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Multidisciplinary Old and New World research, using high quality paleoenvironmental and archaeological data, looks for correlations between climatic oscillations and socio-cultural adjustments in nomadic hunter-gatherer, horticultural, sedentary agricultural, and early urbanized societies. The outright collapse of cultural systems, sometimes associated with radical climate change, is not readily demonstrated and some contributions attribute culture change primarily to human agency. Others indicate that different cultures in diverse regions and times employ varying adjustment strategies, including economic and technological innovations (i.e., agriculture, wheels, monumental architecture, metallurgy etc.) and exhibit religious and social upheaval, warfare, genocide, or migration in coping with a changing world.

This study examines developments in British archaeology over the last 30 years or so (between 1975-2010), focusing in particular on transformations in prehistoric research. Ultimately it seeks to foreground the extent to which recent historical developments (at all levels of the discipline and in various working contexts) are implicated in contemporary research practices. Advocating the need for taking a multi-stranded and interdisciplinary approach, the author consulted a range of sources - digital archives, documentary and oral material - and draws on ideas from archaeology, sociology, anthropology and oral history. Through a detailed analysis of a leading disciplinary newsletter, key concerns are highlighted which have shaped archaeological practice over this period, and how particular roles and relationships have been defined and developed. By examining records and primary research outcomes of British prehistoric fieldwork, the writer develops a thorough understanding of how both data production and accounts of British prehistory have transformed. Based on evidence from 'life-history' interviews undertaken with prehistorians across the discipline, themes are explored that connect the diverse experiences of these practitioners: the notions that archaeology has undergone a process of 'professionalisation' over this period, and that it is chronically (and indeed increasingly) 'fragmented' socially. The author considers not only the varied ways in which British prehistorians have understood these issues,but also how such beliefs actually operate to shape research practices.

Chlemoutsi castle is located in the NW Peloponnese (Greece). It was built by the Franks following the Fourth Crusade and the establishment of the Principality of Achaea. At the beginning of the 15th century the castle passed to Charles I Tocco, Count Palatine of Cephalonia and Despot of Epirus. In 1428 it passed to the Palaiologoi and in 1460 it fell to the Ottomans. Following the fate of the Peloponnese, the castle remained in the hands of the Ottomans until the early 19th century, except for approximately three decades in the late 17th and the early 18th century when Venice replaced the Ottomans as overlords of the Peloponnese. The subject of this book is the pottery from Chlemoutsi and its discussion and interpretation. The pottery comes from several small-scale excavations conducted by the Greek Archaeological Service in the 1980s and '90s. The ceramic material under study here covers a long time span and offers important evidence for the pottery used in Greece between the 13th and the 19th centuries. It also provides information on the history of Chlemoutsi, which has been proved particularly important for the periods following the Ottoman conquest (1460), since the history and the role of the castle after the end of its Frankish occupation is hardly known in the bibliography. What characterizes the pottery of Chlemoutsi is the continuous and significant presence of Italian wares, and thus a large section of this present research deals with Italian pottery imports - still a relatively little-explored topic in Greek ceramic studies today.

In this study of prehistoric innovation, the author argues that a range of technologies and practices need to be considered in order to place innovation into the pre-existing social and technological systems in which it functioned and to assess the means by which it was accepted and valued. In particular the study focuses on how archaeological interpretations of stone objects and stone-working can help understand the adoption and continued presence of metal and metallurgy in prehistoric Europe. The author compares traditionally identified stone skeuomorphs - that is, meaningful imitations-of metal with their putative prototypes. Three separate corpora of these stone skeuomorphs have been identified: polished stone shafthole axes from the Netherlands and surrounding areas, identified as copies of perforated, copper axes; flint daggers from Jutland, identified as copies of bronze, metal-hilted daggers; and jet spacer-plate ornaments from the British Isles, Ireland and Brittany, identified as copies of hammered gold lunulae.

Birmingham Archaeology Monograph Series 10The results of archaeological investigations undertaken in advance of quarrying within a 53ha concession at Little Paxton, to the north of St Neots in Cambridgeshire (England) from 1992 to 1998. The archaeological fieldwork involved a total of 10ha of open-area excavation, as well as watching briefs and salvage recording, preceded by air photograph plotting, geophysical survey, fieldwalking and trial-trenching. The fieldwork was undertaken for the predecessor companies of Aggregate Industries by Birmingham University Field Archaeology Unit (now Birmingham Archaeology). The investigations recorded flint scatters of Mesolithic-Bronze Age date, pits containing Neolithic-Bronze Age pottery, extensive ditched field boundaries and ditched enclosures of Iron Age and Romano-British date, including livestock enclosures and associated droveways.Principal contributors: Lynne Bevan, Jeremy Evans, Annette Hancocks, Deborah Jaques, Stephen Rowland and Ann Woodward with Marina Ciaraldi, Rowena Gale, James Greig, Rob Ixer, Emily Murray, David Smith, Wendy Smith, Margaret Ward and David Williams. Illustrations by Nigel Dodds, Bryony Ryder, and Mark Breedon.

