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This research is based on the comb assemblages from 18 excavation sites, which cover over 80% of the excavated area of Medieval Novgorod (950-1450 AD), Russia. The work outline the chronological trends and stylistic changes in combs themselves and in their relationship to the immediate environment of the properties they originate from, as well as to broader contexts of the town and the entire complex urban community. The research also uses these objects for drawing out the fundamental changes of the comb-making industry in its transition from the late Viking Age and through the Middle Ages and as a background to the development of the urban society. The comb finds are analysed typologically and contextually and the databases are presented in the accompanying download.

With a bounty of illustrations this volume traces the history of furniture making in Mesopotamia over the course of some 10000 years. This is a much neglected area of study, and using his practical experience as an architect Dr. Kubba is able to provide many new and fascinating insights.

Symposium 2.1 (Pottery Manufacturing Processes: Reconstitution and Interpretation) from the 14th UISPP Conference held in Liège, Belgium, 2-8 September 2001.

Translated from the Latvian by Valdis B¿rzi¿¿

A volume of detailed research and summary into metal farming tools used in Gaul/Upper Germania from the Gallo-Romano period; indeed many of the types are still in use today. 199 finds are investigated and reconstructed to show the various techniques of manufacture, use and efficiency. The new method of analysis has shown that ploughing equipment was capable of turning the soil in Gallia Belgica from the second century. Includes 8 colour plates of metallurgical analyses. An accompanying catalogue is provided by the same author in: BAR - S1236, 2004 "Les instruments aratoires des Gaules et de Germanie Superieure Catalogue des pièces métalliques" (ISBN 1 84171 595 6).

This work is an examination of the burial practices of the Upper Seine Basin during the earlier portions of the Iron Age (Hallstatt Finale to the La Tène Moyenne) conducted with the specific aims of examining concepts of identity as reflected through the funerary remains. It focusses upon three aspects of identity: regionality, gender and social status. These theoretical concepts are examined through the analysis of the artefact assemblage and the examination of aspects of similarity and differences inthe artefact placement within the graves context. In order to examine these aspects, this work begins by reexamining the existing theories and models of understandings for the Iron Age in Northeastern France. It examines specifically the socio-economicmodels utilised to examine the general archaeological remains, the present understandings of social status, and pays particular attention to the existing models for our understanding of gender during the time period. Once the strengths and weaknesses of these approaches have been presented, the study goes on to discuss the analysis conducted by the author of a sample of archaeological sites. This analysis utilised a variety of quantitative techniques in order to obtain new data regarding aspects of identity associated with regionality, gender and social status. Among the statistical methods used were a simple comparison of mean averages for a series of burial categories identified by the author, as well as the use of the exploratory multivariate technique of correspondence analysis. The results are presented and discussed in detail, and then interpreted in the light of past and present models of our understanding of the Iron Age. Finally, the thesis discusses the nature of the changes in the burial rites between the Hallstatt Finale and the La Tène Moyenne, and presents a series of new interpretations of Iron Age culture in the region.

Archaeological Conference in Honour of the Late Professor Michael J. O'Kelly. Proceedings of the Stones and Bones Conference in Sligo, Ireland, May 1-5, 2002This volume presents the proceedings of the Stones and Bones archaeological conference held in Sligo in May 2002 in honour of the late Professor Michael O'Kelly. 15 papers are included, as are several abstracts and posters.

Mycenaean culture has been thoroughly studied and is well understood as it relates to the Greek mainland. However, for the Aegean islands, and in terms of this study the South-eastern Aegean, the situation is not so clear. The islands, due to their geographic peculiarities, have a special character and it is essential to appreciate the extent to which their environment affected the local culture. These processes and the way they operate can help us in understanding the character of Mycenaean influence on the islands. Inextricably linked to this line of thinking is the question of migration, colonization and invasion that has been proposed for the islands, entailing population movement from mainland Greece. This ultimately leads to the question of ethnicity and the nature of Mycenaean cultural identity. In order to investigate these ideas, they must be analyzed to find out how they can be applied and perceived in the archaeological record. The South-eastern Aegean, as defined in this study, comprises Samos, Ikaria, Phournoi, the islands of the Dodecanese as well as south-western Anatolia, that is the Carian coast opposite Rhodes, and part of the Ionian coast up to the Küçük Menderes river, Kolophon and Bakla Tepe. Although the main period of study is the Greek Bronze Age, reference is also made to the Neolithic. The book is divided into three parts: Part I, on the environment and movement; Part II, on the landscape; and Part III on burial information. The Appendices provide for the first time all the available data on South-eastern Aegean burials, i.e. the architectural elements of the tombs, their contents and a thorough analysis and presentation of all the finds.

