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An in-depth study of Neolithic material and sites from western France that answers many questions in terms of the neolithization of Europe and future developments in the British Isles. This volume presents a new perspective on the neolithisation of the Armorican Massif, based on an examination of lithic material and its spatial ordering. The emphasis is on the detection of sites where raw material was extracted, and of workshops where bangles and stone axeheads (especially those of fibrolite) were manufactured; this allows the author to investigate the 'chaines operatoires' involved and their spatial organisation. The author places the conclusions of this research within a broader consideration of the evidence relating to the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition process in Armorica, and considers ways in which aspects of this process correlate with, and others diverge from, the cultural dynamics of the fifth millennium BC in the northern half of France. The approach adopted here, with its emphasis on the production and modes of diffusion of bangles and axeheads has the potential for more general application to the study of 'socially valorised artefacts' elsewhere in Continental Europe.

This work follows the rapid survey of the ecclesiastical geology of the stonework of known Anglo-Saxon churches throughout England undertaken by the author a decade ago. From that brief study it proved possible to both understand and distinguish clearly obvious patterns in the use of the stonework. Furthermore, the use and value of specific rock types were determined and diagnostic features which could be used to identify buildings of the period were described. Subsequent, more widespread published studies in Scotland, Ireland and Wales, expanded the English studies by revealing closely analogous examples of the same indicative features. Beyond the domain of the Anglo-Saxons but, of the same pre-Romanesque age, a widespread building fashion had been followed and to this the name 'Patterned' was applied. Chapters 1 and 2 introduce and summarize this work and give brief details of the specific features that are diagnostic of this period. Although a number of relatively minor regional studies have been undertaken by the author in England, nothing had until this time been attempted for the North of England. The present work takes the same form as those studies for both Ireland and Wales. It provides a comprehensive analysis to cover all the early churches over an area of eleven North of England counties. Too large to be bound within one volume, the churches in these counties have been described in two volume parts, this being Part A. In this, the (pre-1974) counties involved are, in alphabetical order, Cheshire, Cumberland, Derbyshire, Durham, Lancashire and Lincolnshire; 79 churches or sites in all. This widespread regional study further endorses the existence of those distinctive Patterned features in stonework fashions seen elsewhere. That building fashions changed in the past, if less dramatically, much as they do today, was further emphasised with stonework of Norman and later periods showing the same significant style changes as re-described here and noted in previous studies. This study, by county, drew attention to the dramatic differences that exist in the numbers of early churches that remain in existence today by geographical region. Consequential to this far-reaching study a variety of supplementary aspects of church construction are also discussed.

This work follows the rapid survey of the ecclesiastical geology of the stonework of known Anglo-Saxon churches throughout England undertaken by the author a decade ago. From that brief study it proved possible to both understand and distinguish clearly obvious patterns in the use of the stonework. Furthermore, the use and value of specific rock types were determined and diagnostic features which could be used to identify buildings of the period were described. Subsequent, more widespread published studies in Scotland, Ireland and Wales, expanded the English studies by revealing closely analogous examples of the same indicative features. Beyond the domain of the Anglo-Saxons but, of the same pre-Romanesque age, a widespread building fashion had been followed and to this the name 'Patterned' was applied. Chapters 1 and 2 introduce and summarize this work and give brief details of the specific features that are diagnostic of this period. Although a number of relatively minor regional studies have been undertaken by the author in England, nothing had until this time been attempted for the North of England. The present work takes the same form as those studies for both Ireland and Wales. It provides a comprehensive analysis to cover all the early churches over an area of eleven North of England counties. Too large to be bound within one volume, the churches in these counties have been described in two volume parts, this being Part A. In this, the (pre-1974) counties involved are, in alphabetical order, Cheshire, Cumberland, Derbyshire, Durham, Lancashire and Lincolnshire; 79 churches or sites in all. This widespread regional study further endorses the existence of those distinctive patterned features in stonework fashions seen elsewhere. That building fashions changed in the past, if less dramatically, much as they do today, was further emphasised with stonework of Norman and later periods showing the same significant style changes as re-described here and noted in previous studies. This study, by county, drew attention to the dramatic differences that exist in the numbers of early churches that remain in existence today by geographical region. Consequential to this far-reaching study a variety of supplementary aspects of church construction are also discussed.

