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The Trail Creek Caves are located in limestone cliffs on the west bank of Trail Creek, Seward Peninsula, Alaska. In 1928, the Deering Eskimos Taylor Moto and Alfred Karmun found arrowheads there. Test excavations were then carried out in Cave 2 in 1948. Unfortunately, the excavated material was lost in a fire at Nome. Between 1949 and 1950, the Dane Helge Larsen carried out further excavations in Caves 2 and 9. Various types of lithic artefacts were recovered. All excavated sections of the caves contained bones in an excellent state of preservation, some of which were very numerous. Ever since Helge Larsen published the investigation of the Trail Creek Caves 2 and 9, their early dates and the supposed presence of man there have been the subject of intensive discussion. This fresh study represents an archaeozoological analysis of the bone material from Caves 2 and 9 excavated by Larsen in the 1940s. It examines whether the bones were accumulated by man and which activities can be deduced from the archaeological remains.

This book explores trade routes along the Eastern Adriatic coast based primarily on the evidence of numerous 1st and 2nd century shipwrecks. All the known shipwrecks are catalogued, and the different cargoes as well as the ships' equipment, mostly amphorae and pottery, is discussed. Material found in the underwater sites of Croatia comes from the eastern workshops of the Aegean, but also from Hispania, Italy and Africa.

Studies in Contemporary and Historical Archaeology 6

The period which extended from the 10th to the 8th millennium BP in the Near East corresponds to the PPNB phase of the Neolithic (Pre-Pottery Neolithic B). During this period the last constituent elements of the Near Eastern Neolithic fell into place. The populations were living in sedentary village communities practicing an agriculture in which wheat and barley were the main crops. During the early PPNB (9500-9200), hunting was the only real means of procuring meat. Herding did not appear until the middle PPNB (9200-8500 BP) and then progressively replaced hunting. It is within this context of transformation of the relation between man and his environment that the flint tools and weapons of this study are situated. They come from three Syrian sites: the early PPNB levels of Sheikh Hassan and Mureybet, the levels of the beginning of the middle PPNB of Mureybet and a late PPNB level of El Kowm 2 Caracol. The lithic industries of the PPNB are characterized by tools and weapons made primarily on large blades. The archetypes for this blade debitage are the bipolar nuclei and their variants, the naviform nuclei and the posterolateral ridge nuclei. The difficulty of distinguishing between these types of debitage has often given the impression of their uniformity throughout the PPNB. The goal of this analysis is to demonstrate new chrono-cultural distinctions between these systems of knapping. Thus, through technological analysis, the author proposes new hypotheses concerning the significance of debitage development and its place in the Neolithisation process.

Proceedings of the XV IUPPS World Congress (Lisbon, 4-9 September 2006) This book contains both English and French papers.

Selected proceedings of the Conference organized by the Société des Américanistes de Belgique with the collaboration of Wayleb (European Association of Mayanists), Brussels: 16-17 November 2002

Proceedings of the International Meeting held at the Gulbenkian Foundation (Lisbon, Portugal, November 2012)This volume gathers the individual presentations from The International Meeting: Recent Prehistory Enclosures and Funerary Practices. From England to Germany, from Portugal to Italy, the individual papers present this cohesive European trend in Prehistory, that of enclosing, and the particular relationship between enclosures and prehistoric funerary practices and manipulations of the human body. Through a plurality of approaches, the volume covers several European regions, providing an overview of how prehistoric Europeans dealt with their dead, and how they experienced and organized their world. From cremating to dismembering bodies, from skulls used as cups to naturalistic anthropomorphic ivory figurines, from fragmented pottery to animal limbs, from deviance to collectiveness, this volume ranges all the different practices currently discussed in European Prehistory.The first paper, by Alasdair Whittle, poses as an introduction to the theme of enclosures throughout Europe, focusing his approach on time and timing of enclosure. Alex Gibson then takes us through the middle and late Neolithic British enclosures and Jean-Noël Guyodo and Audrey Blanchard through those of Western France. The Portuguese enclosures follow, with papers both on walled and ditched enclosures, by the hand of António Valera, Ana Maria Silva, Cláudia Cunha, Filipa Rodrigues, Michael Kunst, Anna Waterman, João Luís Cardoso and Susana Oliveira Jorge. Moving East, Andrea Zeeb-Lanz discusses the cannibalistic premise regarding the funerary remains from the Neolithic site of Herxheim (Germany). André Spatzier, Marcus Stecher, Kurt W. Alt. and François Bertemes, on the other hand, focusing on the remains from a henge like enclosure near Magdeburg (Germany), explore the premise of violence and war-like scenarios. To the south, Alberto Cazzella and Giullia Recchia write about a copper age enclosure near Conelle di Acervia (Italy) and Patrícia Rios, Corina Liesau and Concepción Blasco take us through the funerary practices of Camino de las Yeseras (Spain).

