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This study examines the relationship between technology and social organisation in a range of Early and Middle Bronze Age cultural groups and proposes that in the process of material culture production, technological choices not only deliver an end product but are also an essential part of complex, dynamic social strategies.

The Archaeology of the Clay Tobacco Pipe XIXThe collection of almost 1,000 clay pipes from the quarantine port of Pomègues provides a unique insight into pipe production and use throughout the Mediterranean and further afield. The author's exhaustive study makes a significant contribution to knowledge both of pipe production and circulation in a number of different ways. Although these have already been recognised and published from a range of sites throughout the Mediterranean basin, the Pomègues collection, arriving off Marseilles on ships from many ports of origin, is by far the most extensive and varied yet collected. This study establishes a logical nomenclature for the formal and technical variables that can be observed on these pipes. The Pomègues assemblage demonstrates clearly that a wide range of stylistic and constructional forms, many previously though to be late, coexisted over a wide geographical area. All existing dating typologies for Ottoman-style pipes will now have to be revised. Using existing published groups from specific sites and areas the author has attempted to identify the origins of the pipes within the Empire - whether from north Africa, the Near East, Asia Minor or Greece. Quite apart from the Ottoman-style pipes, the author provides an interesting study of the extensive Dutch element in the Pomègues collection. The pipes derive from a large number of makers and a number of probable centres and include a range of qualities, including possible copies. An attempt to combine stem-bore analysis, bowl form and maker information in a single dating statement for each pipe provides an original contribution to the study of Dutch pipes from this kind of context. The English pipes are fewer in number and more difficult to source with few distinctive regional forms or makers'marks. This study describes and identifies for the first time a major pipe production centre in Venice, producing thrown pipes in a specific technology, contrasting with the well-known moulded types from Chioggia. Finally, the author has defined, albeit tentatively, a range of 18th-century products from France and provides some indication of how such pipes can be identified in the future. This is important as very little research has been carried out on the products of an industry which, from the documentary sources, was a significant one.

The Ruthwell Cross is near the village of Ruthwell, Dumfriesshire, in south-west Scotland. It is inside the Ruthwell parish church, in a purpose-built semi-circular apse with a sunken floor. It is a sculptured stone monument in the shape of a freestanding cross about 5.3m tall. This book aims towards a comprehensive explanation of the Ruthwell Cross. It seeks to define the form of the early medieval monument or monuments incorporated in the reconstruction. It considers the issues relating to workmanship and likeness to other sculpture. Conclusions are drawn as to the likely background of the artists, and probable sources for their models. The book also examines the questions of meaning, message and audience. Suggestions are made about the nature of the religious community for whom the monument was made. This book addresses a wide range of questions about the Ruthwell Cross and suggests why, how and for whom it was made. This discussion aims to present a more considered and detailed assessment of the monument's original form, creating a new basis for future consideration of the monument. The wide-ranging discussion of the people involved in its creation and their aims and methods will present a unified approach to these questions, linking historical figures with material evidence to postulate a context for the original Ruthwell monument.

Paris Monographs in American Archaeology 32Western values imposed on pre-Columbian practices are obstacles in the understanding of the relationship between the 'skull-rack' (tzompantli) and the 'ball-court'. The impact of a long-held interpretation which stems from the belief that in the ball-game the loser was beheaded is probed, once the activities related to both sacred spaces are surveyed, to examine the genesis of an unfounded proposal. The research shows it is the product of the reminiscence, particular to each epoch, that views the pre-Columbian world from its own conception of rituals and images, those related to games and sports; cannibalism and punishment.

The present study is based on the new research carried out at the southern mound of Sialk (Isfahan Province, Iran) in 2001-2005 as well as on the results of recent excavations at other Iron Age sites located in the centre of the so-called Central Iranian Plateau. On the basis of comparative studies, sites such as Sialk reveal that the settlement patterns in Central Iranian Plateau during the Late Bronze Age and the Iron Age show a strong continuity in the occupations, with the evidence suggesting the idea that the Iron Age culture in the Iranian plateau was not overall due to immigration, rather it is the result of internal and original cultural developments.