This study is based on analysis of sandstone tools from thirty or so early Neolithic settlement sites from the Paris Basin, Hainaut and Hesbaye, dating to the Bandkeramik (Rubané) and Villeneuve-Saint-Germain cultures. Almost ten thousand objects, including seven hundred tools, were examined in terms of typology, technology and function. The work shows how knowledge of the integration of sandstone tools in the technological system can advance our general understanding of everyday domestic activities in Neolithic societies.

Papers from the Table-Ronde held in Basel 20049 papers from a symposium held in Basel in 2004 to discuss current aspects of charcoal analysis.

The horror of the puticuli, the mass burial pits, and their traditional association with the poor, has often led to this socio-economic group being viewed as somehow 'different' to the rest of the ancient urban community in the Italy of the Late Roman Republic. This is the theory questioned by the author of this volume. Why should this part of the community care so little about the disposal of the dead when other members of society were devoting huge amounts of time and money to ensuring that the deceased received not only burial, but also lasting commemoration? This volume emerged from the author's growing sense of unease at the way in which the urban poor of Rome seemed to be forgotten about, not only in discussions of burial practice, but also general societal trends. It stemmed from a wish to try to identify and re-humanise these often neglected people, as well as to use this information to more comprehensively assess the disposal practices of the ancient city dweller. The work goes some way to beginning this process. Much of the world of the ancient urban poor remains still to be explored, and, while not claiming to be comprehensive, the author hopes that it will re-insert the poor inhabitants of Rome into the consciousness of scholars of the ancient world, and contribute towards the development of new and exciting dialogues that take account of the attitudes and activities of all the varied members of ancient society.

Cet ouvrage présente l'étude détaillée de la pierre taillée de Çatalhöyük-West Mound, silex et obsidienne, dans une approche pluridisciplinaire et multi-scalaire. L'approche pluridisciplinaire comprend la caractérisation macroscopique et minéralogique de la matière première (spectroscopie infrarouge); la géologie et la géomorphologie (évaluation des ressources locales disponibles et paramètres géodynamiques); et une étude typo-technologique fine (nature des productions et modalités d'acquisition). L'étude de ses productions lithiques a permis de souligner des changements dans les aspects économiques et techniques des productions et systèmes d'échange au début du Chalcolithique (ECAIV). Cette publication discute la nature des changements à Çatalhöyük du Néolithique au début du Chalcolithique, la nature des productions lithiques confrontant les productions locales sur silex aux productions spécialisées sur obsidienne et silex dans une perspective locale et régionale. Elle permet de discuter les changements socio-économiques observés à cette période de transition. This book presents a detailed study of the West Mound Çatalhöyük chipped stone, flint and obsidian, using a pluridisciplinary and multi-scale approach. The pluridisciplinary approach is developed using macroscopic observations and analytic tools of mineralogy (infrared spectroscopy); geology and geomorphology (the local resources available and geodynamic patterns); and a typo-technological study (the nature of productions and the modalities of procurement). The global lithic study permits one to address the economic and technological changes in the chipped stone production and exchange system during the Early Chalcolithic period (ECAIV). This study contributes to the discussion of the nature of the technological changes through time at Çatalhöyük from the Neolithic to the Early Chalcolithic period, and the nature of lithic productions, from local and domestic productions of flint to specialized production of flint and obsidian from a regional perspective. It also permits discussion of the socio-economical changes observed during this transitional period.