I sistemi difensivi di confine e la protezione antiaerea nelle città. Storia conservazione riuso / Border defense system and air raid protection in the cities. History conservation reuseThis book collects the papers presented at the Second International Congress on Conoscenza e valorizzazione delle opere militari moderne - Knowledge and development of modern military structures, held at the Politecnico di Milano, Campus Bovisa, on 27 and 28 November 2012. The Congress was devoted to two types of military structures made between 1919 and 1939 in Italy and in some European countries: Theatres of war and Air-raid shelters in urban areas. Papers illustrate the structural characteristics and recent experiences of reuse and exploitation, even by cultural Association. It is an important contribution to the development and dissemination of studies on European defensive systems and on air defense of the city between 1919 and 1939, a period still poorly understood with regard to the military architecture and the protection of civilians and cities by air raids. The book gathers updated data and documents in many cases unpublished.

This study enunciates the position of prehistoric to early historic settlement-patterns in the Shekhawati region of Rajasthan. It brings forth structure-inference concerning settlement location, function, distribution and trend in settlement density at a regional scale with a view to understanding ecological adaptation and cultural changes through prehistoric to early historic periods. The method of regional analysis has developed models for explaining economic and functional relations between settlements. Economic development is understood through analysing variations in style and technologies used for certain artefacts like ceramics, lithics and metals. Functional differences in terms of raw material resources, smelting sites, processing sites and possible interactions between these are adequately looked into.

Paris Monographs in American Archaeology 37Situated in the heart of the Vilcabamba cordillera in Peru, some 150 km northwest of Cuzco, Choqek'iraw or Choquequirao ( the golden cradle in Quechua), is one of the most beautiful achievements of Inca architecture, and one of the very few pre-Hispanic sites displaying large wall mosaics showing geometric figures and llama caravans climbing the mountainside, the only one known from Inca times. Ethnohistoric sources suggest that Choqek'iraw was one of the Tupac Inca Yupanqui's palaces, but the excavations we conducted in peripheral residential areas suggest a much earlier occupation; it could begin in the early Intermediate Period (200 to 500 AD), and continue during the Late Intermediate (1000-1300 AD). Several elements also suggest that figures represented on the mosaics convey cosmological significance and are laid out following textile principles. Finally, the orientation of some buildings with the cardinal points and the presence of a truncated hill considered as an astronomical observatory, an ushnu, reinforce this hypothesis, suggesting that Choqek'iraw could have played the role of a regional agro-pastoral calendar and be considered as an important ritual centre or wak'a, and an oracular shrine dedicated to the triple Inca divinity of the Lightning. This book stems from an extensive French-Peruvian archaeological project conducted from 2003 to 2006, as part of a cooperation agreement between the French and Peruvian governments. It presents the results of the excavations that have been carried out, but also new hypotheses about the role - including symbolic - that this site may have played.

Tenure describes certain relations between people and material things. It has long been an important theme in archaeology, especially in the interpretation of ancient land division. How do archaeologists approach this subject, and which approaches have the most potential? This monograph explores tenure through analysis of Bronze Age land division on Dartmoor (south-west Britain) . The research has two aims: to develop existing approaches to tenure, and to interpret land division and tenure on Dartmoor during the second millennium BC. The research applies a series of different theories of, and approaches to tenure to data from Dartmoor. Methods used include spatial analysis of land division and settlement patterns, metrological analysis, experimental reconstruction and synthesis of palaeoenvironmental, excavation and artefactual data. The results are used to advance an interpretation of land division and tenure on Dartmoor and to reflect critically on approaches to tenure.

