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Acknowledging problems inherent in dating Australian rock art, Natalie Franklin approaches a group of engravings known as the Panaramitee style' in terms of its spatial variation.

This volume, the product of a weekend conference hosted by the Department of Archaeology at the University of Newcastle in 1998, represents an attempt to further the debate about the present state of later prehistoric research across northern England and southern Scotland.

Lampeter Workshop in Archaeology 3Collection of papers of which majority were first presented at the Third Lampeter Workshop in Archaeology in September 2000. A wide range of issues relating to archaeology in higher education is dicussed. The aim of the volume was to intervene in the current discussion of the teaching of archaeology in higher education, emphasising the complexity of the matter, and the need to subject all proposed measures to critical analysis and scrutiny and further to send the message that teaching of archaeology in higher education is a matter worth discussing seriously in academic debates and sessions.

Detailed and Revised Chronology of the Eponyms Dating Rhodian Amphora Stamps from circa 270 to 180 BC' is a detailed analysis of the chronology of Rhodian amphorae stamps. The research was then applied by the author to the large amount of material unearthed in the course of excavations in the Southern Levant, primarily today Israel and the Autonomous Palestinian territories. An accurate analysis of relevant finds, accounting for about 95% of amphorae stamps of the Hellenistic period, was a prerequisite for the understanding of the chronological development of the settlement and history of the region.

Questo volume è una sintesi dei sistemi di gestione degli strumenti in pietra non scheggiata di tre siti chiave della Cultura dei vasi a bocca quadrata dell'Italia nord-orientale. Gli strumenti sono stati studiati mediante un approccio integrato basato su morfologia, tecnologia, analisi delle tracce d'uso e sperimentazione. Il complesso dei materiali è stato suddiviso nelle seguenti categorie: strumenti per macinare, strumenti per levigare/lisciare, strumenti da taglio, strumenti percussori e strumenti multifunzionali. Le materie prime includono rocce di provenienza locale, regionale e alloctona. Le litologie locali e regionali sono state sfruttate ponendo attenzione alla morfologia e alle dimensioni dei blocchi; soltanto le macine e i macinelli presentano tracce di lavorazione prodotte dalla martellinatura e dal ravvivamento della superficie attiva. Più complessa, e probabilmente solo parzialmente realizzata in loco, era la produzione mediante scheggiatura, bocciardatura, levigatura e periodica riaffilatura della lame d'ascia ottenute da pietre verdi di origine alloctona. I risultati dell'analisi delle tracce d'uso e della sperimentazione mostrano un largo spettro di sostanze trattate per la produzione alimentare e per attività artigianali, in accordo con il consolidamento dell'economia produttiva.This volume is a synthesis of the management systems of the macrolithic tools from three key Square Mouthed Pottery Culture sites located in Northeastern Italy. The tools were examined with an integrated approach that involves morphology, technology, use-wear analysis and experiments. The stone assemblages are classified into the following categories: tools for grinding, tools for abrading/polishing, tools for cutting, percussion tools and multifunctional implements. The raw materials include local, regional and allocthonous rocks. Local and regional rocks were exploited with attention to the morphology and size of the blocks; only querns and handstones present working traces via pecking and the rejuvenation of the active surface. More complex, and probably only partially done locally, was the production by flaking, pecking, polishing and periodic resharpening of the axe blades made of allocthonous greenstones. The results of the use-wear analysis and experiments show a wide range of substances used for food and craft tasks, according to the consolidation of the productive economy.

This research focuses on the Early Bronze Age round barrows of the central and northern Anglo-Welsh borderlands. Contextualisation of the barrows is provided by a discussion of the archaeology of the Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age in the study area. Existing classificatory schemes for barrows and cairns are critically analysed and the variety of taphonomic factors that are likely to have influenced the distribution of these monuments today is reviewed. The topographical context of a series of barrow clusters is examined in detail to demonstrate subtle but important differences in how these monuments were placed in the landscape. The study provides theoretical insights into the role of barrows and cairns. These are seen not solely as mortuary monuments, but as 'interventions' in the landscape that gave material form to particular social concerns through the manipulation of significant materials in special places.