Paris Monographs in American Archaeology 31The Bajío (West-Central Mexico) has been considered by various authors to be a key region for understanding the processes of interaction and migration among Central, West, and Northern Mesoamerica. Since the late 1990s, our knowledge of the prehispanic societies of the Bajío has benefitted from the development of several new archaeological projects carried out by various Mexican and French institutions. The principal contribution of this research has been an emphasis on extensive excavations, which were previously quite limited in the region. The numerous stratified contexts studied have revealed new data that permit a better definition of ceramic complexes in the Bajío during the Epiclassic, the period of the zone's greatest demographic growth. This volume offers a new overview of the ceramic traditions of this region and their links with those of the neighbouring areas.

Archaeological excavations were carried out at al-Qisha, located on the Wadi Masila in the Mahra region of the Republic of Yemen. Situated along the Northern Indian Ocean coast, the Wadi Masila is an integral part of the Hadramaut drainage system located within the geological Hadramaut Arch. Regional surveys were carried out between 1997-2000, defining Bronze and Iron Age and Islamic period sites. Al-Qisha is an Islamic period settlement site that spans over 1 km and includes an extensive village (part of which is still inhabited), a cemetery, and a mosque. Al-Qisha as an archaeological site is enmeshed in an historical and ethnographic landscape of trade and mediation. This volume has three goals. The main objective is to present the data collected from excavations at al-Qisha, the first excavated Islamic period settlement site in the Mahra region of Yemen to date. The second goal is to examine this site in its greater cultural and physical landscape. And third, getting to the "route" of the matter, al-Qisha serves as a gateway community linked with the Ba'Abbad of Qabr Hud, the tomb of the pre-Islamic prophet Hud. This study is unique in that it presents a first attempt to integrate archaeology with the scant history and sparse ethnography of the Mahraand Hadramaut regions.

The Late Chalcolithic is a period of far-reaching changes in many aspects of life in Mesopotamia. On the southern alluvial plain (present day Iraq) the first city states appear, among them the city of Uruk, which grows to become the largest of the citiesin the south. The growth of cities coincides with evidence for elaborate ritual building complexes, an increasingly class-stratified society, industrial specialisation, and multi-tiered administration, which includes the invention of writing. The present volume focuses on the agricultural developments in Late Chalcolithic northern Mesopotamia from the perspective of a major settlement in the region, Tell Brak in modern northeast Syria. Agriculture formed the basis of the economy of ancient Near Eastern communities; a study of the crop husbandry practices of Tell Brak can potentially identify the plant economy of the site, including the crops present in the settlement, and methods of crop processsing and use. Any agricultural responses to changes in the socio-political system, known from the archaeological evidence to have taken place during the Late Chalcolithic, can also be assessed. These responses may be able to give us an indication of the wider economic responses to societal change during the Late Chalcolithic.

The strategies of production and consumption of lithic artifacts implemented by the hunter-gatherer societies who participated in the first peopling (final Pleistocene - 13,000/10,000 BP - and early Holocene - 10,000/7500 BP) of the southern end of the American continent are investigated in this book. The analyzed materials were recovered from rock shelters in the Central Plateau of Santa Cruz, Patagonia Argentina. The lithic materials are approached from a dynamic concept of technology. This research extends the knowledge of the dynamics of tool production and resource exploitation, rather than just analyzing the procurement and manufacturing practices. The differences in and continuities of the technological preferences of the early hunter-gatherer societies are recorded, especially regarding the use and design of edges. This study presents a model of how to analyze the variability in use of artifacts from a perspective which goes beyond the idea of tools having a univocal nature.

Proceedings of the Second Postgraduate Conference in Studies of Antiquity and Middle Ages, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 19-21st November 2014Edited by N. Olaya Montero, M. Montoza Coca, A. Aguilera Felipe and R. Gómez GuiuThis volume presents the proceedings of the II Jornadas Predoctorales en Estudios de la Antigüedad y de la Edad Media, held at the Autonomous University of Barcelona, on the 19, 20 and 21st November 2014. The book follows the principal subdivision of the conference sessions: Ancient East; Greece, from Archaic to Hellenistic Times; Republican, Imperial and Late Antique Rome; Early Medieval Literature; Late Middle Ages and Humanism. The papers focus on the use of the texts in different sciences of Antiquity and Middle Ages (History, Archaeology, Philology, etc.) and how that use is a common tool to study the past, considering the literary source as the main nexus among disciplines. Quoting Thucydides, a text is a Κτ¿μa ¿ς äε¿ (an eternal possession), so, even though the papers in this volume deal with different chronologies and subjects, the approach of the study is always based on texts.