Around 9500 BC, a number of changes take place in the life ways of human groups that, henceforth, will be designated as Mesolithic. These changes set them apart, behaviourally, from the preceding periods. Even though the ancestral know-how was passed across the Pleistocene/Holocene boundary, new solutions were implemented. Groups became more mobile and more dependent on the exploitation of marine resources. Shell middens crop up not just all along the Atlantic façade but also in more interiorly located sites. Technical choice and mode of resource extraction are situationally adapted and/or created. This behavioural flexibility is specific to the early Mesolithic and contrasts with the rigidity of Magdalenian peoples' technical systems. The History of the earliest Mesolithic communities in Portugal is mainly based on the study of three key-early Mesolithic sites, Toledo, Areeiro III and Barca do Xerez de Baixo, with a main focus on their lithic industries (recreating all the productionprocess), although other archaeological components are also presented and discussed. Despite being contemporary on a radiocarbon scale (they all accumulated during the Boreal chronozone), each of these sites represents a distinct way of using space and the available local resources.

Evolutionary and ecological processes are important for modelling the patterns of morphological variation among human populations. Within the ecological dimensions, diet plays a key role in craniofacial variation, due both to the effect of the type and amount of nutrients consumed, on skeletal growth and the localized effect of masticatory forces. In this research, these two dimensions of the diet are discussed, and their influence in the morphological diversification of human populations from southern South America during the late Holocene is evaluated. In particular, the relationship between morphological diversification and dietary diversity in human populations from Central-West Argentina is studied, expanding and reducing the spatial scale to arrive at a better understanding of these processes. Analyses were performed considering three scales: macro-regional (Northwest Argentine, Central-West Argentina, Northern Pampa / Southeast Patagonia), regional (Central-West Argentina) and micro-regional (northern and southern Mendoza).

In this publication the results of an archaeological research project conducted by the Department of Medieval Archaeology of the University of Tübingen, Institute for Prehistory and Medieval Archaeology, under the leadership of Barbara Scholkmann during the years 2003 to 2009 in the ruins of Panamá la Vieja (Panama City, Rep. Panamá) have been published. The Spanish colonial town of Panamá la Vieja, was founded in 1519 and was the first city on the pacific coast. It was a centre of the Spanish colonial empire with vast strategic and economic importance until it was destroyed by English pirates in 1671 and at this place subsequently abandoned. Numerous ruins, especially of large buildings such as the cathedral, the abbey churches and some secular buildings, have been preserved until now without being disturbed by modern development. Thus, the ruin city represents an ideal field of research for archaeological investigations. Six campaign excavations were carried out in the city's former hospital San Juan de Dios as well as in a large building complex, which were used for the handling of goods. At the west end some sondages were conducted to get information about structures in the outlying district. The entire area of the city was prospected geomagneticallyand a topographic map was produced for a large part of the terrain. Several ruin-complexes were measured and examined by archaeologists specialized in architecture. The recovered find material was reviewed and subsequently catalogued and classified parallel to the excavation work. The entire stock of finds from older archaeological investigations was also documented in the context of a post-doc project. With the aid of statistic analyses and patterns of find distribution it was possible to research questions concerning social structure, functional differentiation and the area inner-structure of the city. The results from the hospital were evaluated and the different find groups of the material culture were presented in the context of several academic theses. In the process some of the manifold and very interesting aspects were thematised which the first Spanish town on the Atlantic seaboard, abandoned in the 17th century and today a UNESCO World Heritage Site, can offer to European historical archaeology.

Proceedings of the XV UISPP World Congress (Lisbon 4-9 September 2006). Volume 8, Session C68 (Part II)This book includes papers (in English, French and Spanish) from Session C68 (Part II) of the XV UISPP World Congress (Lisbon, 4-9 September 2006).