Understanding the impacts of the emergence of hereditary social inequality in human societies is one of the fundamental questions in archaeology. This book is one case study examining the transitions in craft apprenticeship of formed lithic tools among the precontact Coast Salish of the Pacific Northwest Coast as hereditary social inequality emerged. According to cultural transmission theory, the emergence of large plank house villages and hereditary social inequality would result in the restriction of craft knowledge, and was predicted to reduce the stylistic and fine scale metric variation of formed lithic tools. High resolution metric and stylistic analyses were performed, controlling for material quality, tool retouch and sample size effects. Stylistic variation in lithics and assemblage heterogeneity suggests that lithic craft knowledge became increasingly restricted through time, with the emergence of large sedentary populations.

Il progetto di ricerca oggetto del presente lavoro è stato intrapreso con l'obiettivo di approfondire le conoscenze sui modi di vita dei gruppi preistorici nel territorio del Mont Fallère (Saint-Pierre, Valle d'Aosta, Italia) e tracciare le principali tappe della storia ambientale olocenica dell'area. Si tratta di un lavoro a carattere multidisciplinare che mette in relazione dati archeologici e ambientali ottenuti tramite prospezioni territoriali, scavi archeologici, analisi dell'industria litica, datazioni radiocarboniche, carotaggi palinologici, analisi fisico-chimiche dei sedimenti, indagini geologiche e geomorfologiche. Lo studio evidenzia la frequentazione dell'area da parte dei gruppi di cacciatori-raccoglitori mesolitici, oltre all'attestazione delle prime forme di transumanza verticale a partire dal IV millennio a.C., durante l'età del Rame. Attraverso un approccio diacronico, preceduto da un'accurata fase di progettazione e riflessione metodologica, si è cercato di mettere in evidenza l'evoluzione del rapporto uomo-ambiente in questo settore alpino durante la preistoria.The aim of the research project here presented was to investigate prehistoric occupations in the Mont Fallère district (Saint-Pierre, Valle d'Aosta, Italy) and to reconstruct the main phases of the Holocene environmental history of the area. It is a multidisciplinary work that presents archaeological and environmental data obtained through surveys, archaeological excavations, lithic industry analyses, radiocarbon dates, palynological samplings, physical and chemical soil analyses, and geological and geomorphological studies. The research highlighted the fact that the area was settled by Mesolithic hunter-gatherer groups, but it also yielded evidence of the vertical transhumance practices that occurred during the Copper Age (4th millennium BC). By adopting a diachronic approach, preceded by a careful methodological reflection, the authors reconstruct the evolution of the relationship between human occupation and environmental evolution during prehistory for this alpine district.

This book argues that the use of sail as a complement to paddling would have formed an integral part of the development of centres of power in the early Scandinavian Bronze Age, permitting more frequent communication, and thus helping to expand, maintain and control power. This argument stands in sharp contrast to the current belief that the introduction of the sail in the North occurred between the 7th or 8th and the 10th centuries AD. This reassessment of the potential timing and development in the use of the sail derives mainly from an examination of the Bronze Age rock art (c. 1800-500 BC) in southern Scandinavia containing imagery of boats with attributes that can be interpreted as masts and sails, in combination with experimental sail trials in Bronze Age type boats, and using early sailing in ancient Egypt and Oceania as a backdrop.

Birmingham Archaeology Monograph Series 12An area excavation was undertaken in December 2004-May 2005 within the western part of the interior and defences of Metchley Roman fort, Birmingham (central England) in advance of proposals for a new hospital development. This was the largest single excavation of the fort interior undertaken at Metchley, comprising an area of approximately 0.4ha, equivalent to approximately 9% of the total internal area of the Phase 1 and Phase 3 fort. This volume, the fourth in the reports, concentrates on the researches into the western fort interior, defences, and post-Roman activity.With contributions from Erica Macey-Bracken, Hilary Cool, James Greig, Rob Ixer, Rosalind McKenna, Anthony Swiss, Jane Timby, Roger White, Felicity Wild and David WilliamsIllustrations by Nigel Dodds and Jemma Elliott

The concept of this work is an intercultural comparison between the Early Bronze Age 'princely burials' of the south English Wessex Culture and the central European Aunjetitz Culture concerning the recognizable conventions of social status representation. The comparative study aims to review the hypothesis of a direct cultural relationship between the 'princely burials' of both cultures or to follow up the question, whether the appearance of such graves can be seen as an analogous or homologous cultural development. The main chapter deals with the identification, interpretation und comparison of conventions of status representation. Thereby all forms of expression that prehistoric societies used to denote high social rank in their burial customs were examined. The conclusion is that the Early Bronze Age elite burials in both regions seem to be a phenomenon that emerged because of socio-structural changes. Both cultures reacted similarly to changes that occurred around the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC, but each in their specific cultural context. The idea to build splendour graves did not travel either from the Wessex region to the Middle Elbe-Saale region or vice versa. Rather, similar social preconditions evolved during the same time in both areas.