This monograph focuses on Greek architectural terracottas coming from recent excavations at the urban sanctuary of Kaulonia, a polis on the eastern coast of Calabria. The work outlines the phenomenon of architectural terracottas in their diachronic development, clarifying the manner in which their production first arose, reconstructing the range of distribution of the products of Kaulonia (among the most important in Magna Graecia), and highlighting their links with other materials of the same class in Greece and Southern Italy. It also examines significant aspects of production and attempts to investigate the ideological elements implicit in 'horn' roofs (a peculiar group of Southern Italy terracottas). The monograph further presents results that are of interest to wider architectural studies and Greek archaeology, including a reappraisal of 'horn' roofs class and a new identification of roofs found at Olympia.

Reports of the open area excavation at the York Minster Library conducted in 1997 and associated research are presented in this book. The excavation was complemented by geophysical survey and detailed documentary research in advance of an extension to the Minster Library, a converted medieval archbishop's chapel. The research unearthed archaeological strata up to two metres deep which have been attributed to eight distinct periods of activity. The periods of activity include evidence for Roman legionary barracks, an 11th-century boundary ditch, a 13th-century solar block of the archbishop's palace, 17th-century pleasure gardens, and, finally, the conversion of the archbishop's chapel into the Minster Library.With contributions by Craig Barclay, Paul Bidwell, Martin Carver, Jonathan Clark, Hilary Cool, Brenda Dickinson, Sandra Garside-Neville, Kate Giles, Kay Hartley, Deborah Jaques, Patrick Ottaway, Barbara Precious, Nicky Rogers, Jennie Stopford, Alan Vince and Felicity Ward.

This is the first detailed study in English of the Greek settlement of Pharos (Stari Grad) on the Croatian island of Hvar. This book presents life in Stari Grad (a Parian colony of the 4th c BC) and its nearby vicinity in the period occurring more than two millennia ago. The author employs methods used in prehistoric and classical archaeology, as well as data known from written, epigraphic, and numismatic sources. Chapter 2 outlines the prehistory; Chapter 3 focuses on the colonial aspirations of Cycladic island of Paros; Chapter 4 presents the remains of the city of Pharos today; Chapter 5 explores the landscape around the city; Chapter 6, the social organisation and city administration; Chapter 7, the economy; Chapter 8, the numismatics; Chapter 9, the ceramics; Chapter 10, the cults of Pharos; Chapter 11, burial rituals; Chapters 12 and 13, Demetrius of Pharos.

This is a wide-ranging study of the southern English county of Wiltshire in the Roman and early medieval periods (c. 100-1100 AD), focusing on the key themes of landscape, settlement and society and using a combination of archaeological, topographical and historical evidence. Particular emphasis is given to place-names, which, it is argued, can help us to locate Romano-British settlements and inform us about the British survival in the post-Roman period. Early chapters tackle the transition between the Roman and Early Saxon periods, challenging current theories on the decline of Roman Britain and the Anglo-Saxon adventus. Subsequent chapters examine the evidence for early medieval territorial and ecclesiastical structure in Wiltshire, in addition to the Anglo-Saxon farming landscape. There is also detailed consideration of the origins of the medieval settlement pattern and a discussion of the relationship between settlements and the ranks of Anglo-Saxon society.

Studies in Contemporary and Historical Archaeology 1This study of post-medieval ceramic production and consumption in the Lower Rhineland is prefaced by a survey of previous work and approaches in the field. With the initiation of large-scale urban excavations in the Lower Rhineland during the 1980s, particularly in the town of Duisburg, an extensive sequence of pottery has been recovered dating from c .1400 to 1800, enabling archaeologists for the first time to re-examine traditional chronologies, attributions and socio-economic interpretations. This survey comprises 95 individual assemblages of pottery from sites excavated in Duisburg and from towns and rural sites in the region. Studies in Contemporary and Historical Archaeology is a new series of edited and single-authored volumes intended to make available current work on the archaeology of the recent and contemporary past. The series brings together contributions from academic historical archaeologists, professional archaeologists and practitioners from cognate disciplines who are engaged with archaeological material and practices.

This research provides a comprehensive study of the social and psychological characteristics of modern consumer behaviour that is then used as an interpretative perspective with which to consider the evidence for a selection of villas in Roman Britain. Existing explanations for investment in the country properties of the elite are contextualised and the commonly-applied hypothesis of conspicuous consumption is critiqued. A quantifiable 'costing' model is introduced and consumer theories are summarised against a background of Roman archaeology. The consumer approach allows for a closer look at the decision-making of individuals and the determinants that can influence personal choice. Case-studies are offered that rigorously examine a range of apparently status-enhancing amenities on villas within a framework that focuses on specific consumption arguments. This process serves to question existing orthodoxies. Important and under-appreciated contexts in which social identity could be expressed were the Roman roads that passed close to villas, and this suggestion is explored.