This large-scale work represents a study of the occupation of space and management of resources at the interface between primary massifs and secondary and tertiary basins during the Neolithic: the example of the Armorican massif and its margins. This study seeks to establish to what degree we can quantify the impact of a physical feature, the interface between the Armorican massif and the Paris and Aquitainian basins, on population dynamics in western France during the Neolithic. The study area is extensive (62324 km²) and includes almost the whole of eleven French departments (Manche, Calvados, Orne, Mayenne, Sarthe, Maine-et-Loire, Vendée, Deux-Sèvres, Vienne, Charente-Maritime and Charente). Its natural limits, which have evolved since the Neolithic, are the English Channel in the north and the River Charente and its tributary La Bonnieure, flowing into the Atlantic Ocean, in the south. The period in question is the whole of the Neolithic, chronologically subdivided (with much simplification) in orderto facilitate the comparison between the successive chronological stages: Early Neolithic: 5500-4600 BC; Middle Neolithic: 4600-3600 BC; Late and Final Neolithic: 3600-2200 BC.

Proceedings of the XV World Congress UISPP Lisbon, 4-9 September 06, Volume 22This book includes papers from Sessions C06, C08, C14, C62 and WS32 grouped as 'Humans: Evolution and Environment'.C06 - History of human populations, palaeoecology and ancient DNA. Edited by Eric Crubezy, Eugénia Cunha and Bertrand Ludes.C08 - Bioarchaeology from the midst of shells. Edited by Sheila Mendonça de Souza, Eugenia Cunha and Sabine Eggers.C14 - Modern humans origins in Eurasia. Edited by Marcel Otte, Janus Kozlowski and Jean Pierre Bocquet-Appel.C62 - Coastal geoarchaeology: the research of shellmounds. Edited by Marisa Coutinho Afonso and Geoff Bailey.WS32 - Interdisciplinary studies in human evolution. Edited by Eugénia Cunha and Group of Studies in Human Evolution

The symposium dedicated to the presentation of the 'current research on the neolithic funeral rituals in the Upper Rhine Valley' held at the University of Strasbourg in June, 2011 belongs to a cycle of annual meetings of the archaeologists from Alsace and the nearby regions. The theme was dictated by the spectacular increase of the neolithic graves' corpus last years. This volume presents nine contributions about unpublished graves and graveyards from the early to the late Neolithic, especially the first LBK cremations found in France and the first Corded ware graves group discovered in Alsace. These papers, which covered all the regional neolithic sequence, offer a complete view of the funeral traditions of the Upper Rhine Valley from 5300 to 2200 BC.

Section 6: Paleolithique Superieur / Upper PalaeolithicColloque/Symposium 6.411 papers from a session on Stone Age (Magdalenian) Europe presented at the XIVth UISPP Congress, University of Liège, Belgium, 2-8 September 2001.Contains papers in English and papers in French.

Papers presented at the 5th European Meeting on Ancient Ceramics, Athens 1999This volume contains a selection of 43 papers presented at the 5th European Meeting on Ancient Ceramics, at Athens in 1999. This regular meeting provides a forum for the presentation of existing trends in the field of ancient ceramic studies, based on combined scientific/archaeological approaches. These current papers offer an overview of the current status of the highly multidisciplinary research in Europe, both in terms of the many scientific techniques (with a balance between mineralogical and chemical methods) developed and applied, as well as on novel methodological approaches on materials, covering a broad range of periods and geographical regions (from Spain to the Middle East, from Uzbekistan to the Aegean). All the papers of this volume were peer-reviewed for their originality, significance, and technical validity.

This book investigates for the first time the complex processes involved with the occurrence and development of Eneolithic and Bronze Age architecture over the extent of Azerbaijan. The study also investigates the important questions left unanswered in the architectural, archaeological and ethnographic literature, and, for the first time, a planning structure for settlements, inhabited complexes and units is developed. Sections include: The General Characteristics of the Cultural Monuments Investigated; The Processes of Cultural Development and the Construction Layers; The Structure of Settlement Planning; The Constructions and their Architecture; Decision-making and the constructions; reconstructions; The functions of constructions.

