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Collet Est was a Roman pottery workshop located on the Catalonian coast near Calonge. In active use from the 1st century BC to the middle of the 1st century AD, the workshop was used to produce dolia, local amphora, domestic pottery and building materials. In a later phase the site was reused as a necropolis by the inhabitants of the nearby Roman villa of Collet. This necropolis survived until the 5th century, when the Roman villa was abandoned. The excavation of the site in 2002-2003 revealed 19 Roman furnaces, several rooms and open air spaces where the inhabitants lived and worked, and a kitchen full of a fascinating range of well-preserved artifacts. The excavation also uncovered 30 inhumations with associated grave goods.This book presents an in-depth report of the important rescue excavations carried out by the University of Girona's Institute of Cultural Heritage at Collet Est in 2002.

The extraordinary side-spouted gold jug hereby presented and discussed was found in the Royal Tomb III discovered under room 57 in the North-West Palace at Nimrud. The gold jug was, with other astonishing grave goods probably belonging to Hamâ (an Assyrian queen unknown up to recent times), in bronze Coffin 2, one of the three coffins placed in the antechamber. The aim of this study is not only to shed light on this unique vessel, investigating the method of manufacture, decoration, and functional aspect, but also to identify the possible workshop and date range of production. The comparison with coeval archaeological findings places it within a historical framework of artistic, economic and socio-political interactions. The combined results of these analyses suggest that the golden jug, instead of a gift or tribute, may have been produced for the royal court in the Neo-Assyrian international cultural milieu, into which manifold traditions coexisted. La straordinaria brocca in oro protagonista di questo studio venne rinvenuta all'interno della Tomba reale III al di sotto dell'ambiente 57 del Palazzo Nord-Ovest di Nimrud. La brocca faceva parte, insieme ad altri oggetti preziosi del ricchissimo corredo funerario di Hamâ, una regina assira sconosciuta fino al momento della scoperta della tomba, deposti nel Sarcofago 2, rinvenuto con altri due sarcofagi bronzei nell'anticamera dell'ipogeo. Obbiettivo di questo studio è stato non soltanto mettere in luce la tecnica di manifattura e le peculiari caratteristiche della decorazione figurata di questa piccola brocca ma anche la formulazione di ipotesi interpretativi riguardanti la sua cronologia, l'area di produzione e la funzione. L'individuazione di confronti sia formali che iconografici e tematici ha permesso di inserire la brocca in un variegato lessico artistico internazionale in cui convivono tradizioni culturali differenti, e di riconoscerla come una vivida testimonianza delle diverse dinamiche di produzione e diffusione degli oggetti di lusso nei primi secoli del I millennio a.C., oltre che degli usi funerari e della complessa struttura sociale della corte assira.

El presente libro es la continuación de Estudios Arqueológicos del Área Vesubiana I. Ambos son recopilaciones de investigaciones - en su mayoría, españolas - sobre los yacimientos de Pompeya, Herculano, Estabia y Oplontis. Los estudios presentados abarcan temas de todos los estadios humanísticos e históricos sobre las ciudades antiguas: investigaciones puramente arqueológicas: tipologías de domus, de atrios, de foros, de materiales constructivos, de necrópolis; estudios iconográficos de casas, como la Villa delle colonne a mosaico, de personajes concretos, como el dios Dioniso, de ornitología y de pintura neoclásica; estudios filológicos de inscripciones y de poemas de los grandes autores griegos y latinos; estudios legislativos y jurídicos, como las leyes de las vías públicas y las aceras; investigaciones sobre aspectos cotidianos, como la seguridad; estudios historiográficos; estudios de interpretación; estudios paleontológicos y arqueozoológicos; estudios informáticos: la arqueología virtual y el laboratorio que supone Pompeya; y estudios cinematográficos.This book aims to be the continuation of Archaeological Studies of the Vesuvian Area I. Both are collections of research papers - most of them by Spanish authors - on the sites of Pompeii, Herculaneum, Stabia and Oplontis. The presented works cover subjects from every humanistic and historical dimension about the ancient cities: strictly archaeological research: typologies of domus, atria, fora, building materials, necropolis; iconographical studies of houses, such as the Villa delle colonne a mosaico, of individual characters, such as the god Dionysus, of ornithology and of neoclassical painting; philological studies of inscriptions and poems of great Greek and Latin authors; legislative and juridical studies, such as the laws about the public roads and pavements; research of daily aspects, such as security; historiographical studies; interpretative studies; paleontological and zooarchaeological studies; computer studies: virtual archaeology and the lab that Pompeii represents; and cinematographic studies.