This volume results from the author's researches into the archaeological data which came to light from settlement excavations in the northern Euxeinos Pontos. This is the sum of all archaeological evidence attesting to the presence in this area of emporia settlements. The author's sources include inscriptions, written, and archaeological material. The aim of the study is to offer as accurate a description as possible of the Black Sea emporia (from the data provided by modern in situ research) covering in particular the period from the middle of the 7th c BC to around 580 BC.

An archaeological investigation of prehistoric settlement in East MicronesiaThis work documents two seasons of archaeological fieldwork (1999, 2001) at the site of Safonfok, a prehistoric monumental site on the southwest coast of Kosrae Island, Kosrae State, Federated States of Micronesia. Here, for the first time in the history of archaeological work on the island, a monumental site that was probably one of the few regional power brokers of its time has been recognized, documented and examined in detail. Safonfok, as it turns out, is one of a very few number of sites that contains a deep and extensive cultural deposit representing the daily activities of a high status administrative site. Its material culture assemblage has further disassociated the site from all others on-island, turning what is an already significant site into a singularly unique site and elevating it to the status of type site. Above the ground, the foundations of the walls and buildings described a fortified compound, complete with canoe landings, formal and informal entries, a market or distribution center, guest housing, and even the quarters of a specialist in medicine. Dates from the excavations suggest that the compound was continuously occupied from at least A.D. 1200 to 1600, a formative period in the history of Kosrae where social, economic and political forces around the island were negotiating for status, position and power, especially power. Enshrouded in the cultural deposits is an entirely new artifact type -coral fishhooks -new to the island, to the region and to the archaeological record of the Pacific generally.

This work studies a rare collection of statues and statuettes from Cilicia, including an examination of a Dolichenian hand from Comana in Commagene, and a short description of 20 antique statuettes from the Museum of Hatay, ancient Antioch. The volume opens with a short overview of the historical events that shaped Cilicia, a coastal region in south-eastern Anatolia, from the end of the protohistoric period to Late Antiquity, and also a brief summary of the archaeological collections and museums established in the region. As well as examining the items still remaining in the area, the authors have also included Cilician bronzes curated in museums in Istanbul, Paris and London. Two appendices describe the bronzes of neighbouring regions: a remarkable hand with Dolichenian reliefs, found at Comana in Commagene and now preserved at Adana. In Appendix 2 the authors provide summary descriptions of 20 bronze statuettes in the Museum of Hatay, ancient Antioch, several of them directly paralleled in Cilicia. Most of these figurines testify to a supply of high-quality statuettes, some of which were produced locally. The Egyptian cults are slightly better represented here than in Cilicia, with two Osiris figurines and one of the sacred bull, Apis.

The established view of burials in Wales during the Roman period has been that, with a few exceptions, they would conform to Roman types. Dr. Pollock's detailed examination of the available evidence shows that on the contrary native burial types and influences can be found during the Roman period, even in heavily 'Romanized' areas.

This volume contains the 48 papers from the proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Late Roman Coarse Wares, Cooking Wares and Amphorae in the Mediterranean: Archaeology and Archaeometry which was held in Barcelona in March 2002. This was a significant event in that it focused for the first time in an international forum on (late) Roman cooking wares and amphorae. The papers presented in this volume all show how the study of Roman coarse wares, cooking wares and amphorae can contribute to ourknowledge and understanding of a wide range of issues and problems. [See also BAR S1662 2007 for Conference 2]

For the ancient Greeks the rituals that followed all military confrontations carried a special religious and symbolic meaning. These rituals included the erection on the battlefield of a trophy consisting of a wooden frame dressed with the weapons of the enemy and also the ritual offering and exhibition of part of the spoils of war at certain sites of worship. The presence of weapons at sanctuaries is, therefore, a clear indication of the ritual and symbolic value attributed to weapons. In this work, the author investigates the finds of all types of weapons found in areas of Greece devoted to worship. As well as the archaeological evidence, the author explores the epigraphic documents and classical sources providing information related to the Greek practice of dedicating weapons to the gods. Chapter One is a brief introduction to the religious and ritual aspects of war in the ancient Greek world. Chapter Two deals with the subject of the Greek trophy (tropaion) as a victory ritual involving the presence of weapons, and Chapter Three analyses the presence of elements of military equipment elements at sites of worship, including a catalogue of the sanctuaries.