The primary aim of this monograph is to use one commodity type, the carinated-shoulder amphora, to investigate the level of centralisation and modes of production and distribution in southern Phoenicia (i.e. the city-states of Tyre and Sidon) when the region was under Persian (Achaemenid) imperial hegemony (539-332 BC). The second is to set the research findings into a broader socio-cultural context, viewing the amphorae as containers of wine, and the impact on the production and distribution of these amphorae as Persian imperial attitudes towards, and patterns of consumption of, wine. To determine whether these amphorae may be of southern Phoenician manufacture the author analyses petrographically the fabric of 307 amphorae gathered from 21 sites in thecoastal areas of southern Lebanon and Israel, and assesses to what extent the raw materials in the fabrics may be consistent with the geological formations in this region. She goes on to present a typology of carinated-shoulder amphorae of proposed southern Phoenician manufacture using an innovative technique, the 'envelope' method. This technique produces a typology which is repeatable and verifiable. An intra-regional analysis of the manufacture of these amphorae is conducted, assessing through the application of theoretical models to what extent production was centralised at this period. The study examines data which indicates the presence on a particularly significant amphora manufacturing centre in the region, and then attempts to identify the mechanism whereby amphorae were dispersed throughout the region, whether it was attached, independent, or whether both mechanisms could have existed simultaneously. Again, by applying theoretical models, the author attempts to determine to what degree amphora distribution was regionally integrated, and whether nodes of distribution existed which facilitated their dispersal. Finally, the work investigates from epigraphic and documentary sources, the role of wine in Persian culture, the quantities in which it was consumed and the wine preferences of the Persian elite, exploring what impact these factors may have had on the production and distribution of carinated-shoulder amphorae.

Papers of the 1st International Conference on Soils and Archaeology, Százhalombatta, Hungary, 30 May - 3 June 2001A collection of 13 papers given at the 1st International Conference on Soils and Archaeology, Százhalombatta, Hungary, 30 May - 3 June 2001.

The 'Alpha' Building at Puig Morter in Son Ferragut (Sineu, Mallorca, Spain) is one of the few domestic spaces from Mallorcan prehistory to have been explored in detail. Analysis of material remains from this archaeological site, and from other contemporaneous contexts, have led to the definition of an historical moment named the Son Ferragut Horizon by the authors of this monograph, who examine the social relations that existed at the time. The relationships established within the domestic group are analysed in such a way as to enable the identification of the existence of two differentiated groups and leading to clues as to the division of various social practices engaged in by women and men. The work centres on four main themes: the exploration of the Son Ferragut Horizon in 8th-6th centuries BC Mallorca; The 'Alpha' Building and its context; the social activities and domestic character of the 'Alpha' Building; the reciprocity and exploitation of the domestic group.

Prehistoric Pottery Research Group: Occasional Publication No. 4This volume represents the proceedings of a conference organised by the Prehistoric Ceramics Research Group (PCRG) in conjunction with its sister organisation, the Ceramics Petrology Group. The conference was hosted by the department of archaeological sciences of the University of Bradford in October 2002. In this title, 13 papers from the conference (devoted to the study of prehistoric ceramics from France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Scandinavia, Southeast Asia, Spain as well as the UK) are presented here.The subjects range from technological studies to ethnographies, associations and chronologies, deposition, theory and the scientific analysis of tempers and residues. Devoted to prehistoric pottery, the authors here do indeed look at patterns on the pots as well as in the data. Also reviewed was the purpose of pottery from the point of view of their 'palaeo-contents' and ancient uses. The contributors were ever mindful throughout that archaeology is the study of past human societies through their material remains and therefore never lose sight of the people behind the pots. The papers include: New Dates For Scottish Bronze Age Cinerary Urns: Results From The National Museums Of Scotland Dating Cremated Bones Project; Organic Residues In Storage Vessels From The Toumba Thessalonikis; Patterns Of Spatial Regularity In Late Prehistoric Material Culture Styles Of The NW Iberian Peninsula; New Pots Or New People? - Archaeoceramological Study Of La Tène

This book focuses upon the bio-archaeological study of the human remains recovered in a Prehistoric cave cemetery from Menorca (Balearic Islands, Spain) dated between 1450/1400 - 800 cal BC. Its research has benefited from methods and techniques developed by several disciplines (including human osteology, biological anthropology, forensics and paleopathology) in order to explore previously formulated hypothesis related to six major aspects: 1.) funerary practice; 2.) demography; 3.) biological variation;4.) diet; 5.) health and morbidity; 6.) main trend activities and 7.) social distance. The integration of independent results into a wider frame has allowed to distinguish several meaningful patterns. Segregation and relocation of skulls was a new feature added to the long-standing tradition of collective inhumation towards the end of the II millenium. The community experimented a limited growth conditioned by a low fertility rate and a high infant mortality. Infectious diseases were a more serious threat to health than the nutritional intake. Diet composition was varied and well-balanced, with enough rich-protein foods accessible to both sexes. Activity patterns also reflect the importance of livestock and gathering. No conclusive evidence of warfare isavailable in the whole series, as well as craft specialization. On the contrary, social relationships seem to have been ruled by cooperation.