Proceedings of the International Colloquium, 1-5 October 2008 Al. I. Cuza University (Iäi, Romania)This book presents the proceedings of the International Colloquium (1-5 October 2008) held at Al. I. Cuza University (Iäi, Romania) on the Archaeology and Anthropology of Salt. This title was awarded the Grand Prize at the National Salon of Technical and Scientifical Books at the European Exhibition of Creativity and Innovation, May 10-13, 2012, Iasi, Romania.

This volume represents the first major bioarchaeological investigation of human health and behaviour in ancient northern Vietnam. Using dental and skeletal samples excavated by Vietnamese archaeologists from the 1960s through to 1990s, this study compares and contrasts the human condition in two key temporal periods in Vietnamese prehistory: mid-Holocene sedentary hunter-gathers and the emerging Bronze and Iron Ages. Specifically, osteoarthritis, oral health, markers of physiological stress in childhood (enamel hypoplasia and cribra orbitalia), general disease and traumatic injury are explored and discussed in detail. The wealth of data provided by the author will furnish the interested reader with a solid comparative basis from which to explore other aspects of health and behaviour in ancient Southeast Asia specifically, and the broader region in general.

Portable shrine models with architectural features are unique objects within the assemblages of material culture, even though they appear in a variety of cultures throughout the ancient world. This book concentrates on models from the Land of Israel, with comparisons to models from the geographic-historical units of the Levant. The basic assumption of this study is that these models do not attempt an exact representation of specific buildings, although they do enable analogies to architecture of early periods. Above all, the shrine model was a symbol of the house of God. Religious, ethnical, political and social aspects of the models are examined in reference to written evidence, and the archaeological assemblages in which they are found. Although these models were not as common as other cult objects such as altars and figurines, their wide distribution provides further evidence of the close relationship between the diverse peoples of the region.

Five basic Solutrean point types from the Iberian Peninsula are analysed at local, regional and Pan-Iberian scales in this book. The author reports new results concerning production process and object biography in relation to raw material procurement, technological strategies during production and use-life, site type and regional features. Significant regional differences between Northern and Southern Iberia are demonstrated, which go far beyond typological observations. Evidence indicates that different settlement and mobility patterns are responsible for these regional adaptations of technological innovations. The author successfully links point techno-morphology to human land use. The book is a major resource for the study of Solutrean points, as well as for studies on projectile points in general. In addition, it serves as a guideline for how to approach the study of land use of palaeolithic hunter-gatherers on the base of lithic technology.

This book examines the development of the mosque from the hijra (A.H.1/A.D.622) to the fall of the Umayyad dynasty (A.H.133/A.D.750). The aims of the book are two-fold. Firstly, to consider how those mosques for which we only have literary evidence may be approached for study; and secondly, to trace the development of the mosque in the archaeological record. The archaeological evidence for the mosques at W¢asiçt, Isk¢af Ban³ Junayd, K¢ufa and the Aqâ¢a mosque at Jerusalem are examined in detail; there follows an examination of the form and layout of the various types of mosque encountered in the physical record, and a discussion of some architectural influences which may have affected the development of form. The book also considers thosemosques for which no secure archaeological evidence may be cited and attempts to pick apart previous attempted reconstructions of these buildings which were often based on an uncritical approach to the literary sources.

A complete analysis of matt-painted pottery from Segesta, Sicily is presented in this volume. The analysis is based on direct examination of thousands of pottery fragments excavated from different contexts, both public and domestic, and from which the author derives a detailed typological and chronological order. The core of this study is the analysis of the functional aspects of the pottery. The complementary relationships between the Greek imports and the possible derivation of certain forms from the local allogenic pottery are highlighted. The research also focuses on other sites in western Sicily employing both published and unpublished material. The archaeological findings of Segesta can be contextualised in a network of relationshipswith other nearby centers within which Segesta is considered a political and cultural reference point. In analysing matt-painted pottery this work improves on previous research and contributes new insights into the lives and networks of indigenous inhabitants of Sicily in the late Iron Age and Archaic Era.

A new chapter on the material heritage of the Nabataean culture is opened in this book. The clay lamps, and the artificial lighting they provided, prove that daily activities in this prominent proto-Arabic kingdom did not cease after sunset or in dark environments. The studied items shed light on the different cultural aspects of the Nabataean society, which had been in close contact with the contemporaneous world of the Mediterranean Sea and the Arabian Peninsula.