Sudan Archaeological Research Society, Publication Number 13This volume is the first of a series that will report on surveys and excavations carried out in the most northerly portion of Sudanese Nubia, in the years between 1960 and 1963. Specifically, the area covered comprised the west bank of the Nile between the villages of Faras and Gemai, and adjacent islands of the Second Cataract. This stretch of approximately 60km was selected for initial attention because it was the area most immediately threatened, by construction of the cofferdam that preceded the main Aswan High Dam. During the course of four seasons the West Bank Survey recorded a total of 262 sites, ranging in age from Neolithic to early modern, and carried on at least some excavation in well over half of them. The present volume describes only the sites of Meroitic and Ballaña age that were discovered during the survey, while sites of earlier and of later date will be described in subsequent volumes.

Studies in Classical Archaeology IIIThis volume is the third in the Beazley Archive (Ashmolean Museum, Oxford) series of "Studies in Classical Archaeology". It is based on a group of lectures given in 2003, and now intended as a "handbook" for the undergraduate degree course in the History of Art. The seven chapters include: The Study of art at Oxford before 1955 (Donna Kurtz); An introduction to the reception of classical art (Donna Kurtz); Nudity in Art (John Boardman); Medals and the reception of antiquity (Henry Kim); Renaissance "istoriato" maiolica (Kate Nichols); The reception of classical art - neoclassical gems (Gertrud Seidmann); The Sackler Library: ancient and modern (Robert Adam).

This study aims to examine all aspects of Moroccan rock art and place it in an archaeological and environmental context. Almost 300 sites are now known but few have been studied fully. This work is the first overall analysis to be attempted. The author sets herself 9 specific objectives: 1) To present an up-to-date account of the history of research into Moroccan rock art from its beginnings in the 19th century. 2) To treat rock art as a part of integrated archaeological research. 3) To place rock art manifestations in a climatic and ecological framework. 4) To establish the distribution of rock art sites, by surveying - as far as the published material allowed - the position and contents of all known sites. 5) To find out if all sites contained the same type of engraved material. 6) To propose a tentative chronology of Moroccan rock art and provide possible dates for the sites. 7) To interpret the engraved images as a "medium of communication". One line of research in this direction was the localisation of this art in the landscape and its relationship to the local topography as a form of sign-posting. 8) To investigate the possible symbolic content of the images. 9) To insert rock art into the tissue of Neolithic and later life, in so far as it is known, in order to ascertain its place in the "production process" of the Neolithic and later populations of Morocco.

In this work the author examines the Medieval and Post-Medieval Greek house as a container of material culture, and of functional and social activity, within the context of a changing socio-economic environment. The first three introductory chapters review a series of previous vernacular studies mainly from the Late Ottoman and early Modern eras, covering a relatively broad methodological spectrum, and presented concisely socio-economic developments during Ottoman and Early Modern times. The study continues with an in-depth assessment of the methodologies and objectives of the authors in relation to contemporary developments and preconceptions. Most importantly, however, it became possible to attempt a quantitative and qualitative reinterpretation of the data provided by the previous studies in relation to the socio-economic changes briefly summarised. Five different levels of interpretation were chosen, that when interrelated provided a more complete picture of the processes that affected the housing patterns in Greece during the Middle and Late Ottoman, as well as the Early Modern eras. Chronological distributions and different settlement patterns were discussed in association with the general domestic types and internal arrangements. The stylistic considerations within the rural and urban context provided a further narrative closely related to social identities, fashions and nation-building processes. The houses were set into a dynamic chronological, settlement and social environment. Within this context the domestic structures were reclassified according to the use of space within them and their immediate surroundings.