The contributions in this book mainly resulted from the symposium, Fitting Rocks, the big Puzzle Revisited, held in 2001 at the XIVth U.I.S.P.P. conference in Liège, Belgium. The symposium brought together a wide variety of researchers who use refitting in one way or another to answer archaeological questions. The aim was to cover both geographical space and a variety of time periods. Lithic refitting has been around for well over a century now. While the mechanics of conjoining artifacts have remained unchanged, despite some recent attempts to automate at least part of the process, the questions that have been addressed with refitting data changed dramatically over time and probably will continue to do so in the future. This volume reflects both well-established uses of refitting as well as some novel approaches.

This monograph presents the results of the first planned archaeological excavations in the important Italo-Greek Abbey of Grottaferrata that was founded near Rome by St. Nilus of Rossano in 1004 over the ruins of a grand Roman villa. The research focuses on the transformation of the settlement and on the social, economic and cultural dynamics from Late Antiquity to the Renaissance and it has revealed the existence of previously unknown Late Antique and Early Medieval sites. Pottery vessels made in Rome and in Southern Italy in the 11th-12th centuries and walls made of Roman spolia belonged to St. Nilus' monastery. The monastery of that time had a church, a dormitory and a sort of borgo with agricultural workers' dwellings, stables and warehouses. Archaeological research has also shed light on the works commissioned by Commendatory Abbots between the 15th and 18th centuries. The important results of this Research Project were also thanks to the possibility of comparing the data of Grottaferrata with those that came from the first archaeological excavations recently undertaken in Italo-Greek monasteries in Southern Italy.

Actes du Colloque International organisé à Lyon les 8 et 9 novembre 2002, Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée

This study investigates hunter-gatherer responses to environmental change in south-western Australian forests. The study region is the Leeuwin-Naturaliste Region, extreme south-western Australia. It examines how hunter-gatherers reacted to terminal Pleistocene and early Holocene expansions of Karri (Eucalytpus diversicolor) tall open-forest, a forest type identified as difficult to occupy. The putative hunter-gatherer reaction requires careful assessment because past hunter-gatherers could have continued to occupy forested areas by using many different habitats within forests and controlling the extent of unfavourable habitats by firing. The author assesses the issue by reviewing ecological and archaeological research in south-western and south-eastern Australian forests and analysing archaeological evidence for occupation in various types of forest.

Dynasties 21-24 saw Libyan dominance in Ancient Egypt. This study examines a corpus of funerary stelae produced during this time to determine the effect of this period on the ways in which people projected their identity, particularly in terms of gender and ethnicity.

This work investigates the use of Old Red Sandstone from South Wales, Gloucestershire, Avon and Somerset during the Roman period, for rotary querns. It is based on detailed petrographic studies of these rocks at both microscopic and macroscopic levels to define practical keys which allow types of Old Red Sandstone, and hence artefacts made from it, to be identified and provenanced to their geological formations. 1200 rotary querns of Old Red sandstone from 180 sites were analysed (stretching from southeast Wales in the west, to Bedfordshire and Cambridgeshire in the east. It extends as far south as Dorchester (Dorset) and as far north as Coleshill (Warwickshire)). The petrological study also identifies the three major source areas in the Roman period as the Forest of Dean, the Bristol area and the Mendips and investigates the differences in the distribution of finds from each of these sources. A typological study is included, with a detailed description and analysis of the types of ORS querns manufactured, their dating and their distribution. The routes and mechanisms through which the querns were moved are also investigated and the production of ORS querns is also assessed.

Moravia played a very important role in the Palaeolithic migration of ancient Homo sapiens as it made a natural corridor between the south and the north of the central Europe, which allowed for shifting of both humans and animals in times of glaciations;a fact amply evidenced by the dense network of Palaeolithic settlements. This study looks again at the material from Upper Palaeolithic Czech sites using the most recent use-wear techniques, equipment and analysis.

Bioarchaeology and bone chemistry of the Bronze Age Sant'Abbondio cemetery (Pompeii, Italy)Focusing on the Bronze Age Sant'Abbondio Cemetery at Pompeii, the author shows that the use of trace element analysis in a non-paleonutritional approach represents a new, tangible method of investigating the social dynamics of past communities, offering a level of reliability and consistency that is not always to be found in the material culture.