The permanent system of coastal batteries of the Strait of Messina was erected in the late nineteenth century according to newly discovered plans of the defences of the Kingdom of Italy. Already conceptually obsolete during construction and progressively decommissioned, it was barely used for over half a century, and at the outbreak of World War II was replaced by a new defensive system. Today, it represents a significant and valuable example of Italian military architecture that has not yet been sufficiently analysed and documented.

La excavación arqueológica de la calle Hospital Viejo de Logroño descubrió un complejo alfarero de dilatada trayectoria. Consiste en tres obradores superpuestos en funcionamiento durante los siglos XIII, XIV y XV, documentándose hornos, basureros, zanjas y canteras de arcilla, una pileta, útiles de alfarero, materia prima y un abultado conjunto de materiales cerámicos, metálicos, óseos y líticos, junto con desechos de producción. Pudieron pertenecer a alfareros islámicos, quedando abandonados tras las pragmáticas contra la comunidad mudéjar de 1502. Las producciones se sistematizaron atendiendo a las características de las pastas y su tratamiento, obteniendo quince tipos que abarcan cerámicas comunes, vidriadas, esmaltadas y de reflejo metálico, con los que se produjeron treinta y cinco formas básicas y múltiples variantes, de mesa, cocina, despensa y elementos auxiliares. La secuencia estratigráfica del yacimiento proporciona cronologías muy ajustadas de inicio y final de las producciones cerámicas, convirtiéndolas en herramientas de datación e identificación cultural de los contextos arqueológicos de la Baja Edad Media.During the excavation of Hospital Viejo Street, up to three overlapping pottery workshops operating in the XIII, XIV and XV centuries were identified, with discrete spatial distributions and various production structures. These workshops were probably governed by Islamic potters, who abandoned them after the expulsion of the Moorish communityin 1502. We identified fifteen groups of earthenware, tin-glazed ware, glazed ware and luster-glazed ware, based on the ceramic pastes and processing methods used. From secondary criteria, we identified thirty-five basic forms, and multiple variants, of cooking, drinking, eating and storage vessels, along with auxiliary elements. The stratigraphic sequence of the site provides very tight timelines for the start and end of production.

A fresh and innovative approach to the skeletal biology of prehistoric South Asians is presented in this volume. It is the first comprehensive bioarchaeological study of an early Holocene human skeletal series from the Gangetic Plain of North India. New methods and techniques reveal insightful perspectives on the biological adaptations and affinities of the aceramic foragers from Mesolithic Damdama (ca. 8800 BP). Attention is given to archaeological context and to the geological and ecological setting in which these semi-nomadic, microlithic hunters lived and foraged. The integrative analysis of skeletal preservation includes documenting bone micro-structure and chemical composition, and a taphonomic approach to skeletal representation. Diverse methods of age and sex determination provide a firm basis for paleo-demographic analysis. Multivariate statistics refine the precision of: sex determination, stature estimation, and calculation of bio-distance from cranial and dental attributes. The large skeletal sample facilitates both statistical assessment of traits by sex within the Damdama series, and inter-site comparison of traits with nearby Mesolithic series and with key prehistoric samples from India and Pakistan. Prevalence of pathological lesions provides evidence of health and nutrition, while skeletal markers of activity yield insight into patterns of habitual behavior. These new data from Mesolithic Damdama contribute significantly to theoretical issues in anthropology, including health and subsistence, skeletal robusticity, and biological adaptation to a subtropical riparian environment.With contributions by M.C. Gupta, V.D. Misra, Greg C. Nelson, and G. Robbins Schug.

This book is an historical document presenting the author's doctoral thesis on health and disease in the Pacific Islands, completed in 2001. The study was conducted using a sample from the Solomon Islands in Melanesia and another sample from two burial mounds in Tonga, Polynesia. The primary aim of the study was to assess whether the presence of malaria in Melanesia adversely affected the overall health of these people compared to the Polynesian group, where malaria has always been absent. The Pacific islands are often forgotten when considering global issues of health and subsistence change. However, this region has much to offer with regard to understanding human adaptation to different environments during and after colonisation and the biosocial responses to disease. One of the main drivers for publishing this volume after all this time is an attempt to give this region more of a voice in global discussions of health and disease in prehistory.