Excavations at Komini near Pljevlja and at Kolovrat near Prijepolje were conducted from 1964-1967, and again in 1970-1977. Two Roman-city cemeteries were discovered and nearly 700 graves, many of them with inscribed monuments. These excavations represent the significant finds of a Roman municipium at Komini, near present-day Pljevlja, which sprang up in the central Balkan area far from the main Roman communications network. The settlement grew in Roman times in the valley through which the small ¿ehotina river flows, a tributary of the river Lim. The municipium was situated in a plain enclosed by high mountains, not far from another big Roman settlement in present-day Kolovrat near Prijepolje. The Roman city existed, as the findings from the excavated cemeteries prove, for no longer than three and a half centuries, from the 1st to the 4th centuries AD. There is no doubt that the settlement was granted municipal status. Citizens holding municipal offices appear in the inscriptions, but the actual name of the municipium has not yet surfaced - either in inscriptions or in literary evidence. It is believed that the abbreviation 'S' in one inscription refers to the name of the municipium, although this is not proved by any other inscription. The author, in this new study of the site, has adopted the toponym 'Municipium S.', focussing on the collection, commentary, and re-publication of all the inscriptions from this location in the hope of presenting a reconstruction of the life of the city, from the 1st to the 4th centuries AD, basing his research on the literary, archaeological and epigraphical evidence.

The genesis of this volume was a conference co-organized at the University of York, U.K., in 2007 entitled "New Voices on Early Medieval Sculpture". Opinions voiced at this conference demonstrated quite clearly that the study of early medieval sculpture in Britain and Ireland is changing. New technologies and evidence (including that which contextualizes sculptural production and patronage), coupled with increased methodological awareness, is generating compelling new interpretations of the role(s) of public art in memorial contexts.

A study that investigates the validity of analysing the distribution pattern of materials in the Ebers Papyrus involves a range of discussion that often requires quite different areas of expertise such as Egyptian philology, ancient and traditional medicines, modern chemotherapeutic principles, medical history, medical anthropology and statistics as well as database design. The research sets out both the objectives of the investigation and the fundamental concepts of medicine that underpin study in the context of ancient Egyptian medicine. The work begins with an illustration of the current situation of the study of Egyptian medicine and this is followed by a discussion on the possibilities and effectiveness of the application of statistics as a method of future investigation in the analysis of Egyptian prescriptions. Certain key concepts derived from diverse principles of medicine known from different cultures are defined and approaches are made to the Egyptian medical texts to describe their contents and introduce suggested interpretations based on the medical perspectives that the author establishes.

Nautical Archaeology Society (NAS) Monograph Series No. 3This monograph is the result of four years' work investigating the archaeology of Forton Lake in Gosport, Hampshire, England. Chapter 1 provides an introduction to the Forton Lake Archaeology Project and to the location of the lake. Chapter 2 details the archaeology and history of the area around Forton Lake. Chapter 3 concentrates on the implementation of the project, the archaeological methodologies employed and the ways in which skills training and public engagement opportunities were maximized. Chapter 4 catalogues the results of the surveys and excavations under the headings of transportation, ferries and lifeboats, fishing, military and unclassified remains. Finally, Chapter 5 discusses the project in the context of the development of intertidal hulk recording methods and management strategies for intertidal archaeological remains and makes recommendations for further study. The project has demonstrated that the remains of abandoned vessels are a part of our local and national heritage that deserve greater recognition, alongside wrecks in the marine zone and historic vessels whether still floating or in dry dock. There is a large public appetite for maritime heritage, which is witnessed through the numbers of those volunteering to be involved in practical fieldwork and of those who visit historic vessels and by the response to discoveries such as the Newport Ship in 2002. By highlighting how these vessels are part of the maritime heritage continuum, their status is increased and public understanding and appreciation enhanced. Only with broad support will the degrading remains of a vast array of vernacular craft be appreciated for their historic legacy and a record of them developed for present and future generations. The work at Forton Lake has developed such a record for 25 vessels; it is not claimed this work is exhaustive; instead it is hoped this will inspire further research on the collection in the future.With contributions by Paul Donohue, Mary Harvey, Alison James, Colin McKewan, Jane Maddocks, Daniel Pascoe, Philip Simons and Julian Whitewright