The international conference Funerary in Friuli and the neighbouring regions between Iron Age and Late Antiquity (San Vito al Tagliamento (Pordenone, Italy), February 14, 2013) was organized as the final event in Friuli Venezia Giulia of Project PArSJAd - Archaeological Park of the Northern Adriatic, funded by the Cross-Border Cooperation Programme Italy-Slovenia 2007-2013. It was also held to commemorate the 40th anniversary of the excavation (1973) of the first Iron Age urnfield ever found in the Friulian plain, the necropolis of San Vito al Tagliamento. The conference proceedings present a comprehensive overview of this topic in the North Adriatic region, with the review and update of old excavation data and the presentation of unpublished reports resulting from very recent archaeological research. For the Roman age in particular, the conference covered a topic that has registered a significant increase in data in the region over the past two decades but has not yet been debated thoroughly: funerary equipment outside of large urban centres.

This book presents the newly discovered assemblage of 800 Sasanian clay sealings which is now kept in the Persian Gulf Museum of Bandar Abbas, Iran. In 2012, this collection was confiscated in Bandar Khamir, Hormozgan Province when in transit from Iran to UAE, and was delivered to the Hormozgan Center of Cultural Heritage Organization. Unfortunately the provenance of the collection is still unknown, but in comparison with the large Sasanian archives of Qasr- ? Abu Nasr and Taxt- i Soleyman, which comprise 505 and 241 clay sealings, respectively, such a large number of clay sealings is remarkable. The book introduces this new and hitherto unpublished archive of Sasanian clay sealings and we hope that the archive in question will expand our knowledge of Sasanian economic systems.

Procedencia de materia prima y caracterización de cerámica del Preclásico de Cuicuilco "C"Focussing on archeometry, specifically ceramic analysis, this research looks at the Mexican site of Cuicuilco, an important pre-Classic (700-400 B.C.) location considered as one of the earliest and largest sites on the central high plateau, previous to the development of Teotihuacan.

This study examines the development and decline of the 17th and 18th century English/British fortifications of Nevis, West Indies. The forts were first built in the early 17th century and continued to be developed and added to, reaching their maximum strength in the later 17th/early 18th centuries. Ten of the forts have been located in the field, with at least four others identified as having been destroyed by development. Each fort has been catalogued, with plans, photographs and historical information given. In addition, the development of the forts has been placed within the framework of the progression of fortification strategy in Europe, the Caribbean, and in the wider colonial world. This study details the methodologies used to examine structures of this type, with special reference paid to the disciplines of historical and military archaeology. This research, in contrast to many other military studies, has also examined the lives of those associated with all aspects of colonial military life on Nevis, including soldiers, planters, slaves, servants, women and children. The aim of this analysis has been to place the forts within a broader socio-historical and archaeological narrative, referencing all aspects of Nevisian colonial society.

Archaeological and historical investigations at Tutbury Castle, StaffordshireBirmingham Archaeology Monograph Series 11A report on the archaeological and historical investigations undertaken at Tutbury Castle, Staffordshire. The town of Tutbury is situated on the eastern border of Staffordshire in central England some 15km south west of Derby and 6.5km north west of Burton upon Trent. Around 1068-69 the Normans founded a motte and bailey castle on a tactically advantageous bluff above the town with the strategic purpose of controlling important north-south and east-west routes of communication. Attacks on the castle in the 12th, 13th and 14th centuries may be cited as evidence of a continuing military significance down to 1322, when, as one of Thomas earl of Lancaster's castles, it was sacked by the forces of Edward II. As part of the duchy of Lancaster estate it became a royal property from 1399 and was extensively rebuilt during the 15th century; it is this late medieval phase that plays the most significant part in defining the architectural character of the castle today. The Civil War revived interest in the strategic and tactical advantages of the site, and ultimately led to the castle's destruction, although an afterlife ensued in the 18th century as a farm and romantic ruin.With contributions by David Barker, Emma Collins, Matthew Edgeworth, Jon Goodwin, Emily Hamilton, Christopher Hewitson, David Higgins, Matilda Holmes, Richard Kelleher, Alex Lang, Rosalind McKenna, Philip Mann, Helen Martin-Bacon, Stephanie Rátkai and David SmithIllustrations by Nigel Dodds, Helen Moulden, and Bryony Ryder