Pottery finds collected from Hadrianopolis in southwestern Paphlagonia (north-central Turkey), i.e. the region around Eskipazar in the Turkish province of Karabük are presented in detail in this volume. Between 2005 and 2008 an archaeological team from the Dokuz Eylül University in Izmir carried out archaeological field surveys, excavations and restorations in Hadrianopolis and its close surroundings. During these four field campaigns, 1550 sherds ranging between the Pre-Iron Age (2nd millennium BC) and the Middle Byzantine period (late 11th-early 12th century AD) were collected, most of which consist of Late Roman-Early Byzantine (late 5th-mid 8th century AD) coarse ware. Thirty main pottery groups were derived, based on their chronology,function and fabric. A detailed description is given of each find deposit, the typologies and fabrics of wares, and a comprehensive catalogue is included with drawings and photos of each sherd. This book is the first extensive pottery report of the Turkish Black Sea area offering a continual picture of all the wares and chronologies available. From the Foreword by Roger J. Matthews, University of Reading 23rd September 2015: It gives me great professional and personal pleasure to write a foreword to Hadrianopolis III, in which the ceramic materials from the Paphlagonian site of Hadrianopolis and its region are published in exemplary manner by Ergün Lafli and Gülseren Kan Sahin. The volume contains the fullest possible description and discussion of a wealth of ceramic material from the 2005-2008 field seasons in and around Hadrianopolis. I believe this volume can stand as a model of how to publish archaeological material in a manner of most benefit to colleagues with a wide range of professional interests... Through publication of this volume, the authors demonstrate the unique value in cherishing, recovering, analysing and, above all, fully publishing the material evidence recovered in systematic archaeological investigation. Present and future scholars owe them a considerable debt as well as sincere congratulations.

The main aim of this study was to analyse the Roman settlement patterns of the western part of the Conventus Bracarensis, located within a vast province of the Iberian Peninsula: the Hispania Citerior or Tarraconensis. In order to fully understand the Roman settlement patterns of the area under study, it was necessary to verify the political and administrative procedures carried out at the Tarraconensis province together with their direct impact upon the landscape, alongside the varied occupation techniques implemented after the conquest, assessing the different patterns impacting upon the indigenous space. The nature of the available data was analysed through G.I.S. and four operative concepts: entities, relationships between entities, scales and limits to those relationships. Using these elements, the interpretation and description of the studied centres aimed to shed some light on the basic evolutionary features of settlement patterns. Through their complex interactions, the analysed areas provided the minimum conditions with which to achieve the proposed objectives.

The modelling of the process of Neolithization - one of the basic tasks of the FEPRE project - requires the building of a complete data base, including radio carbon dates and inventory of FTN sites: both those excavated as well as those recorded in the course of surface surveys. In view of the fact that in the Neolithization of Europe the axis running from the Balkans to the Carpathians is of essential importance the editors have decided to compile the inventory of FTN sites along this axis and subdividedinto: I - Bulgaria, II - Romania, III - Eastern Hungary, IV - Eastern Slovakia, V - South-Eastern Poland. The result is a five-volume catalogue of FTN sites: Vol. I - Bulgaria - sites of the Monochrome and the Early Painted Pottery Phase (Karanovo I type); Vol. II - Romania (Transylvania and Banat) - sites of the Early Phase (with white-painted pottery); Vol. III - Eastern Hungary (Tisza basin) - sites of the Körös-Starèevo Cul ture; Vol. IV - Eastern Slovakia - sites of the Early Phase of the Eastern Linear Pottery Culture; Vol. V - South-Eastern Poland - LBK sites. The database and analysis of archaeological records provide the most up-to-date groundwork for the construction of the model on Neolithization of Central Europe within the frame work of the FEPRE project.Specific Targeted Research Project on the Formation of Europe: Prehistoric Population Dynamics and the Roots of Socio-Cultural Diversity.Institute of Archaeology, Jagiellonian University.