Birmingham Archaeology Monograph Series 8Between June 2000 and April 2004 four sites within the City of Worcester were subjected to archaeological investigation by Birmingham Archaeology (formerly Birmingham University Field Archaeology Unit) and Mike Napthan Archaeology. The results from these four sites are documented in this volume. One site is located to the northeast of the historic city core at St Martin's Gate. The three remaining sites are located to the north of the city in an area known as The Butts. Archaeological excavations were undertaken at 8-12 and 14-24 The Butts, and an evaluation at 1 The Butts. At all four sites, the stratigraphy is characterised by Roman and post-medieval deposits, with a distinct lack of intervening material. Ditch features relating to Civil War remodelling of the city's defences were located at St Martin's Gate, 8-12 The Butts, and 14-24 The Butts, and it seems that this and later activity was responsible for the disturbance and removal of earlier material. At 1 The Butts, the creation of the medieval city defences in the 13th century had been responsible for the removal of earlier deposits, but a stone-lined well and other features of Roman date survived on the berm between the medieval city wall and ditch. At all four sites, the Roman deposits yielded a significant array of features and rich assemblages of pottery and other materials, which have added to an understanding of life and industry in the suburbs of Roman Worcester.

Sudan Archaeological Research Society. Publication Number 18In 1998 and 1999 volumes II and III of the reports on the University of Kentucky excavations at Kulubnarti were published by the Sudan Archaeological Research Society as numbers 2 and 4 in its monograph series. Kulubnarti III was also available through British Archaeological Reports in its International Series no. 814. Volume I had long been and, at the request of the author, the Sudan Archaeological Research Society agreed to republish the first volume. The excavations at Kulubnarti remain the only detailed study of a late medieval and post-medieval landscape in the Sudan. The extensive nature of the work on habitation sites of many differing types, on monumental buildings such as the church and the kourfa, on some of the associated cemeteries as well as of the rock art provided an immense amount of data. The Kulubnarti volumes publish all this material in full and are an invaluable source of information on life in rural settlements during this pivotal period during which Christianity vanished to be replaced by Islam. It thus sheds light on the origins of the present northern Sudanese cultures in an area long inhabited by the Nubians. The text is reproduced as in the first edition with some updating of the bibliographic references.

Society for Arabian Studies Monographs No.11The study presents fast disappearing information on the ethnography of agricultural communities in northern Oman and especially on the use of stars. It aims to identify the stars used and record the methods of stargazing in sufficient detail that the systems could be replicated if all local knowledge were lost. It also aims to raise awareness and improve the understanding of the significance of the traditional use of the stars in irrigated agriculture. This aspect of the cultural heritage of the region has not been written about previously in such detail. The main reason for the continued use of stars by a few communities, even though wristwatches are now widely available, is thought to be adherence to tradition both for its own sake and to avoid disputes over the sharing of water. It is considered unlikely that this ancient practice will survive more than 10 or 20 years unless the younger generation takes an interest in learning, and putting into practice, the traditions of their forefathers.

Sanjan Reports Volume 1This report on the Sanjan ceramic assemblage is the first in the series of reports on the Sanjan excavations conducted between 2002-2004. The Sanjan excavations have not only succeeded in providing a fresh perspective to Parsi / Zoroastrian history, but have also provided evidence for a prominent, multi-cultural, commercially active port settlement which formed an important component of the Indian Ocean trade network of the Early Medieval period. The ceramic assemblage at Sanjan is one of the most important collections of the Early Medieval period to be found in India to date. This body of material, comprising of West Asian, Chinese and Indigenous wares, was completely unknown in the Indian context, although scholars abroad had long been working on similar collections. The lack of corroborative material from India was regarded as an impediment in the understanding of Indian Ocean maritime trade and cultural interactions. Dr. Nanji has produced the first fully documented, researched and analysed work on Early Medieval ceramics in India. In many ways, this report is path-breaking. No other Early Medieval ceramic collection from India has been catalogued and studied in such detail, including in its methodology, fabric analysis, petrographic analysis and statistical data.

The aim of this study is to process a group of problems related to the building of residential houses in Roman Age Gaul (Tres Galliae: first century BC and the second part of the first century AD). The houses are summarized in the Catalogue that concludes the volume and provides a collection of floor plans with a brief description.

This book collects articles from two different workshops organized in 2009 and 2010. The TAG (Theoretical Archaeology Group) Conference in Stanford (May, 1-3, 2009) - workshop on Cyber-archaeology - and the conference Diversifying Participation. Digital Media and Learning - workshop on Virtual Collaborative Environments for Cultural Heritage (February, 18-20, 2010 in San Diego, La Jolla).