Proceedings of the 19th Meeting of the European Association of South Asian Archaeology in Ravenna, Italy, July 2007South Asian Archaeology 2007. Special Sessions 2

The present study aims to define the function and meaning of images of horsemen and horse leaders on Attic grave and votive reliefs in the religious, political and social context of Attica in the fifth and fourth century B.C. The funerary reliefs are examined within the context of the socio-political development of the image and mentality of the equestrians. Beyond their social and religious dimensions, these reliefs convey the anthropological dimension of death and illustrate positive social roles and ideals. The image of the horseman is signified semantically and generalized to represent the body of citizens collectively on the basis of the ideal of Athenian citizenship as formulated by the city-state and accepted by the Athenian citizens. The image ofthe horse is herein revealed as a special semiotic and iconographical element of Attic imagery which can be fully understood only when examined within its operational context. Therefore, it may serve to designate public space, represent democratic valuesand ideals of both the polis and of conflicting social groups, display the integration of horsemen in Athenian citizenship, or indicate particular religious beliefs of hero cult.

A study of the development patterns of grinding and milling techniques in the Near East and Eastern Mediterranean (III-I millennia BC).

An in-depth study of lesions of muscle insertion sites on bone (enthesopathies) in recent and fossilised human skeletons. The work contributes to the field of anthropology in three ways. The author presents a new method of scoring enthesopathies that takes into account variation in muscle attachment site histology and morphology with a system that may well become the new standard for studying enthesopathies in prehistoric and recent populations. Second, the author provides an exhaustive analysis of enthesopathies in three large skeletal series (from Portugal, England and Italy) of individuals of known occupation. This section provides the first controlled comparative documentation of the relationship between activity and enthesopathies, and contributes greatly to the understanding of which muscle attachment sites best reflect activity levels and patterns in individuals, and which types of activity are most likely to contribute to variation in the severity of enthesopathies. Finally, the study describes the results when the new methods are applied to European Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene fossil humans.

The main aims of this study are: to examine the development of Iron Age and Roman landscape of the Foulness Valley, East Yorkshire (northern England), from around 800 BC to the end of the Roman period; to test the validity of the results arising from earlier work undertaken concerning the location and character of Iron Age and Roman settlement and industry in a context of the whole catchment of the Foulness Valley; and to place the Iron Age and Roman archaeology and environment of the Foulness Valley in the wider context of Britain and beyond.

South American Archaeology Series No.5

This work explores the interrelationship between humans and plants within the Princess Point culture. Princess Point is the archaeological cultural context in which a shift from an economy based on foraging to one that incorporated horticulture occurred in what is now southern Ontario. The earliest dates for evidence of corn horticulture in Ontario are from the Princess Point period (ca. 1570 to 970 B.P.). The basis of this study of the Princess Point is to explore the origins of agriculture, together with plant use generally in southern Ontario, and to gain a better understanding of a time when people were changing their subsistence pattern from one based on wild plant resources during the Middle Woodland to one that incorporated crops. Contents: Chapter One: Introduction; Chapter Two: Princess Point; Chapter Three: Plant Evidence: Sampling and Methods; Chapter Four: Identification and Quantification of Plant Remains; Chapter Five: Princess Point Plant Use; Chapter Six: Discussion and Conclusions.

An in-depth study of man's impact on the environment and landscape of the Maltese islands from the Neolithic to Medieval times.