Edited by E. Photos-Jones in collaboration with Y. Bassiakos, E. Filippaki, A. Hein, I. Karatasios, V. Kilikoglou and E. Kouloumpi.The Hellenic Society for Archaeometry (HSA) was founded in 1982 and is the professional body representing academics and research centers in Greece and within the Greek Archaeological Service who employ physical and earth sciences in archaeology. The HSA is a vibrant group of researchers who over the years have made a substantial contribution to the understanding of Greeces Cultural Heritage.The 6th Symposium of the Hellenic Society for Archaeometry (HSA) took place in May 2013, at the Acropolis Museum in Athens. The HSA Symposium proceedings are aimed particularly at young researchers working on Greek materials and landscapes as a venue for presenting their work. This volume comprising thirty-two papers is divided in two parts: the first deals with materials (ceramics, glass, metal, paintings, paper) and the second with the landscape and its multifaceted aspects (dating, prospection, visualisation). Within each section issues of conservation, dating, and computer applications are interwoven together with aspects of intangible heritage.

Timber monuments form an important part of the Neolithic monumental repertoire, yet tend to play a relatively minor role in discussions of this period. This volume is an attempt to remedy this imbalance and, through an examination of the cropmark and excavation records, considers the variety of timber monuments built during the Neolithic period in Scotland. Recorded as cropmarks on aerial photographs or as chance discoveries during excavations, most are found in eastern lowland Scotland, thoughthere are hints of a wider distribution. Dating suggests two episodes of timber monument building, with a division occurring around 3300 cal. BC, reflected in the construction of new forms of timber monument as well as the way in which they were treated. The differences between earlier and later Neolithic timber monuments likely reflect different ways of conceptualising and using timber monuments as well as changing values, meanings and ideals, reflecting wider social changes obvious within the archaeological record. Timber monuments, though, were much more than ground plans. They were important spaces and places used by Neolithic communities for many different purposes, closely tied to their location and context and reflecting changing relationships with the landscape and the environment. Therefore consideration of their materiality, landscape and context serves to enrich and expand interpretations of timber monuments and to break down the classifications they tend to be placed within, revealing greater complexity and variety. Ultimately timber monuments were one part of a wider Neolithic monumental repertoire, and the number and variety now recognised means they can no longer be considered secondary or derivative of monuments built of other materials. Instead, they must be considered on an equal footing with other monuments, their form, materiality and treatment informing us about some of the concerns, values and relationships of Neolithic communities.

This report outlines the results of archaeological investigations at Old Hall Street, Wolverhampton, West Midlands, UK (NGR SO 916984), carried out between 2000 and 2007. The results of the archaeological work have been combined with documentary, cartographic and genealogical studies, together with finds and scientific analyses, to present a broad interpretation of the history of settlement in the area and the motives behind it. The site was the location of a moated Elizabethan mansion house, the Great Hall, which lay at the edge of the then settled area of Wolverhampton in an area that had once been part of the town fields. A documentary reference suggests that there was an earlier house on the site, but there is only limited archaeological evidence to support this. The building of the Great Hall was intended to make a clear statement about the status, wealth and prestige of its owners, the Leveson family, who were prominent Wolverhampton merchants, also involved in the early industrialisation of the Black Country. The aspirations of the family are clearly demonstrated by their construction of one of Staffordshire's most significant early brick buildings The later history of the Great Hall mirrors that of the Black Country, fortowards the end of the 18th century it was converted for use as a japanning factory, known as the Old Hall Works, artefacts from which were exhibited in the Great Exhibition of 1851. A large-scale map of 1852 gives a detailed insight into the layout of the japanning factory, which was finally demolished in 1883, an Adult Education College being built on the site in 1899. The archaeological excavations took place ahead of the redevelopment of the college. This report shows something of the process by which the Black Country attained its distinctive personality.

A collection of recent papers presented in honour of Mario Benzi.

Ten years of research at the Centre for the Archaeology of Human Origins (CAHO, University of Southampton)University of Southampton Series in Archaeology No.8This book includes papers from the 2011 conference marking ten years of Centre for the Archaeology of Human Origins (CAHO, University of Southampton).

The continual question of why identities are imposed, why people are excluded and why the insupportable is supported forms the basis of this study. The author takes the apparently opposing contexts of New Kingdom and Coptic Egypt as prime case studies in which to look at how and why people manage to live under extreme centralisation and under its opposite, locally based power. Chapter One places the topic in its historiographical and theoretical setting. Chapter Two looks at statements of self emanating from the centre of power, and assesses their impact. Letters in Middle/Late Egyptian from royal and non-royal contexts are discussed. In Chapter Three the author contrasts the material from the preceding chapter with evidence from New Kingdom Memphis. Chapter Four contrasts the New Kingdom world, with its superficially centralized and strong state, with that of the Coptic period. Chapter Five assesses how far beliefs expressed in textual sources were reflected in the built environment.