This volume summarizes many aspects of more than twenty years of field research at the ancient Maya city of Blue Creek in northwestern Belize. Blue Creek was a medium-sized Maya kingdom whose wealth was built upon access to large-scale and high-quality agricultural lands and its location at the headwaters of the Rio Hondo. The Rio Hondo is the northern-most river draining the Maya lowlands into the Caribbean Sea and provided access to markets and polities of northern Yucatan. The studies in the volume provide an overview of Blue Creek combined with detailed studies of aspects of production, trade, distribution, and the organization and functional interactions within the community.

Ancient rivers have altered many Palaeolithic sites, obfuscating our ability to understand early human behavior. Building on previous models characterizing fluvial disturbance, the research presented in this volume focuses on identifying new ways ofunderstanding how lithic assemblages are affected by rivers through a series of experiments. It is argued that these effects are predictable, but dependent on aspects of river and artifact morphology. It is suggested that this new knowledge improvesour understanding of the earliest human occupations of Northern Europe.

Throughout the course of history, from early prehistory to the Space Age, power structures have existed which have been more or less derived from or correlated to astronomical phenomena or certain cosmologies and cosmovisions. These have significantly affected and formed the economic, social, political, artistic and religious life of people across different cultures. Cosmographies, time reckoning and calendar systems, celestial navigation techniques, landscape and architectural models of cosmicpotency, celestial divination and astrological ideas, cosmic clothing and other related concepts have been used successfully by interest groups to establish, maintain and expand psychological, social, religious and political power. Furthermore, the celestial sphere and its inhabitants have also been closely connected and partially interwoven with the concept of the manifestation of cosmic order and power both in nature and in culture. The book's 43 chapters cover numerous aspects of the topic, from general ideas to astronomy and politics in the Modern Age.Edited by Michael A. Rappenglück, Barbara Rappenglück, Nicholas Campion and Fabio Silva.With contributions by Elio Antonello, David Bea Castaño, Juan Antonio Belmonte, Mary Blomberg, F. Bònoli, Nicholas Campion, Barth Chukwuezi, Alexandra Comsa, Lourdes Costa Ferrer, Jordi Diloli Fons, Nataliya Dmitrieva, Sonja Draxler, David Fisher, A. César González-García, Silvia Gaudenzi, Cecilia Paula Gómez, Zalkida Had¿ibegovic, Göran Henriksson, Liz Henty, Jarita C. Holbrook, Manuela Incerti, Stanislaw Iwaniszewski, Franz Kerek, Mare Kõiva, Vesselina Koleva, Rolf Krauss, Andres Kuperjanov, Max E. Lippitsch, Alejandro Martín López, Mariangela Lo Zupone, Andrea Martocchia, W. Bruce Masse, Zoia Maxim, Marzia Monaco, Catalin Mosoia, S. Mohammad Mozaffari, Wolfgang Neubauer, Manuel Pérez Gutiérrez, Fernando Pimenta, Vito F. Polcaro, Marcello Ranieri, Barbara Rappenglück, Michael A. Rappenglück, Nuno Miguel da Conceicao Ribeiro, Marianna Ridderstad, Petra G. Schmidl, Samuel Sardà Seuma, Fabio Silva, Andrew Smith, Ivan Šprajc, Florin Stanescu, Magda Stavinschi, Iharka Szücs-Csillik, Luís A. M. Tirapicos, Jesús Galindo Trejo, Anna M. Tunzi, Larisa N. Vodolazhskaya, Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Richard R. Zito and Georg Zotti.