The aims of this research are two-fold. First is to present and systematically analyze the bidirectional flint blade industries from PPNB sites throughout the southern Levant. This formal 'hallmark' PPNB technology is only briefly reported in most publications, thus requiring some sort of quantification methods, such as indices for formal lithic technologies as has been done, for example, in Palaeolithic research. Broadly, the principles of indices could be employed for the bidirectional blade component; however this is inapplicable for this research since the studied samples include only complete items, thus requiring counts of complete items within the general assemblages, something not presented in most reports. Therefore the bidirectional blade component within the examined provinces are presented by their major characteristics (mode of production, raw material, technology, typology and style) in respect to sample size. The other aim is to examine two of the models discussed, 'Regionalism' and 'Craftspecialization. With regards to 'Regionalism' the author examines whether the proposed cultural units for the southern Levant region are also reflected in the bidirectional blade industries. The focus is on the area from the Litani River in the north to the Gulf of Aqaba in the south, the Transjordanian highlands to the east and the Mediterranean coast in the west. The investigation of aspects of the bidirectional blade lithic industries should complement other material culture such as architecture, burial customs and subsistence economy, amongst others, in contributing to the identification of cultural units in time and space with the southern Levant. The issue of 'Craft specialization' is examined to consider whether complex lithic economies such as the one described for 'Ain Ghazal can be identified at other sites in the southern Levant. The results are further correlated with site types (e.g. permanent and seasonal villages, ephemeral camps, ritual sites) in an attempt to detect possible inter and intra-site patterns for bidirectional blade products, and in order to provide a wider perspective on PPNB social complexity. The proposed research aims to characterize and define the nature and variability of the use of bidirectional blade technology through time and space. It is expected to provide information concerning aspects of social structure and complexity amongst the PPNB communities in the southern Levant before the rise of early urban civilizations in the Near East.

This book is the third in a series prepared by the author on traditional weapons from the African Continent. The first volume focuses on weapons with a straight symmetrical blade and double cutting edges such as daggers, various types of swords, and peculiar cutting side arms with divergent edges. In the second volume the author looks at weapons with straight or curved blades and a main convex cutting edge. In this third volume the author examines a group of unusual edged weapons showing analogies to agricultural implements. These weapons are characterized by a bent or curved blade with a main concave cutting edge. They can be compared to billhooks, sickles and scythes. Mostly originating from Central Africa these objects were produced during the 19th century and early 20th century. Their use was mainly linked with status, parade and dance, however very large examples or plain blades were also practical fighting weapons. See also BAR S1764 2008: Du couteau au sabre / From Knife to Sabre Armes traditionnelles d'Afrique 2 / Traditional Arms of Africa 2 (ISBN 9781407302539) and BAR S1098 2003: Armes traditionnelles d'Afrique (dagues, poignards, glaives, épées, tranchets et couperets Approche régionale et classification technique, morphologique et esthétique (ISBN 1841714763).

Proceedings of the XV World Congress UISPP (Lisbon, 4-9 September 2006). Volume 46. Session C75.This book includes papers from Session C75, Archaeologists without Boundaries: Towards a History of International Archaeological Congresses (1866-2006) presented at the XV UISPP World Congress (Lisbon, 4-9 September 2006) / Actes du XV Congrès Mondial (Lisbonne, 4-9 Septembre 2006).

The Nansa Valley, in many ways the westernmost drainage basin in Cantabria (N Spain), has traditionally been a blank page in archaeological terms, an area where only a few particular sites were known. The archaeological surveying carried out by the CAEAPgroup, both at cave sites and in the open air, has succeeded in showing that its archaeological record is comparable with that of the central valleys in the region. The results of the study of this record, presented in this book, suggest the existence of more or less subtle differences with the eastern part of the region. These divergences vary greatly in the different prehistoric and historic periods. Thus, at some times this valley is seen to form part of a wider area, while at others it displays traits belonging to its own character and appears to be occupied by a single human group. Otherwise, it can be included within the processes of change that affected the rest of the central part of northern Spain, with the diffusion of ideas coming from the south and west, and a powerful influence from the area of the Marina of Cantabria. This volume, a kind of "corpus" of sites, presents a full catalogue of all known sites in the valley, together with a study of the evolution of human settlement in the area. It is the starting point for future, more detailed, studies examining in depth the cultural adaptations developed by the human groups who lived along this river.