This book started its life as a study of people travelling between England and Rome from the Augustinian Mission until the close of the Anglo-Saxon period but that proved to be too limiting a subject, for two reasons. One was that so much of the evidence about how people travelled around lay in continental sources and it seemed foolish to ignore it simply as a matter of principle. The second is that the means by which people travelled proved to be so exhaustive a study that it led into all kinds of by-ways: accommodation, money carrying and changing, safety, language and a whole range of human problems that still exist in modern travel but are more easily solved for the traveller, usually by other people. It was not enough to catalogue the travellers: the question turned to, how did they manage to do it before the days of organised mass travel in the high middle ages? The later centuries have been better studied, but the earlier ones have not. The result is thus something of a hybrid: more than a study of English sources alone, but less than a study of the whole of European travel. The theme is primarily the north-south routes that converged on the Alps and joined the north of Europe to Italy. Where appropriate, the author has confined his evidence to material from England, that is, to those people who made the journey and their motives, the timing and duration of their journeys, and the routes that they followed. Elsewhere, in sections which address the mechanics of travel, he has widened the range of sources, to include material from all Anglo-Saxon sources irrespective of where the journey was made, provided that it was compatible with a journey to Rome. The author has also adopted some contemporary foreign parallels where Continental experience would match English, thus including material ranging from Gregory of Tours at the beginning of our period, and Albert of Stade, some time after the end. In including these additional sources the author has tried to throw light on the problems of travellers to and from England rather than provide what would be an inadequate description of the whole of continental travel.

Prehistoric Ceramics Research Group: Occasinoal Paper 5In October 2004 over 70 delegates met in the Department of Archaeological Sciences at the University of Bradford for the second International Conference on Prehistoric Ceramics. The conference was the second major biannual conference to be organised by the Prehistoric Ceramics Research Group. The call for papers was deliberately broad in its scope - recent research - and such is the amount of work currently taking place on Prehistoric Ceramics across Europe (and indeed further afield) that the conference organisers were inundated with offers of papers. In such a developing subject as is modern ceramic studies, it is logical to assume that papers will be wide-ranging and varied. It is hoped that in the papers presented in this volume, readers will find much to stimulate the mind and their own directions of study even if the subject matter is not directly relevant to their own specific fields. This is the unifying beauty of ceramic research.

This work investigates the excavated archaeological record of the northern Levantine littoral for specific evidence of continuity or change in the regional economic structure after the period of destruction that enveloped the Eastern Mediterranean at the end of the Late Bronze Age. It also integrates relevant textual evidence and seeks to place this area within its regional context as part of the Eastern Mediterranean and Ancient Near Eastern trading networks by comparing the northern Levantine evidence with that from the south and from Cyprus.

Society for South Asian Studies Monograph No 4The site of Anuradhapura, NW Sri Lanka, is important, from two principal points of view. In the first place it has played a significant role in the history and cultural traditions of Sri Lanka as a whole. Secondly, Anuradhapura has a more immediate, specific importance from an archaeological point of view on account of the extent, depth and richness of the occupation deposits. This has been demonstrated by the research done there by archaeologists during the last century. This work has opened the way to achieving a better understanding of Early Historic Sri Lanka than was hitherto possible and provided an excellent basis for further investigation. Indeed, it is upon this basis that the investigations described here have been undertaken and have carried forward the study of this remarkable site, leading to a more detailed and comprehensive understanding of its long history and development. The investigations described here had the advantage of a number of modern techniques, including geophysical methods of surface survey, three-dimensional recording of levels and finds in excavation, and ample radiocarbon measurements. On account of the depth and continuity of the dated cultural sequence described in the two volumes that make up the report, each of which deals with specific aspects of the excavation as a whole, it is possible to relate Anuradhapura to a wider archaeological context. The present, second volume, The Artefacts, describes the artefacts and other finds and relates them to the dated sequence ofarchaeologically identified layers, thus clothing the dated structural framework with cultural material. An important discovery was that of a small number of short inscriptions on pottery and other objects in Brahmi script. The record provided by the Anuradhapura sequence makes it possible to look outward at its historic links and their implications. For example, it is now possible to study the city of Anuradhapura's cultural and trading links with other parts of the ancient world. In sum, the excavations at Anuradhapura provide a wonderful database of evidence relating to the Iron Age and Early Historic periods of South Asia and from it we can study the stages of the emergence of a city and its subsequent growth. (Volume I, The Site, provides the archaeological framework and is firmly based on the carefully recorded cultural sequence, the longest and most fully recorded so far available in Sri Lanka, and indeed in the entire southern half of the Indian subcontinent. This work is available as BAR S824 1999: Society for South Asian Studies Monograph 3 Anuradhapura The British-Sri Lankan Excavations at Anuradhapura Salgaha Watta 2. Volume I: The Site by Robin Coningham. ISBN 1841710369.)