This volume, investigating the necropolis and sequences of 607 tombs, completes the publication of the site of Campovalano (predominately Late BA to 5th BC) in the region of Teramo, the northernmost province of Abruzzo, Italy (see BAR 1177, 2003). The finds include important oriental style archaic material.Contributions from: Giorgio Baratti, Carla Buoite, Cristina Chiaramonte Treré, Vincenzo d'Ercole, Barbara Grassi, Rossella Mantia, Alberta Martellone, Giovanna Rocca, Cecilia Scotti and Lorenzo Zamboni.

Organic residues include a broad range of materials that can be analyzed at a macro-, micro- or molecular level. They represent the carbon-based remains (in combination with H, N, O, P and S) of fungi, plants, animals and humans. Organic residue analysis is a relatively new technique to archaeology. The chapters of this volume bring together scholars from across the globe and attest to the diverse range of analytical methods, material types, spatio-temporal cultural units and research questions to which organic residue analysis has been applied. They are partly the proceedings of a symposium on this subject, held on 31 March 2005 in Salt Lake City (Utah) during the 70th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, and partly the result of invitations to contribute forwarded to many active in this field.

This volume is based on papers submitted to the session "Skull Collection, Modification and Decoration" organized for the Eleventh Annual Meeting of the European Association of Archaeologists, held at University College Cork in Cork, Ireland, September 5-11, 2005. The intent of the volume is to bring together and make available to a wider audience a body of information on skull collection, modification and decoration that spans the Early Neolithic to the twentieth century. The papers are grouped by geographic region - Europe, Middle East, Eurasia, Oceania, New World.

This collection of essays promises to make an important contribution to the field of Roman studies, particularly, by its concentration on monuments, to that of Roman art history. The current high level of interest in problems of identity, including studies of colonialism, Romanization, ethnicity, social class, gender and a host of related topics creates a vital intellectual context for the study of the art of provincials and the lower classes. The monuments themselves contribute a critical dimension to this discourse, the more so because the textual evidence for the non-elites of Roman society, apart from inscriptions, is relatively scarce.

'Memorialisation and the Cornish Funeral Monument Industry 1497-1660' presents an extensive appraisal of several cohesive style groups of monuments, being the products of specific monument workshops in Cornwall, SW England, from the end of the fifteenth century to the Commonwealth. People used memorials to make statements. By examining every Cornish monument from 1497 to 1660-the good, the unprepossessing, and the downright bad-it is only then, with this mass of information, that one can truly contextualise motivations across the social spectrum and comprehend the contemporary meaning of the monuments to the county's inhabitants. These statements provide direct contemporary evidence as regards the identity of the commemorated-especially their Cornishness-and crucially how they sensed their identity then, rather than how we judge it now. In this work the tombs themselves are described, their iconography, design sources and sculptural perspectives are explored, and the motives of the patrons are deduced. The author goes on to discuss the methods and motives of Cornish memorialisation, identifying an unusual- if not unique- sustained surge in monument commissions from Cornish workshops towards the end of the sixteenth century, using slate. The overall context of individual commemoration in Cornwall is analysed using wills and probate accounts as a guide to other means of remembrance, both pre- and post-Reformation, building on the motivations for tomb erection. This paradigm of Cornish memorialisation is compared with trends in Kilkenny, Ireland, and Finistère, France, to open up a matrix of memorialisation in the Celtic / Atlantic periphery. One of the discourses of a tomb which is frequently overlooked is its location in the church itself, therefore the author analyses monument positions to reveal how factors such as lineage status, and monumental continuity, affected the positioning of tombs. In the Appendices, the database of Cornish monuments acts as a reference tool to the arguments in the text of thisbook. The monuments of Kilkenny and Finistère are similarly itemised, together with analyses of masons' and helliers' probate documents, wider sets of Cornish wills, and lists of individually priced burial locations in St Neot and Liskeard. Numerous illustrations of the monuments themselves are also presented, most of which have never been pictured before.

