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This book developed out of the need to address the issues surrounding the potential impact of urbanization and later, industrialization, on past human health in England. The main aims of the research were to assess differences in the levels of morbidity and mortality in non-adults from urban and rural environments, and to explore the types of evidence for morbidity observed on non-adult skeletons. The study was based on two urban (York and London) and two rural (Northamptonshire and North Yorkshire) sites in England (between 850 and 1859). The use of skeletal and dental indicators of stress were examined as measures of environmental change, and also what factors in the urban and rural environments may be contributing to any difference between the samples.

This work is ostensibly a study of the archaeology and history of a single Roman landscape - the Fenlands of East Anglia. However, it was also the author's intention to consider the issues raised by the application of post-colonial theory to landscape archaeology. The aims of this study are thus two fold: to explore the nature of imperialism as practiced in the Roman Empire from a post-colonial perspective, and, secondly, to test a series of models generated in relation to the Roman Fenlands. The study as a whole is much concerned with an examination of Roman imperialism as it is with the detail of a particular case study.

This monograph presents the results of an intensive site survey of three Prehistoric Bronze Age cemeteries in the vicinity of Marki Alonia in central Cyprus. These cemeteries contained around 370 pit and chamber tombs, and were in use from the Early Cypriot Bronze Age into the Middle Cypriot period. Each of the cemeteries has been looted since the Second World War, with the result that a sizable scatter of ceramic artefacts lies across their surfaces. It is this scatter that forms the main subject of this work. Marki's cemeteries provided an important opportunity to assess the value of looted sites to archaeologists. The taphonic processes that have affected the sites are therefore discussed in detail, with the conclusion that although cultural and natural processes can significantly affect a ceramic assemblage from a looted cemetery, they do not render them valueless. The work concludes that the ceramics interred in Prehistoric Bronze Age cemeteries differed little from those used in day-to-day life in the settlement, and that although mortuary assemblages from across Cyprus were generally similar, some idiosyncrasies existed from site to site. Additionally, the study considers issues of social complexity, chronology, burial customs, and symbolic behaviour.

with English abstract

This monograph represents 15 years of research by the author and concentrates on the so-called South Scandinavian or Bronze Age petroglyphs from the municipality of Stjørdal (Trøndelag, central Norway, east of Trondheim). The book's final section presents a catalogue of 130 or sites, with tracings and short descriptions of each of the rock panels. In all, the work reports on the detection, mapping, and description of the spatial and temporal patterns found within the Stjørdal rock-art record. There is also an attempt to explain these patterns and to discover why they occur. The rock-art is seen as part of the total archaeological record, both locally and in a wider perspective.

Proceedings of a conference held in Williamsburg, VA, Nov 7-11th 1999The thirty-four papers published in this volume represent the proceedings of a conference on Human Remains held in Williamsburg, VA in November 1999. The conference was divided into six themes: Excavation and Fieldwork, Conservation, Soft Tissues and Mummies, Curation, Analysis and Ethics, and Law and Public Perception. The excavated material discussed comes from all continents and significant time periods. One of the principal aims of the conference was to address the current issues in the archaeology of human remains and encourage dialogue between the various specialists involved in conservation, curating, analysis, etc. The topical ethical and repatriation questions are also examined. Illustrated throughout with photographs, drawings, tables and figures.

The primary aim of this volume is to summarize and assess for the first time all available primary evidence for the earliest forms of monumental architecture built within a geographically discrete area of the British Isles - the chalk landscapes of Central South-eastern England. This extremely detailed study includes all the significant mounds, land cuts, flint workings, and monumental architecture (4500-1500 BC) of the South Downs in context, including Blackpatch, Cissbury, and Harrow Hill.

