts, sculptural art, pottery, and architecture, as well as obsidian composition analysis all point to an intensive socio-cultural and economic exchange between the prehispanic communities along the southeastern Oaxaca coast and other Mesoamerican societies. The ethno-linguistic identity of the Classic-period occupants of the Río Huamelula valley remains enigmatic. The archaeological remains of two Postclassic Chontal villages, Huamelula and Astata, however, exhibit a socio-economic complexity contradicting the colonial characterization of Chontal culture. They further demonstrate a settlement continuity that, overall, reaches back into the Classic period and has lasted up to the present day.

This work centres on one central question: should the passage from the Late Bronze II to the Iron I Age in Palestine, from the 13th to the 11th centuries BCE, be viewed, as is classically accepted, simply as a period of transition characterised by occasionally disrupted continuities? And yet the process of territorial division characteristic of Palestine, and of the entire Levant during this period, engendered the development of new cultural entities, initially introverted (13th century), but subsequently in contact with each other through political conflict (11th century). This process of territorial division in Palestine was accompanied by a profound redefinition of the demographic landscape, directly inherited, from the Canaanite people of the Late Bronze Age. In spite of these factors, a return to political and economic autonomy is one of the major characteristics of these periods. Based on the typological and technological analysis of formally unstudied ceramic materials from the acropolis of Tel Yarmouth, the author's research contributes to a more precise perception of this period, in particular in terms of its chronological evolution. Firmly anchored in chronological continuity, the pottery of this period testifies to the existence of a new codification of the relationships existing between the different regions of Palestine. Despite intrinsic political instability between the region of Palestine, a state of relative equilibrium was maintained during the Iron Age I. Consequently, the author proposes that the term 'mutation' could be used in the place of the more general term 'transition' to define this period, during which socio-political parcelling of territory resulted in the accentuation of local particularities, and which preceded, after a period of slow political gestation, the emergence of the new state of the first millennium BCE.

Papers from a Session held at the European Association of Archaeologists Ninth Annual Meeting in St. Petersburg 2003

This book aims at synthesizing the available archaeological evidence for the Bell Beaker phenomenon, a large archaeological culture which extends from Ireland to Poland and from southern Scandinavia to northern Maghreb, mostly during the second part of the 3rd millennium BC. An up-to-date general framework for the Bell Beaker phenomenon is welcome as the last single-authored synthesis on the topic is now 25 years old. The core of the work consists of chapters which respectively offer synthetic regional accounts of the Bell Beaker material expressions. These chapters first deal with north-western and central Europe (Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Austria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland), second with western Europe (France, Italy, Iberian Peninsula) and last with the British Isles. For the sake of comparison, which remains the ultimate goal of this research, all chapters are organized along the same lines and start with an examination of the various local substrata.

This volume is the product of a Theoretical Archaeology Group (TAG) conference session (held at Lampeter, Wales, in December 2003) entitled Mentalités and Identities in Motion. Included here are all the papers held there, and more besides. The session centred on the role of past ways of thinking, feeling and acting in social transformation, and exploring past worldviews as (instead of being relegated to the 'fictional' or anecdotal) an integral part of every aspect of human life, not just explicit contexts of power struggles and domination, but also approachable from the material evidence. The contributions are widely spread across space and time, ranging from Northern Ireland to Sicily, from France to Bulgaria and covering almost every period from the Mesolithic to the Thirty Years' War. On top of this, they are also very different in methodology, in the ways they have interpreted the session title and approached their evidence. Before rushing headlong into this kaleidoscopic mix, then, it is worth briefly explaining the rationale behind the session title and the selection and arrangement of papers.

Presents finds of Roman oil lamps from North East Spain. Spanish text.

Excavation and Survey in the Parish of Ridge, Hertfordshire, undertaken by Archaeological Services and Consultancy LtdThis volume is a result of a combination of a series of separate fieldwork projects undertaken in the late 1990s and early 2000s brought about by gravel extraction works. All four projects are linked by their location within a narrow 'strip parish' called Ridge that stretches from the river Colne in the north to Arkley in the south (now in Greater London) a distance of 10.1 km (6.3 miles). Three of the four projects (all with prehistoric to modern era finds) were located in the north of the parish while the fourth was located in the south of the parish towards Arkley. Of the four projects, one was classified as an 'enhanced watching brief' (Part 1), one was an 'evaluation/mitigation' (Part 2), one was a formal excavation (Part 3) and one was a landscape assessment of a small estate held by Hertfordshire County Council (Part 4). Each of these disparate projects is of interest in their own right. However, by combining them in this volume it is hoped that their value will be enhanced and that they will contribute towards a better understanding of the evolution of the local landscape.With contributions by Chris Turner, James Rackham, John Giorgi, Martin Lightfoot, Pippa Bradley, Lucy Whittingham, Nicholas Doggett and Andy Richmond