In the last twenty years historians and social scientists have seen a veritable explosion of research into food and its consumption and social context. And yet archaeology has been slow to catch on. This is all the more surprising since the 'bread and butter' of archaeology are the residues of food preparation and consumption - animal bones, pottery and other containers, cooking places and other technologies of preparation, plant remains (micro and macro), landscapes and settlements, grave goods, etc.,etc. This volume of papers arises out of a conference held in Sheffield in 1999, organised jointly by The Prehistoric Society and the Sheffield University Archaeology Society, on 'Food, Identity and Culture in the Neolithic and Early Bronze Age'. The aim was to bring together the different archaeological interests - from archaeological science and humanities perspectives - in food as cultural artefact/ecofact, to examine the potential of the new and developing scientific techniques for reconstructing prehistoric food habits, and to foster an integrated approach to the archaeology of food regardless of different researchers' specialisms.

This very full study of Prehistoric (Neolithic-Chalcolithic transition, Chalcolithic, Middle Bronze Age, Pre-Orientalizing Late Bronze Age, Orientalizing) mining and metallurgy in the south west Iberian Peninsula, details sites from Cerro Jesús in the east to Joao Marques in the west. The book offers a rare monograph in English on this important aspect of metals and material culture. The author surveys and analyses hundreds of Prehistoric era sites and finds, and the result is a 400-page work in seven parts. The chapter headings include Mining-metallurgical surveys; Analytical methods; Geological background and mineral resources; Archaeological register and analysis: Bases for the archaeo-metallurgical investigation; Isotopic characterisation of the south west Iberian peninsula; Mining and metallurgical technology; Evaluation and dynamics of mining and metallurgy during the recent prehistory in the south west Iberian peninsula.

This book studies the royal festivals in the Egyptian Late Predynastic period and the First Dynasty. (The chronological beginning here is the Naqada IId period and the author includes a brief account of royal festivals in the contemporary Lower Nubia andthe Second Dynasty.) The Egyptian kings developed a complex system of ceremonies and rituals that served them as a form of expression before society. The ways were complex and varied, but so effective that most of these festivals continued to be performed for more than three thousand years. The author begins with an historical outline of the unification process and the First Dynasty before exploring the main themes of kingship and festivals. The points of discussion include temple structures (Abydos, Saqqara, Hierakonpolis), festival traditions, the 'sed' festival, 'victory festivals', the festival of 'Sokar', and symbolic topography.

The problem of subsistence has received little attention in East African archaeology. Various models of human subsistence strategies have been constructed and a linear chronology from a hunting-gathering economy to pastoralism and agriculture has been the dominant conceptual framework for the research in the last few decades. In this monograph it is argued that this overarch model masks the subtle and perhaps overlapping true nature of a mosaic of adaptation to the local resource base. A broad approach, involving examination of the transition from food collecting to food production as a process rather than as a single event is adopted. The approach also involves the examination of several causes of culture change in the region. It is anticipated that this approach will enable us to better understand the subsistence strategies of the human groups who occupied the Gogo Falls site in the Lake Victoria basin during the Neolithic and Iron Age periods.

A study of the political and religious situation in the province of Valencia in eastern Spain, focusing primarily on the 6th century AD.

Beiträge der Tagung vom 07. bis 09. November 2008 am Archäologischen Institut der Universität BonnThis book is a result of a 2008 conference held at the Archaeological Institute of the Book University. It consists of papers dealing with the newest research by German scholars on the Etruscans, ie pre-Roman Italy. The themes vary from site reports to religious and art historical problems.