A selection of 17 papers from the first Symposium of "Current Research in Egyptology", held in Oxford in 2000. The Symposium was held to foster communication and exchange of ideas among students of Egyptology at UK institutions. The UK enjoys a wealth of Egyptological resources, but it is sometimes difficult for graduate students from different universities to interact. In many cases, the very diverse papers presented, constitute ongoing research, offering authors the opportunity to formulate the current state of their work, and to present it to a wider audience. Topics covered range from "Hysteria Revisited: Women's Public Health in Ancient Egypt" to "Papyrological Evidence of Travelling in Byzantine Egypt".

Proceedings of the 28th Conference, Ljubljana, April 2000This volume contains the proceedings of the first conference ever of the two professional organizations, Computer Applications and Quantitive Methods in Archaeology (CAA), and the Union International des Sciences Préhistorique et Protohistorique (UISPP),Commission IV. The conference was held (April 2000) in Ljubljana, and brought together experts and members of two of the largest professional organizations in computer and quantitative methods in archaeology. Fifty-six papers from the conference are presented in the collected proceedings.

The first volume in the series Studies in the History of Collections, this work places archaeology, history of art, and British antiquarianism in the wider context of Europe's cultural heritage. The Story focuses on antique sculpture, the principal type of classical art known to artists, collectors and scholars from the Renaissance until the later nineteenth century. Includes a complete catalogue of the Ashmolean Museum's casts and a fascinating Chronological Chart.

The River Miera occupies a limestone valley in the centre of Cantabria, northern Spain. Its archaeological record, which was poorly known previously, was studied in depth during two seasons of archaeological surveying whose results are published in this volume. The information obtained allows the reconstruction, albeit with certain gaps, of the evolution, over more than 100ka, in the way human societies adapted to the varied landscape, from the rich coastal platform to the poor inland limestone mountains. The existence of similar studies in neighbouring valleys, the Asón and the Saja, enables the determination of small differences in each archaeological period.

This book analyses the technological process of ceramic moulding. To this end, the work is organised into four sections: The first section discusses the concepts on which the analyses are based. The second section analyses the theoretical-methodological background. This section is based on a social view of the operational chain and on a specific design adapted to the technological interpretation of the macro-traces created by the ceramic moulding process. The third section discusses the entire protocol for the technological identification of macro-traces created by the ceramic moulding process. The final section deepens the interpretative strategies offered by the ceramic moulding analysis and the volume concludes with a reflection on the limits and possibilities of the proposed methodology.

Sanjan Excavation Report Volume 3Written by Sharad Rajaguru, Sushama Deo, Pramod Joglekar, Padmakar Prabhune, Vijay Sathe, Shivendra Kadgaonkar and Arati Deshpande-MukherjeeThe authors examine medieval period of Sanjan, situated on the western coast of India, to the south of the river Tapi. The volume includes reports on geo-morphology of the area, animal bones, shells, coins and iconography. The area has a special importance in the commerce of the Indian Ocean.

This book presents the results of research on the Inca site of Hualfín Inka, located in the northwest of the province of Catamarca, Argentina. The research focused on the methods used for the study of landscape archaeology, through which the chronology of the site, its functionality within the Inca Empire and their relationship to local-regional level was established. Another objective was to explain the way that the Incas used the architecture to dominate local communities. Analysed are architectural characteristics, the functionality of the structures within the site and the use of the surrounding landscape, emphasizing the changes as a way for the interpretation of the Tawantinsuyu problems in the Northwest of Argentina.

This research focuses on the British Iron Age and challenging the current hypotheses of exposing the dead on five Iron Age sites in Hampshire and one from Dorset, England. Current theories are based on anthropological analogies and classical texts to understand and interpret the burial record. However, this research focused on understanding the formation of the burial record employing a new science-based methodology. This new approach is both integrated and multidisciplinary, combining the osteological and context taphonomic physical or material evidence to discern cultural behaviour from natural processes. The approach utilises a wide range of forensic anthropology and taphonomy, including l'anthropologie de terrain or archaeothanatology, to identify archaeological signatures from three key and interrelated areas: the remains, the deposition context, and the relationship between the corpse and its deposition circumstance. A new system of categorising Iron Age remains was developed to differentiate funerary and depositional behaviour between sites.