Cambridge Monographs in African Archaeology 56The need for archaeological research in the Hausa area is very real. What work has been done is often casual and cursory. Considering that the modern Hausa heartland includes up to twenty-five million people and is as large as Britain, this neglect cannot be explained in terms of demographics or of scale. Nor can it be excused on the grounds that there is nothing of interest in the soil of the kasar hausa. This volume (the latest in the series of Cambridge Monographs in African Archaeology) focuses on the particular site of Kufan Kanawa, in the Republic of Niger, to illustrate how archaeology can contribute to our knowledge of the past. This site stands out among the many archaeological remains of the Hausa area because of its six-kilometre long stone enclosure and its alleged role as the predecessor site to the widely-known Hausa city of Kano. In this volume archaeological excavation, anthropological interviews, and critique of the historiography of the Hausa area are combined in an attempt to explain why, how and when Kufan Kanawa was settled. At the same time, a study of Kufan Kanawa brings to light a number of general points, applicable to any enquiry into the past. African archaeology is coming to the fore as a rich source of data on the different developmental paths taken by human societies, informing our debates on cultural processes such as the rise of social complexity and of urban settlements, or the role of trade and of migrations. It is hoped that the present study of Kufan Kanawa will contribute to this field. Three main topics run through this volume: the nature of urbanism, the role of trade, and the diffusion of political complexity. A single thread in fact unites them all: the idea that major developments in West Africa could be explained as the result of influences from North Africa.

The Comet Lode Opencast and the surrounding prehistoric-modern archaeological landscape on Copa Hill has been the subject of a major long-term investigation by the Early Mines Research Group. This Early Bronze Age opencast is one of 12 now identified within Central Wales Orefield, but is almost certainly the best preserved, and probably the most fully excavated example of this class of upland primitive trench mines within the British Isles. More than 10 years of excavations here have revealed an intact 5-6 metre deep Early Bronze Age mining stratigraphy preserved under semi-waterlogged conditions within the base of the working, with an abundance of stone, antler, and wooden mining artifacts in situ, including some of the earliest recognized examples of mine drainage equipment (wooden launders) ever found. It appears that the earliest exploitation of the copper-lead ores may have begun sometime before 2000 BC, following prospection activity within the Ystwyth Valley, with activity reaching its maximum almost 150 years later, thereafter continuing intermittently up to the point of its final abandonment around 1600 BC. Of particular interest is evidence which suggests that lead ores were also being systematically removed from the veins, and that in some cases these ores were being crushed and separated, but also apparently discarded. This raises important questions about metallurgical experimentation, and/or the first use of lead, or leaded bronze alloying in Britain. Important palaeo-environmental data has also been obtained from an examination of the sequence of infilling peats and silts which seal these early mining deposits, as well as from cores taken from the blanket peat above the mine. These have provided hitherto unavailable evidence as to the history of local woodland clearance, agriculture, and the record of prehistoric-modern mining and metallurgical activity within an area of the uplands sparse in extant archaeological remains. With contributions by T. Mighall, S. Clark, A. Caseldine, N. Nayling, D.M. Goodburn, B. Craddock, J. Ambers, A.E. Annel and R.A. Ixer

This study examines the lithic assemblage from a cave site, Porc-Epic, located in Dire Dawa, Ethiopia. The assemblage is representative of the Middle Stone Age and documents an increased sophistication in lithic production, with greater technological variability shown in the production of blades, flakes, bladelets, points and so on.

with short English abstract

South Asian Archaeology Series No. 1

With contributions by Patrizia Boccolini, Cristina Chiaramonte Treré, Vincenzo d'Ercole, Luisa Ferrero, Debora Francone, Rossella Mantia, Gianluca Melandri and Cecilia Scotti.

Paris Monographs in American Archaeology 9Adding to the scarce material available on these remote Mexican sites, this volume (number 9 in the series of Paris Monographs in American Archaeology) is an extensive presentation of the Loma Alta excavations (Zacapu, south-west Mexico) and its rich finds (2nd century B.C - c. 1250 A.D.). The study is divided into two sections. The first concentrates on the Loma Alta site and its funerary remains, while the second analyzes the stylish iconography of the polychrome ceramic finds from the period considered to be the apogee of the region's culture (c. 700 - 1100 A.D).