Edited by Maggie Morrow, Mike Morrow, Tony Judd and Geoff PhillipsonConsultant Editor Pete CherryForeword by Toby WilkinsonWe are used to thinking of Egypt, ancient and modern, in terms of the Nile valley: well-watered, green and fertile, a narrow strip of life-sustaining land between vast tracts of hostile desert. But this accustomed view is an illusion: even today, the deserts of Egypt - which seem so inhospitable - support flora, fauna and people. In prehistoric times, the climate was wetter and life was much more abundant. The deserts' early inhabitants left behind images of their environment, lifestyle and deepest beliefs in the form of rock art, etched into the landscape. One of the biggest concentrations of this ancient, ancestral art is found to the east of the Nile, in the wadis (dry valleys) that dissect the hills and plains between the Wadi Hammamat to the north and the Wadi Barramiya to the south. In the space of just five months, between October 2000 and February 2001, three teams of dedicated volunteers carried out a systematic survey of this remarkable region. They succeeded in locating and recording over 100 new sites of rock art, previously unknown to archaeology. The results, comprising many thousands of individual scenes, are presented here for the first time. They open up a fascinating and largely unexpected window on Egypt's past, and on the beginnings of civilisation in north-eastern Africa. Hence, the present volume is, without doubt, an important contribution to an exciting new area of Egyptology. As always, new discoveries raise as many questions as they answer. The study of ancient Egyptian origins has been pursued for more than a century, yet many puzzles remain. For example, how and why did a great civilisation emerge in Egypt? Did the prehistoric inhabitants already share essentially the same culture, or did rival groups play a part in fashioning the distinctive Pharaonic tradition that we all recognise? The rock art of Egypt's Eastern Desert promises important new clues to these and other unsolved mysteries - clues that scholars will now have the chance to decipher and debate. Future generations of archaeologists and ancient historians will be thankful that the study of Egypt has enthusiasts as committed as the editors of this excellent survey report.

This publication has its origin in the colloquium Animals and Otherness in the Middle Ages held at the Faculty of Geography and History at Complutense University in Madrid in February 2011. This publication aims to bring together scholars from a range of disciplines to consider the diverse use of animals in constructions of 'otherness'. It encompasses not only conceptualized difference, but also physical societal differences expressed in the varied treatment of real and imagined animals. The contributions also discuss the use of animals to emphasize contrast more broadly, such as the juxtaposition between good and evil, or positive and negative features.

This research is an investigation into the safe passage of the deceased over water as exemplified in the early Egyptian legends involving the 'Lake of Knives' and the 'Lake of Fire'. The journey of the deceased from death to resurrection is envisaged as taking place in a boat crossing dangerous places and ordeals. This journey was parallel to the sun god Re's passage over the waters of the sky, and in which he is threatened by the powers of chaos. The rites of passage focus on the safe passage of Re through chaos, and assert resurrection, rebirth and life after death for the deceased. The passage is re-enacted in mythical images and in ritual actions, and focuses on the safe journey of the deceased through the ordeals of the Netherworld. This research is divided into seven chapters. Chapter One deals with the symbolism of water, knives and fire. Water is dealt with as the discharge which comes from the body of Osiris and offered to him in ritual. The second section deals with the symbolism of knives and fire. It is concluded that water mediates the passage of the deceased when it is offered to him in ritual. Water can also cause violent death. Fire and knives are used as destructive tools in rituals. Chapter Two explores the cartographical descriptions and cosmographical locations of the two lakes, using textual and pictorial evidence. It is concluded that the Lake of Knives is envisaged as extending from the east to the west of the sky. The description of the Lake of Fire varies from one context to another. The two lakes have no specific locations, but they wind through the sky. Chapter Three is a discussion on the theme of passage over water in Ancient Egypt. The ferryman spells and the Island of Fire are taken as two examples for the passage of the deceased over water. It is concluded that the ritual aspects of the ferryman spells and the Island of Fire are not very different from the ritual aspects of the Lake of Knives and the Lake of Fire. Chapter Four is an extension of the discussion of the theme of passage over water, and deals with crossing the lake as a ritual enacted for the deceased at the day of funeral. It is tentatively concluded that the aim of the deceased's crossing over the lake is to mediate his passage to become an Ax. The crossing was accompanied by recitation of ritual texts. Crossing over the Lake of Knives and the Lake of Fire was also accompanied by recitations of ritual texts. Chapter Five deals with the Lake of Fire in the Book of the Two Ways. The journey of the deceased is constructed until he reaches the Lake of Fire. It is concluded that the Lake of Fire is a place, which the deceased visits to be reborn in the morning and starts a new journey towards the abode of Osiris on the upper waterway. Chapter Six investigates the rites of passage concerning the crossing over the two lakes. It deals also with the handling of symbols within the rituals performed for the deceased. It is concluded that the Lake of Knives and the Lake of Fire are two metaphorical places that do not exist in rituals. They do not have fixed physical locations, but they exist in myth. Crossing over the two lakes is dangerous, but is also necessary for the deceased to continue his journey and to enter into a different status, status of being an Ax. Chapter Seven draws answers for the questions of the aim of the deceased's crossing over the two lakes. It is concluded that the aim of the deceased's journey over the two lakes differs from one context to another. It is also explicit that there is no single specific explanation for the rites of passage over the two lakes, and they draw on different metaphors.