This book grew out of a symposium session entitled "Continuity and Change: The Role of Analytical Scale in European Archaeology" for the Society for American Archaeology Annual Meetings in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in April 2000. The basic premise behind this work is that the scale at which we pursue our research, the analytical scale, effects our interpretations of the archaeological record. The purpose of this volume is to encourage an explicit discussion of this relationship in order to develop a clearer understanding of its impact on research. This is done by highlighting some aspects of the role played by analytical scale in the analysis and interpretation of the archaeology of Europe. The papers include: Exploring the Role of Analytical Scale in Archaeological Interpretation (James R. Mathieu and Rachel E. Scott); Scale Factors in Early European Farming (Peter Bogucki); Analytical Scale, Populations, and the Mesolithic-Neolithic Transition in the Far North-west of Europe (Timothy Darvill); Scale and its Discontents (D. Blair Gibson); The Four Scales of Technical Analysis; or, How to Make Archaeometry More Useful (Elizabeth Hamilton); Faces in a Crowd or a Crowd of Faces? Archaeological Evidence for Individual and Group Identity in Early Anglo-Saxon East Anglia (Genevieve Fisher); The City and Complexity: Change and Continuity in Late Antique Volterra (Rae Ostman); Distinguishing the Local from the Regional: Irish Perspectives on Urbanization in Early Medieval Europe (John Soderberg); Patterns in Time and the Tempo of Change: A North Atlantic Perspective on the Evolution of Complex Societies (Kevin P. Smith).

Following the excavations at Sumaqa, Horvat Raqit was chosen as the second site for excavation and research on Mount Carmel. The excavations at Sumaqa were conducted between 1983-1995 and produced a rich and unique yield of historical and archaeological information about the Carmel range, but there was still some doubt as to whether the Sumaqa findings fully reflected the history of all the Carmel settlements during the Roman and Byzantine periods, or whether Sumaqa was a Jewish township isolated from its neighbours on the mountainous Carmel. Consequently a proposal was made, which was repeatedly discussed with the Sumaqa professional team, to study an additional site in the area and enrich the knowledge of the mountainous Carmel that was insufficiently known or familiar at the time. Raqit lay in a long-standing pine forest with paved roads that reached the foot of the spur on which the site is located. The site was almost completely covered by the forest undergrowth, but over the years this also protected it from the depredations of antiquity robbers. In the winter of 1992, a series of surveys of Horvat Raqit was conducted. Although Raqit had been surveyed in the course of the second half of the 19th century and in the 20th century too, no map of the site was available and its definition by the various surveyors was partial and inaccurate. By the summer of 1993 a detailed map of Raqit had been produced which was defined as a large estate villa. The excavations at Sumaqa were concluded in the summer of 1995, and in the spring of 1996 a small team went to Raqit to familiarize itself with the site and conduct trial excavations. After only a few days of work at the site it was unanimously decided that Raqit was worthy of detailed study and large-scale excavation, and indeed, between 1996 and 2002 annual excavations were conducted at Raqit, the results of which are published in this volume.With contributions by: Baruch Arensburg, Etan Ayalon, Yigael Ben-Ephraim, Leah Di Segni, Rivka Gersht, Gusta Jacobson, Liora Kolska Horwitz, Arie Kindler, Mordechai Kislev, Nili Liphschitz, Mina Marmorstein, Henk K. Mienis, Patricia Smith, Varda Sussman, Alexander Tsatskin, Anna de Vincenz and Ohad Zackheim

Acts of the XIVth UISPP Congress, University of Liège, Belgium, 2-8 September 2001. Section 1Publication of the General Sessions and Posters from the XIVth UISPP Congress, University of Liège, Belgium, 2-8 September 2001.