The book systematically examines and compares a large sample of burials from the same region, Cambridgeshire and Bedfordshire, in the Roman and Anglo-Saxon periods. A very detailed examination of skeletal material provides specific evidence about this region in the Roman and Anglo-Saxon periods, but also contributes to wider questions of osteological interpretation and political change; specifically the Roman/Anglo-Saxon transition. It explores large issues such as what can be learned from human bones to understand lifestyle and migration. This book will hopefully provide a clear picture of aspects of life in the Roman and Anglo-Saxon periods, which are typically unobservable from other scholarly approaches.

The book traces archaeological history of the Picene area from the 5th to the 1st centuries BC. The problem of romanization is accessed from the perspective of human occupation of the landscape and the administrative organization of that occupation. Examined are settlements, sacred and funerary contexts as well as sporadic finds from the area.

In this study the author discusses the typo-chronological correlation of ceramic production of a conventional 'Late Copper Age' 'Boleraz/Baden'-type settlement excavated at Balatonoszod-Temetoi dulo (Zala region, western Hungary). By assessing the ceramic vessels and sherds, which came to light in large numbers, the excavator establishes a typological system for the settlement and correlates it with known Boleraz and Baden classification systems. Overall the study reassesses the relative and absolute chronological problems of the Late Copper Age and the Early Bronze Age in modern-day Hungary and suggest a new typo-chronological system based on the excavation at Balatonoszod-Temetoi dulo. In addition, the research also supplements the typological and settlement historical results already known from the site with other dating methods, such as thermoluminscence/optical luminescence.

By examining a small corpus of varied material (metalwork, ceramics and glass) this work presents a study of the Danube area in the middle and late Imperial age. The region is characterized by remarkable social, political and administrative transformations and the Danube itself is a natural 'limes' between Rome and the North. In the study the author highlights the relationships between the social environment and the commission, execution and destination of high-status artefacts found in the region.

This research is focused on the Medieval human skeletal series recovered from Sanjan (Valsad District, Gujarat, India). Horizontal excavations were undertaken at the archaeological site of Sanjan for three field seasons during 2002-05 jointly by the World Zarathushti Cultural Foundation and the Indian Archaeological Society. Studies on human skeletal remains recovered from the excavations were undertaken at the Anthropology laboratory of Archaeology Department of Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute, Pune in 2006-07. The skeletal series of Sanjan is promising for more than one reason. The Parsis are Zoroastrian refugees from Iran, who made their landing near the present town of Sanjan on the coast of western India around 750 A.D. The Parsis represented in the skeletal series are the 16th century representatives of the ancestral migrant population. The broader aim of this study is to provide anthropological data for the skeletal population, an intermediate stage, which could be effectively used to evaluate the evolutionary changes seen from the ancestral population residing in Iran and the contemporary Indian Parsis.

In this work the cult of the Capitoline Triad is examined from a viewpoint that varies from the traditionally public and official one. A review of its archaeological and epigraphic sources shows how the devotion to the three divinities also permeated the private sphere of individuals in addition to the public or collective events. Although the Capitoline cult lost its pre-eminence during the Imperial age, it remained a clear symbol of tradition, adopted to reassert identity or to display self-satisfaction and power.

Focusing on Bronze Age societies in Central Eurasia and North China, this book presents a new scenario of early social evolution. Essentially it integrates the Marxist production-relation concept and the community concept into the Band-Tribe-Chiefdom-State scheme, and formulates the following three hypotheses: 1) The community is an autonomous agent in political, economic, and cultural spheres; 2) The nature of the early social evolution is that the inter-community differentiation at the tribal stage transforms into the inter-community stratification at the chiefdom and state stages; 3) Metal production as a form of economy is a major force that instigates the inter-community differentiation. In testing the three hypotheses, Bronze Age archaeological data from Central Eurasia and North China are subjected to detailed examination. The Central Eurasian societies and the Late Shang kingdom are all engaged in metal production yet they represent two disparate stages of social development, the tribal and state stages respectively. This contrast gives us an excellent opportunity to reflect upon the trajectory of early social evolution and the role of metal production in this process. Virtually the two bodies of materials supply a desirable testing ground for the three hypotheses raised above.