This volume presents the site of Northton in the Western Isles of Scotland (at Toe Head on Harris).During excavations in 1965 and 1966 two early horizons were identified beneath and close to the base of the machair sands. With excavation the stratigraphically later of these horizons furnished evidence for a probable stone structure, funerary and faunal remains, and an abundance of artefacts, particularly pottery, which in turn dated the horizon to the Neolithic period. In contrast, the lower horizon lay directly above the natural boulder clay, was sealed by the machair sands, and contained a general paucity of faunal and artefactual remains. Due to the discovery of one small sherd of Neolithic pottery it was assumed, however, that this horizon might represent an earlier phase of Neolithic occupation. During a brief season of fieldwork in 2001 a seemingly comparable horizon, which also rested above the boulder clay, was identified in a section which had been exposed through coastal erosion. Following a limited investigation this basal horizon produced evidence for human activity in the form of possible stone settings, charred plant macrofossils, faunal remains and a small assemblage of chipped stone artefacts. Significantly, a series of dates obtained from the plant macrofossils indicate that this material is unambiguously of the Mesolithic period. Whilst these somewhat unexpected results have major implications for constructing the internal chronology of the site, as they appear to extend human activity at Northton back to the seventh millennium cal. BC, they are also of considerable interest at both a regional and national level, as they may represent the first direct evidence for Mesolithic activity in the Western Isles. The volume has chapters on the site's early occupation, the Beaker period, Bronze, Iron, and later periods, and a history of the Northton Machair. There are six Appendices and Catalogues of finds and data.

This work examines the post-palatial phase of Late Helladic IIIC middle. During this phase in Greek prehistory, Greece undergoes important changes that will transfer the palace administrative system of the Mycenaean era to that of the city-states of the early Greek period. At the time of its publication much of the material evidence known today was still unpublished and although the material examined provided a most thorough account of what was known at the time it was still limited as a result of the lack of publications or as often was the case the lack of LH IIIC, or so defined, deposits. This phase of the Bronze Age has been periodically examined either through the investigation of specific sites or in certain cases with the study of a particular type of material find such as pottery. What this publication aims to provide is a more synthetic study of the middle phase in its entirety within the regions of the central and southern Aegean. By examining the archaeological material from settlements and burials of the middle phase, together with their associated finds of pottery, terracotta figurines, jewellery and weapons, it is hoped that they will provide valuable insight into this phase and provide information concerning the new social and economic structures that arose in response to the loss of the Mycenaean administrative centres.

The ways in which the Hominids of the Middle Palaeolithic acquired megaherbivores is still a point of controversy. Did Neanderthals have sufficient intellectual and technological capacities to hunt these huge mammals? This volume presents methods relating to the acquisition and treatment of prey. These are applied directly to the study of three European sites marked by an important population of very large mammals: Hanhoffen (Bas-Rhin), Biache-Saint-Vaast (Pas-de-Calais) and le Mont-Dol (Ille-et-Vilaine). In addition, 73 archeological levels presenting more or less remains of very large herbivores, dated from Middle Palaeolithic of North-Western Europe, are compared.

The complex archaeological and geological legacy that North Somerset boasts often means that certain periods may be ignored.

Edited by H. L. Cobb, F. Coward, L. Grimshaw and S. Price.This volume stems from sessions at the 2004 Theoretical Archaeology Conference at Glasgow University, entitled "Hunter-Gatherers in Early Prehistory" and "Hunting for Meaning: Interpretive Approaches to the Mesolithic". The sessions came about as a response to a continuing lack of appreciation of new developments in theoretical approaches to the archaeology of prehistoric hunter-gatherers both in the Pleistocene and Holocene.

An exploration of the social and military role of the Shardana mercenaries in Egypt during the 13th to the 11th centuries BC.

15 papers from the Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Conference of the British Association for Biological Anthropology and Osteoarchaeology held in Southampton, England in 2003.