This study focuses on an area which up until now has not been studied in any great detail, and this is mainly due to a lack of any major visible archaeological remains. This study takes a thematic approach, first listing previous research and models for the Bronze Age in the chosen area of the Northern Midlands, a low-lying landscape formed after a period of glaciation and retreat, as well as giving a background to the Bronze Age in general. The thesis encompasses a study area comprising Cheshire and Northern Staffordshire and Shropshire. The region in question is very different in nature from the landscape of Wessex and southern England, with the soils here being heavy and damp, and the majority of archaeological remains coming from Roman sites such as Chester and Wroxeter. This is a landscape-based study, bringing together a wide range of information for a specific homogenous region during the Bronze Age. Mullin makes it clear that the different soil types of the study area play an important role in the archaeological interpretation of various sites, and he divides these soils into five main types: Brown Soils, Surface water gleys, Ground water gleys, Podzols and Peats. The study looks at a number of different aspects of this region, including burials, lithic remains, settlement evidence (especially in relation to the surrounding environment), metalwork and metal production. One of the main conclusions Mullin makes is that the data given by the soil analyses carried out shows that those soil types present during the Bronze Age were very different from those present prior to forest clearance. This shows that farming did indeed play an important role during this period, but there is an accompanying lack of the major settlement evidence that this would suggest. Mullin explains this, and the lack of any large field systems on a mobile way of life, linking with it patterns of trade that had already been set in the Neolithic period, and many of the decorative and new items appearing in this period are attributed to this purpose. Although settlement was not widespread, Mullin states that burials are significantly linked to specific places, and that their spatial positioning is of importance, as is the link between the placing of metalwork in relation to burials. One important conclusion is that relating to the nature of hilltop enclosures. Mullin believes that these were the hubs of Late Bronze Age social networks, and cites the movement of pottery in this area as a good indicator of this pattern. Mullin states that it is probable that these sites were for specialist purposes only, and were thus located away from the regular and more obvious lowland sites, again stressing the importance of mobility in Bronze Age society in the period in question. This thesis does lack evidence of lowland settlement during this period, and as such this is an area which obviously requires more study. However, this thesis does succeed in shedding light on some of the regional diversity in Bronze Age Britain, as well as giving more relevance, perspective and meaning to the material culture of Bronze Age Britain in this region.

This study looks at the changing landscape of the Yorkshire Wolds from the Late Bronze Age up until the period prior to the Norman Conquest. This is a very large area so only a small section of this is studied in depth, namely the central Wolds area to the west of Driffield, which today encompasses eight modern parishes. This area has several different types of landscape commonly present in the Wolds: rolling countryside, broad sweeping valleys, springhead streams, the high dissected western Wolds, the western margins of the Wolds, and the high central Wolds watershed. This area includes all general topographies found in the Wolds and and therefore acts as a sample zone for comparisons between these different landscapes. The study starts by looking at this area during the Late Bronze Age, and this was when large areas of land were enclosed by linear earthworks comprising ditches, banks and walls. Fenton-Thomas looks at the origins of these linear ditches, and outlines the roles that these earthworks played. The study then goes on to look at the early and middle Iron Age periods, which were contemporary with square barrow cemeteries, and this period had an open and mobile landscape. The later period of the Iron Age was more occupied and enclosed, and this period prior to the Roman conquest was one of change, when the Wolds were an area of mainly pastureland which was separate from the lowland areas. Fenton-Thomas looks at the historical evidence from the twenty towns from the detailed study area, with the aim of finding out what the landscape was like before parliamentary enclosure. He then goes on to give an overview of the Wolds landscape before the Norman Conquest, using both historical and archaeological evidence. The picture emerges of an open and unenclosed landscape criss-crossed by trackways, which helped to structure township boundaries. During the medieval and post-medieval periods the large common field systems that existed can be seen, especially from place-names. Enclosures became more and more common as the Anglo-Scandinavian period began. Fenton-Thomas sums up his study by taking an overall perspective of the whole period, stressing the pattern of continuity and change that occurred, with periods of relative stability being followed by those of 'radical transformation'. The periodical isolation of the Wolds is also stressed, as is the importance of certain sites, but importantly the focus is on the influence of the past in patterns of continuity and change.

The author presents a report on Canaanite animal husbandry practices, diet, butchery methods, and animal sacrificial rituals. This information comes primarily from faunal remains that were retrieved from Middle Bronze IIB/C (1800/1750-1550 B.C.) strata at the site of Tel Haror, 20 km northwest of Beer Sheva in Israel. The work includes discussions on the origins of Canaanite civilization (and the continuing similarities between the cultures of Canaan, the Phoenician coast, and Syria), as well as a detailed analysis of the site itself (including faunal remains).

This study looks at the concepts of society, space, urbanism, expansion and organisation in the transition from Late Antiquity to the medieval period in Castile, Spain.

Birmingham University Field Archaeology Unit Monograph Series 3A summary of rescue excavations at the Romano-British Shrine site at Rocester, Staffordshire, dating from the late first to mid-second centuries AD. Parts of two enclosures identified as being associated with the adjacent Roman fort complex were also dug, and pits revealed several unusual finds, including an altar fragment. A small, stone building in one of the enclosures has been identified as a shrine.With contributions by A.S. Esmonde Cleary, A. Hammon, K. Hartley, C. Hewitson, T. Joyce, D.F. Mackreth, A. Monckton, R.S.O. Tomlin, D. Williams and S. Willis.Illustrations by M. Breedon and N. Dodds

This study focuses on the local Iron Age culture of the region Molina de Aragon in northeast Guadalajara.