Bedfordshire Archaeology Monograph Series No 4This volume on the archaeology of the English county of Bedford and its environs brings together the results of five excavations over a four year period in the late 1980s and early 1990s. It includes settlement sites dating to the Iron Age and Roman period, cemeteries and craftwork centres. One of the cemeteries, Kempston, includes a significant proportion of decapitations from the Roman period and there is a detailed analysis of this phenomena. At the same site burial from the 6th century AD hints at some form of continuous settlement in the area. Kempston is also interesting for the possibility that it is a planned rural settlement dating to the earliest years of the Roman province. This volume also includes the largest finds and ceramics assemblages presently published in the county and is an essential database of artefactual material for any future work. It also contains full accounts of several pollen columns taken at Ruxox and Kempston and provides a commentary on the environmental history of the region from the late post-glacial. The additional data on palaeo-environmental evidence from the sites provides a detailed insight into the affect of the environment on later prehistoric communities and the means by which these communities changed and adapted the environment. In a small way the "Archaeology of the Bedford Region" continues the debate into the role of human agency in change and adaptation to events at a local level, moreover rather than seeing the archaeology of the region as series of dated phases it presents both qualitatively and, where appropriately, quantatively, the almost continuous changes that took place amongst the rural populations of this region during the later prehistoric and Roman periods.With major contributions by Michael J. Allen, Peter Barker, Francesca Boghi, Anthea Boylston, Caroline R. Cartwright, Brenda Dickinson, Holly Duncan, Dawn Enright, Peter Guest, Sheila Hamilton-Dyer, Terry A. Spencer (formerly Jackman), Ed McSloy, Yvonne Parminter, Antony F. Roberts, Charlotte Roberts, Rob Scaife, Dan Shiel, Anna M. Slowikowski and Jackie Wells.Illustrations by Roy Friendship-Taylor, Peter Froste, Cecily A. Marshall, Lisa A. Padilla and Faith Puetress.

This monograph presents a reassessment of the meanings and characteristics of Romanization. The research aims at challenging the predominant views on ethnic changes and Roman cultural dominations; exploring the Jewish perspectives on landscape as a means for criticizing the cultural and ethnic Romanization Approaches; and investigating the political consequences of the Herodian building program and consequent relationship with the imperial government. 'Romanization' originally meant 'to become Roman'. Studies of Romanization in provinces other than Palestine rely heavily on changes in material culture as the indicators of transformation of cultural and ethnic identities from 'natives' to 'Romans'. Supported by numerous literary records, such phenomena did not occur in Palestine. Under Roman rule, the Jews were never assimilated to become Roman. Jews also did not show any desire to be self-Romanized. Moreover, no evidence suggests any intention of ethnic and cultural assimilation from the imperial government or the client kings. It has always been assumed that the imposition of 'Roman architecture' was a strong indicator of cultural and ethnic Romanization. However, the term 'Roman architecture' is uncritically used in architectural studies. Herodian buildings should not be simply classified as 'Roman architecture'. The Herodian builders made use of local, Near Eastern, Eastern Mediterranean and Italian architectural elements and subsequently created hybrid architectural forms. Some Herodian structures were similar to those in Italy, but their perceived meanings in Palestine might not have been the same as in Italy, because the Jewish population in Palestine viewed them in terms of their local culture. It has been assumed that Palestinian Jews were so distinctive that they were immune from ethnic and cultural Romanization. But the phenomenon in Palestine might not have been a distinctive one; without the help of surviving literature, Palestine would be interpreted in a similar way to other Roman provinces. Therefore, 'peoples' in other provinces might not have 'become Roman' ethnically and culturally.

In this volume's 18 chapters, diverse authors utilizing a variety of techniques explore elements of seigneurial domestic buildings (AD c.800-1600) on both sides of the English Channel. Among the contributors are scholars from as far afield as Germany, south-west France, Ireland, Scotland and the Channel Islands. They have provided a collection of papers which provides considerable insight into recent studies on the seigneurial domestic buildings of north-western Europe. Locations covered specifically include Norwich Castle, Boothby Pagnell, the Imperial Hall at Frankfurt am Main, Muenzenberg, and the turris famosa of Ivry-la-Bataille. Notwithstanding differences of emphasis and the considerable range of techniques demonstrated, this work may be divided into two main categories: thematic and regional studies; and monographs. The approach, broadly, of the authors has been to combine archaeology with a proper use of documentary sources. In a limited number of cases it has been posible also to make use of dendrochronology, thereby adding precision to the altogether more subjective stylistic dating so beloved by the art historian.

This volume represents a detailed study of the important town of Argos in the Peloponnese during Byzantine phases (4th-7th centuries AD). An introduction covers landscape and contextual history. Chapter one explores the major sites of the town (Agora, monuments, fortifications, aqueducts). Chapter two deals with ecclesiastical architecture. Chapter three investigates the cemeteries, while chapter four reviews their ceramic finds (and includes a catalogue) and chapter five details the inscriptions. Chapter six focuses on civil infrasture, domestic, and trade features.