This publication summarises research investigating approaches to the conservation and management of earthen architecture. A number of these different earth-building techniques also make use of earthen mortars and/or earth plasters or renders. In these different forms earth has been used as a building material for domestic, religious, burial, administrative, palatial and domestic structures for the last ten millennia - the legacy is both monumental and vernacular. This research explores these approaches to earthen architecture around the world, and with particular reference to the study area - Iran, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan. The different approaches to conservation and management are critiqued in relation to their practical effectiveness, relationship to conservation theory, values of earthen architecture and sustainability. This study uses the identification of the materials and techniques used for the conservation and management of earthen architecture as a means to understand, articulate and explore attitudes and approaches to the building material, within the context of wider conservation and heritage theory. Part 1 examines earthen architecture, its study, use, physical properties and more abstract values. Part 2 examines conservation approaches to earthen architecture in archaeological contexts. The CD contains appendices of supporting data referred to in the main text.

This study investigates the form, function, and organization of features at the Late Paleoindian through Middle Archaic site of Dust Cave, Alabama (US), using a multidisciplinary approach combining macromorphological, micromorphological, and chemical analyses. Previous studies have relied on observations made at the macroscopic level using morphological and/or content attributes, severely masking the diversity of activities they represent. A more robust method conceptualizes features as sedimentary deposits and reconstructs their depositional history as a means of identifying feature function. At Dust Cave, an integrated method combining micromorphology and geochemistry with more traditional studies of morphology and content highlights the importance of several activities not previously recognized, including broiling, smoking, nut processing, storage, and refuse disposal. Use of Dust Cave as a place in the hunter-gatherer landscape of the Middle Tennessee Valley did not remain constant through time, but rather changed over the millennia. During the Late Paleoindian and early Early Archaic, Dust Cave functioned as a short term residential camp which was occupied fairly intensively during the late summer through fall. During the late Early Archaic, the site shifted to a residential base camp. During the Middle Archaic, the site shifted again to a logistical extraction camp where groups processed hickory nuts on such a large scale that the copious amounts of refuse generated give one the impression of a longer term base camp. The changes seen at Dust Cave mirror changes at other regional cave and rockshelter sites at which numerous nut processing pits, nutting stones, and enormous quantities of nut charcoal indicate a general shift in site use as plant extraction camps-sites where nuts were boiled and parched for transport to base camps located at lower elevations. The increased reliance on mast resources corresponds to warming and drying associated with the middle Holocene. These vegetation changes played a key role in the increasingly logistical mobility strategy of Middle Archaic hunter-gatherer groups.

That field archaeological research and the conservation of ancient remains are inseparable actions is now a commonly shared opinion. However, in practice this consensus does not come with a check-list of shared protocols which can help in identifying the best possible solutions in each case. The ways of presenting a site to the public are often conceived a posteriori, after the completion of an archaeological project and without taking advantage of all the data produced by secondary studies and analysis of the excavated materials. Field archaeologists have long been confronted by these problems and this work is the result of a symposium on the topic, now known as the ARCHAIA project, held by group of colleagues from the Universities of Bologna, Copenhagen and Zadar, to which some other key speakers were added. This book contains the results of their joint efforts in highlighting what they think may be some of the most promising avenues for future practice and research.

This research focuses on the area known as the mining district of Linares-La Carolina, located on the eastern foothills of the Sierra Morena, N/NE province of Jaén, Andalucia, Spain. Geologically, this area is located in the southern border of the hesperic massif, a lithologic area with a prevailing presence of metamorphic rocks. This area is rich in mineralized faults grouped in high-density networks of veins abounding in copper minerals. Remains of mines and settlement ascribed to the Copper Age and Bronze Age on the basin of the Rumblar river show that extractions in this area started in late Prehistoric. It extended over the Iberian period and survived under the Punic period. However, after the Roman conquest, in the context of the II Punic War, there began intensive exploitation of plumb-silver and copper mines in the mining area of the western Sierra Morena. The author began investigations in 2004, comprising archaeological prospecting, literature reviews and source analyses, and a study of inscriptions and coins. So far 69 ancient mining-metallurgy sites (mines, slagheaps, smelting sites, etc.) have been explored, allowing the author to draw a range of conclusions regarding the administrative, fiscal, political and social organisation of mining within the Romanization process in the Iberian Peninsula.