South American Archaeology Series No 15The research presented in this volume seeks to build a series of qualitative and quantitative multi-scale paleoenvironmental models of the past conditions in the Dry Puna of Argentina setting out the conditions under which human adaptation occurred.

Archaeological excavation, salvage recording and watching briefs were undertaken at Metchley Roman fort, Birmingham in 1999-2001 and 2004-2005. The areas investigated were located mainly to the west of the Roman military complex. The earliest features may have belonged to a construction camp (Phase A/ Phase 1A), preparatory to the layout of the first fort (Phase 1B), around AD 48. The western defences of this fort comprised double-ditches and a turf rampart. A new discovery was a palisade trench forming a western annexe or enclosure (Phase 1C) which may have been associated with the on-site manufacture of pottery, specifically mortaria. Most importantly, the excavations provided the first structural evidence for a civilian settlement at the site (Phase B). This comprised a total of six timber-framed structures, including three open-sided strip buildings, interpreted as shops, laid out along a gravelled trackway leading out of the fort. The western annexe or enclosure and the settlement were contemporary with the first fort. This short-lived settlement was succeeded by a complex of ditched livestock compounds (Phase C). A livestock 'funnel' leading to the fort's west gate was an integral part of this arrangement, confirming the nexus between the external livestock enclosures and the livestock enclosures previously recorded within the fort interior. Both the external and internal livestock enclosures belonged to the Neronian military stores depot (Phase 2B). The location of Metchley at an important road junction, and at, or adjoining, several tribal boundaries, could have proved important for the collection of livestock from the surrounding countryside. Assuming it was concerned with the supply of auxiliary rather than legionary units, Metchley is likely to have supplied forts within the local or regional area. The western livestock complex was abandoned by the early Flavian period. This zone to the west of the military complex was not brought back into use during subsequent occupations of the military complex, which continued up to the end of the 2nd century (Phases 3-4).With contributions from Lynne Bevan, Marina Ciaraldi, Hilary Cool, C. Jane Evans, Annette Hancocks, Kay Hartley, Rob Ixer, Erica Macey-Bracken, Wendy Smith, Jane Timby, Roger Tomlin, Roger White, Felicity Wild, David Williams, and Steven WillisIllustrations by Nigel Dodds and Bryony Ryder

Proceedings of the XV World Congress UISPP, Lisbon, 4-9 September 2006. Volume 47Additional papers representing miscellaneous papers from the XV UISPP World Congress (Lisbon, 4-9 September 2006).

This book traces interest in Egyptology in Manchester (England) and the surrounding towns from the early nineteenth century, when interest in Egypt first developed, through travel and business links, to the benefactions and dedicated work of cotton men and women who helped to build up and to display the remarkable collections which can be seen to this day. The second half of the book starts in the middle of the twentieth century when the focus became more scientific. The Manchester Mummy Project was pioneering in its day and the Manchester Protocol which laid down a tested methodology for mummy studies became accepted world-wide. Since its inception, mummy studies in Manchester have gone from strength to strength and the KNH Centre for Biomedical Egyptology is now pursuing ground-breaking research. The last section explores a selection of notable contributors to the Egyptological scene in Manchester.