The potential of the scarab seal is still neglected by many archaeologists. They are primarily considered for chronological purposes, and so their capacity as an historical document is under-rated, as is their value as an archaeological tool. Luckily, more recent studies are beginning to assess the archaeological and historical value of scarabs, and in particular design scarabs, revealing them as potential indicators of cultural interaction, and it is within this genre that the anra (identified always bya sequence of hieroglyphs which includes the letters n and r) scarab is considered in this extensive study. The aim of this work is to try and establish the status, function, meaning, and significance of the anra scarab, and possibly offer something new with regard to the nature of the relationships that existed between the countries of Africa and the Levant during the latter part of the Middle Bronze Age.

This book deals with Research into the history of insect synanthropy in Greece and Egypt', more specifically with insect remains from the Late Bronze Age site of Akrotiri and other evidence from ancient and Roman Egypt.

New: 2020 preface with links to additional, updated material.This NAA study of Syro-Palestinian pottery types found at Tell el-Dab'a/Avaris is important from the perspective it provides on economic and social developments at what has been identified as the capital of the "Hyksos" in the north eastern Nile Delta during the period from the late Middle Kingdom through the Second Intermediate Period. As well as opening up a new sight-line on the pottery industry at Tell el-Dab'a / Avaris, this study is also extremely important in refining hypotheses and conclusions based on pottery analyses, and, indeed, the author presents his case for a radical rethink in the light of these NAA findings. Illustrated throughout.

In the study of Mycenaean archaeology, the major monuments have been intensively and extensively studied, while others less impressive and monumental are often left unpublished, although well over two thousand of them are known. These largely neglected Mycenaean burials are the subject of this volume, where they are referred to as 'simple graves'. The scope of these simple graves is wide and the work extends to a discussion on interments, grave goods, and burial customs. Contains a valuable catalogue of all the graves used for the analysis of burial customs arranged by geographical area.

India encompasses a lot of hidden treasures, such as amulets, pendants, etched and eye beads - distinct beads. Besides being used for decoration distinctive beads also have religious, therapeutic, superstitious reasons behind their use. While often regarded as the smallest object of civilization, beads in general were always an integral part of any culture. They are found in large quantities in archaeological excavations and are studied in detail in this book.

This volume is an accompanying volume to CAA 98 volume (BAR S757). The papers were originally presented at the Festival of Virtual Reality in Archaeology which took place simultaneously to the twenty-sixth annual CAA conference in Barcelona.

This book represents in-depth analysis of a deposit of pottery recovered on the Palatine Hill that is composed of materials used and discarded in the period 290-315 AD. As there are exceedingly few studies concerned with groups of pottery dated to this period, the book represents an important addition to our evidence of the period in question. Unusually large number of complete or nearly complete vessels made experiments with analytical techniques possible. The book includes detailed catalogue and concludes with the remarks on urban economy of the early Dominate.

This book is concerned with the developments that followed on from the introduction of farming into Britain and Southern Scandinavia (Denmark and Southern Sweden), and the idiosyncratic social and cultural patterns that emerged as the revolutionary potential of the Neolithic was gradually realised. Fundamental to the contributors approach is a concern with the ways in which communities inhabit their landscapes. If the Neolithic involved the introduction of new species of plants and animals and new forms of material culture into indigenous contexts, the longer-term consequences of this development should be gauged through changing practices of dwelling: patterns of occupation and mobility, the organisation of space, the location of ritual activities, the dead, and the sacred; and degrees of impact in ecological conditions. The authors examine the implicit knowledge, habitual practice and material culture as forms of cultural inheritance which are passed between generations, and modified by innovation.

Cambridge Monographs in African Archaeology 84This work presents contributions from South African, European, and North American authors working in academic and governmental institutions. Chapters provide latest regional syntheses and discuss diverse topics, such as Acheulean hominin behaviour, Holocene hunter-gatherer subsistence, settlement patterns and land use patterns, human impact on marine environments and resource intensification, herder/ forager culture contact, physical anthropological studies, the impact of colonialism in developing new social and economic responses, and heritage management. A final chapter by Jon Erlandson discusses these contributions within a wider international context.

The A7 submarine sank at Portsmouth with all souls lost in January 1914. It has remained on the seabed, largely unexplored, until a project, in 2014, to fully map and record the wreck. This report covers the aims, results and conclusions of that project.Its detailed record of the submarine is highly significant as the A7 is the most complete example of an A class submarine in existence. As a result, it greatly enhances our knowledge and understanding of this pioneering British submarine class, which was both the forerunner of British WW1 submarine warfare, and the foundation of post-war developments. The long-debated cause of its destruction was also finally determined by the project. The report also provides a concise history of early British submarine warfare and technology. Finally, it records the lives of those who went down with the submarine, and details the many risks and challenges faced by those brave enough to man these early submarines.