Between 1968 and 1972, ten archaeological sites were excavated in Prince Rupert Harbour on the northern coast of British Columbia. This volume focuses on the finds from nine sites, over 9,000 of which were found, dating from 3,500 BC to the modern period.

Untersuchungen zu den gesellschaftlichen Strukturen anhand der Nekropolen und Gräber der protogeometrischen und geometrischen Epoche aus Mittel-und OstkretaFreiburg Dissertations in Aegean ArchaeologyDas Hauptziel dieser Untersuchung der Grabbefunde ist der Identifizierung gesellschaftlicher Strukturen der späteren Dark Ages, der Früheisenzeit bzw. der protogeometrischen und geometrischen Zeit auf der Insel Kreta. Die älteste Forschung auf Kreta konzentrierte sich auf die Hinterlassenschaft jener Kultur, die Evans als minoische bezeichnete. Die lange Periode vom Zu-sammenbruch des ägäischen Palatialsystems bis zur Entstehung der griechischen Polis wurde sehr oft als eine in Dunkelheit ummantelte Zeitder Isolation, Stagnation und Sprachlosigkeit bezeichnet bzw. als Dark Ages angesprochen. Als Folge zweier Publikationen ist in der Tat seit den 1970er Jahren der englische Begriff Dark Age bzw. Dark Ages in Gebrauch: The Dark Age of Greece von Anthony Snodgrass und The Greek Dark Ages von Vincent Desborough. Der Befundstand der 1970er Jahre ist natürlich heutzutage nicht mehr aktuell und neue Funde und Forschungsergebnisse warfen und werfen immer mehr Licht auf diese sich stetig aufhellende Dunkelheit. In der Tat sind in den letzten Jahren weitere Nekropolen und Gräber entdeckt und zahlreiche neue Impulse in der Grabarchäologie der Früheisenzeit ausgelöst worden, die das Panorama der sog. Dark Ages allmählich erleuchten. Trotz alledem verwenden einige Wissenschaftler, wie Coulson und Nowikki, weiterhin diese „dunkle

This book examines archaeological and historical evidence for the socio-economic organization of the kingdom of East Kent, England, as a territorial and social system during the Early to Middle Anglo-Saxon period (AD 400-900). Explicit archaeological and theoretical frameworks are considered to propose a hierarchical model of the spatial organization of communities as a way of providing a micro-economic case study of state formation. In addition to other classical economic and geographical analyses applied, the distributional approach examines the frequency or quantity of commodities with respect to units of economic consumption, such as individuals, households and communities. By examining the saturation levels of community consumption as represented in burial assemblages, a hierarchical model of value regimes underlying exchange sub-systems is suggested. Taken in combination with an analysis of the geographical organisation of settlement, the author argues a thesis on the way regional space was socially and spatially constructed in ways that restricted and monopolised allocative and authoritative resources. Correlations between spatially-distributed phenomena and features of the physical environment are assessed in order to consider the social dynamic in land-holding underlying the territorial and spatially-definable conditions of reproduction. An assessment is made of the importance of restrictions on the movement of people in social formation, by analysing the relationships between routes of communication, the mortuary landscape, and the visual experience of movement. Finally, consideration of these phenomena with respect to changing exchange systems provides models of early medieval state formation.

A study of aspects of urban and rural Roman horticulture. Limited by the available evidence, most of the discussion relates to decorative gardens, making use of literary sources and depicions on wall paintings.