Paris Monographs in American Archaeology 26The results of a comprehensive new survey between 1996-2006 of the B'aakal region (Palenque), Chiapas, Mexico. Includes appendices of flora and fauna, gazetteer sites and mapping.With contributions from Keiko Teranishi Castillo, Atasta Flores Esquivel, Flavio G. Silva de la Mora, Joshua Abenamar Balcells González, Javier López Mejía and Esteban Mirón Marván

Until the 1960s, early medieval religious architecture suffered from a general lack of interest by the field of archaeology resulting in a real need for the improvement in knowledge of this often-misinterpreted art. Initially considered as outmoded or backward, early medieval architecture is actually dynamic, particularly the transition period between the 9th and the 11th centuries marked by its themes of transference and novelty. One of the features of this architecture is the use of ceramic building materials in the masonry, a technique from the Antiquity that can be observed continuing into the 11th and 12th centuries. This architectural characteristic is visible in areas touched by Roman traditions and particularly in north-western France and south-eastern England, which also benefit from a substantial concentration of early medieval buildings. One of the aims of this work is, therefore, to identify similar architectural tendencies and examine the technological choices made in the construction of the buildings under analysis. In order to achieve this, it is necessary to accurately position key-buildings in the architectural chronology. Amongst methods for this, luminescence dating applied to ceramic building materials is particularly attractive. Not only does it contribute to building archaeology through more precise dating, but its use in this specific aim also presents an opportunity to thoroughly test the method and essentially improve its potential. The first part of the study examines aspects of the political and religious contexts of the period between the 9th and the 11th century, as well as the associated architecture and its components. The second part is devoted to the presentation and the definition of the luminescence dating method. Bringing together these elements enables the twelve case studies from French and English sites selected for this chronology research work to be addressed in detail. Finally, a detailed study of the mode of use of ceramic building materials is presented and an interpretation of this architectural choice will be attempted.

The original idea for developing this book as Proceedings from the Symposium on Obsidian Source Studies in Northeast Asia, held at the 70th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology (2005), was conceived in the summer of 2004.

Wadi Araba is a unique landform of great historical importance. As a part of the Great Rift Valley, Wadi Araba extends southward from the Dead Sea to the Gulf of Aqaba and covers vast stretches of mostly arid land. Until recently our understanding of the history (and prehistory) of Wadi Araba has been negligible, due largely to the fact that few have explored the valley in any systematic fashion. In fact, most of the valley remained unexplored until the 1990s, and the few investigations that had been conducted either remained unpublished or were too purposive in nature and narrow in scope to shed light on broader historical developments. Nevertheless, there is a growing body of data from Wadi Araba. Archaeological fieldwork conducted over the past twenty years, for example, has significantly increased the number of known sites in the valley. As a result, our knowledge of the history of Wadi Araba has improved, though it remains somewhat fragmented geographically and qualitatively. Also, despite this improvement in our knowledge of known sites in the valley, there have been no attempts to synthesize any of the data. If we are to gain any sort of broader understanding of the historical geography of Wadi Araba, the need for such a synthesis is clear. The present monograph, accordingly, is one attempt to provide a more comprehensive overview of the antiquities of Wadi Araba and a general outline of the rich history of the valley. Chronologically, the scope of this study focuses on the Hellenistic through to the Byzantine period. The purposes of this initial chapter are 1) to provide a general sketch of the geographical and ecological setting, 2) to summarize previous explorations and research conducted in Wadi Araba, including excavation and survey conducted by the author, and 3) to discuss briefly the classical and late antique sources pertinent to a historical geography of Wadi Araba. Following this introduction, Chapter 2 of this study provides a detailed summary of the larger settlements in Wadi Araba, mostly focusing on the cities, villages, and hamlets, as well as the various forts and caravanserais. Chapter 3, in turn, summarizes the evidence of other sites of historical significance in the periphery of the larger settlements. A comprehensive discussion of the communication networks in the valley is the focus of Chapter 4, with the expressed goal of understanding how the various sites interrelate with one another. Finally, Chapter 5 provides a broad historical sketch of the history of Wadi Araba in Classical and Late Antiquity.