This catalogue of closed pottery oil lamps contains mainly intact oil lamps discovered in excavations and listed with the Israel Antiquities Authority up to the year 1988. The volume includes Archaic Greek and Hellenistic lamps made in Eastern Greece in the late 7th-5th centuries BCE; mainland Greece; Classical Greece of the 6th-4th centuries BCE; and lamps made after the conquest of the East by Alexander the Great (333-332 BCE) to the Roman conquest (1st century BCE-early 1st century CE), during which both civilizations - of the West and the East - merged into what is known as the Hellenistic period and the Hellenistic culture. The Catalogue contains 371 entries.

The art of the Hellenistic age (here taken as 332 BC to 37 BCE) in Palestine demonstrates the extent to which a province could be integrated into the rich, established culture of the Hellenistic world. Its study here examines the art itself, and specifically the themes, types, iconography, and style of local productions. The study can be instructive on the ethnic texture of Palestine, its regional differences, its widely practiced religion and cults, and its culture in general. Likewise, it may supplement both historical research on the period, which appears to have reached a dead end of sorts, and archaeological inquiry, the results of which have been partial or insufficient. It can help address whether the art was incorporated into the Hellenistic koine, the manner in which it utilized local and foreign elements, and the question of how the culture of the period left a mark so profound that it can be traced until the end of the Byzantine period.

The Upper Tisza Project. Studies in Hungarian Landscape Archaeology.Written by John Chapman, Mark Gillings, Robert Shiel, Eniko Magyari, Bisserka Gaydarska and Chris Bond.With contributions by József Laszlovszky, Steve Cousins, Denise Telford, Katalin Biró, Karen Hardy and David Brookshaw and illustrations by Sandra Rowntree and Chris Bond.Book 3 in the reports series on the Upper Tisza Project, north-eastern Hungary. This volume investigates the settlement patterns in the Zemplén Block.

The Upper Tisza Project. Studies in Hungarian Landscape Archaeology. Written by John Chapman, Mark Gillings, Enik¿ Magyari, Robert Shiel, Bisserka Gaydarska and Chris Bond.With contributions by József Laszlovszky, Steve Leyland and David Brookshaw and illustrations by Sandra Rowntree and Chris Bond.Book 2 in the reports series on the Upper Tisza Project, north-eastern Hungary. This volume investigates the settlement patterns in the Bodrogköz Block.

Paris Monographs in American Archaeology 25This study presents a motif classification, quantification, and regional comparisons for engraved rock art from the Maderas Volcano on Ometepe Island, Nicaragua. Maderas has the largest concentration of petroglyphs thus far reported in Central America. A formal analysis was conducted, which included construction of a typology for, then quantitative analysis of motifs found on over 700 boulders - only a portion of that known to exist on the island.

Proceedings of the XV World Congress UISPP (Lisbon, 4-9 September 2006). Volume 41, Sessions C41 and C72Edited by Ana M. S. Bettencourt, M. Jesus Sanches, Lara B. Alves and Ramon Fábregas ValcarceSession C41 - The creation of 'significant places' and 'landscapes' in the Northwestern half of the Iberia, during Pre and Proto-historic times. Theoretical, recording and interpretation issues from case studies in this region. Session C72 - Space, Memory and Identity in the European Bronze Age

Proceedings of the 37th International Conference, Williamsburg, Virginia, United States of America, March 22-26, 2009This book presents the proceedings (48 papers) of the 37th International Conference Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology held at Williamsburg, Virginia, USA, from March 22-26, 2009. Download available of all papers with colour figures and tables.

Proceedings of the XV UISPP World Congress (Lisbon 4-9 September 2006) / Actes du XV Congrès Mondial (Lisbonne 4-9 Septembre 2006) Volume 34, Sessions C32, C55, S01 amd WS07.Session C32: 'Contemporary Issues in Historical Archaeology' edited by Pedro P. Funari, Nanci Oliveira, Andrés Zarankin, Ximena Senatore and Lourdes Dominguez.Session C55: 'Romanization and Indigenous Societies. Rhythms, Ruptures and Continuities' edited by João Pedro Bernardes.Session S01: 'History, Archaeology and Society' edited by Fábio Vergara Cerqueira and Luciana Peixoto.Session WS07: 'Public Archaeology' edited by Fábio Vergara Cerqueira; Laurent Caron; Tony Waegeman.

A detailed study of mosaics from the Roman city of Italica now just north of Santiponce in the province of Seville. Romero surveys the history of their excavation, before treating the mosaics themtically, looking at first figurative, then geometric decoration, before considering manufacture and issues of conservation and restoration.

This work envisions the Solutrean from the view point of lithic techno-economic patterns.