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This book focuses on the 'un-naturalistic' iconography of human imagery intuitively regarded as 'super-natural'. A Darwinian model of the evolution of symbolic culture, the Female Cosmetic Coalitions model, provides theoretical grounding for the earliest androgynous and therianthropic religious representations and provides theoretical confidence as to the long-term survival of symbols. An analogy between simple shapes and human genitalia expresses the fusion of male and female. The background is the transition from hunting and gathering to farming; power relations are presented as changing from an 'original social contract' underpinned by female ritual power, to a 'new social contract' driven by competing male elites.

Proceedings of the Sudbury Workshop, April 12-14, 2012 / Actes de l'atelier Savoirs et pratiques de gestion intégrée des bords de l'eau - Riparia, Sudbury, 12-14 avril, 2012RIPARIA is a concept encompassing the complex environment of watersides and having its semantic roots in the Roman world. It is constructed on the basis of land use patterns and economic activities (colonization, urbanization, exploitation of natural resources). The contributions to this volume present the challenges facing ancient and modern preindustrial societies in managing such areas. They highlight the role of social representations of watersides and their management (risk management, ecosystem services, cultural heritage) as an interface between the natural and the social systems, in view of identifying ethical principles for both the preservation and transformation of these environments, particularly vulnerable to climate change and variations.Preface by Henri Décamps

Paris Monographs in American Archaeology 34The city of Palenque achieved its greatest splendour in the Late Classic when it became one of the foremost centres in the Maya world. During the reign of K'inich Janaab' Pakal (A.D. 615-683) the Temple of the Inscriptions, which later served as his sepulchre and commemorative monument, was built. In 1952, Alberto Ruz Lhuillier discovered the funerary chamber in the Temple of the Inscriptions. Based on the reports from the 1950s, photographs taken at the time of the discovery, work published over the past half century, and the analysis of objects that composed the funerary furnishings, this research proposes a holistic revision of the funerary complex. The funerary furnishings, the manufacturing technique and technical sequence employed to create such pieces were studied; the geographic location of the sources of the raw materials was proposed. Finally, the function of each object and its probable significance were discussed.

This study is focused on the relations between Egypt and the Aegean during the early XVIIIth Dynasty, a period of close contact between these two regions. The discovery of Minoan wall paintings decorating a palace complex at Tell el Dab'a (Avaris) was the starting point for this research which reviews the evidence concerning the relations between Egyptians and Minoans especially during the beginning of the New Kingdom, but sometimes also looking at the evidence from previous periods. This contact brought together a mutual influence on artistic and cultural matters, which has its best evidence on the Minoan wall paintings decorating a Thutmoside palace complex in Egypt.

The growing interest in the cultural dimensions and environmental aspects of the transition to the Neolithic in the 6th millennium BC calls for a brief overview of what we know about the Early Neolithic in the Danube-Tisza interfluve. The idea of a volume drawing together the various strands of evidence on the Early Neolithic in this region resulted in the multi-facetted analysis presented in this volume. One major advance emanating from the study was the elimination of the archaeological blankspot between the Alföld and Transdanubia - earlier, the very existence of this blank spot made any discussion of possible contact between the two thoroughly researched regions virtually impossible and hampered comparisons of any kind. This volume follows on from the excavations at Polgár-Cs¿szhalom in 1957, in this series (BAR S1730, 2008). The assessment of the site at Szakmár-Kisülés, an Early Neolithic settlement lying near the left Danube bank, is obviously linked to the problems of the Early Neolithic along the Danube and the publication of the finds from this site forms the backbone of the present volume.Archaeolingua Central European Series 7English translation by Attila Kreiter and Magdalena Seleanu.With contributions by Ida Bognár-Kutzián†, Sándor Gulyás, Attila Kreiter, Endre Krolopp†, Rozália Kustár, Mária Miháltz-Faragó†, Katalin Náfrádi, Ákos Pet¿, Péter Pánczél, Gerg¿ Persaits, József Stieber†, Pál Sümegi, Tünde Tör¿csik, István Vörös and Zsuzsanna K. Zoffmann

This study uses place-names to suggest the major routes in use in early medieval England. Many Roman roads existing by the fifth century are known. Some fourteenth century routes in existence can be deduced from the Gough map of c.1360, and seventeenth century routes from Ogilby's road atlas of 1675. Between the fifth and fourteenth centuries there is little information about routes except in scattered charter boundary references. Here it is suggested that this gap can be partially filled using place-name evidence. Certain names such as Stratton, Drayton and Compton occur consistently by Roman roads and a few other old routes but rarely elsewhere. A string of such names along a route suggests that it was in use. Hythe and Eaton indicate waterways in use. The needs of travellers, possible destinations and how such a naming system may have arisen is considered.

This work brings together all that is currently known of early medieval grave disturbance in Anglo-Saxon England and on the Merovingian continent. It investigates in detail an intensive outbreak of grave disturbance in 6th-7th century Kent. This is closely related to the same phenomenon in Merovingia: an example of the import of not only material goods but also a distinctive cultural practice. Limited numbers of similar reopening episodes, affecting a much smaller proportion of graves in each cemetery, are also identified elsewhere in Anglo-Saxon England. Although the phenomenon of grave robbery is well-attested in Merovingia, this research is the first study at a regional level. The aim is to advance the debate about early medieval disturbance from general discussion of interpretative possibilities to evaluation of specific models and their compatibility with the archaeological evidence.

Written by Zenon Wozniak, Michal Grygiel, Henryk Machajewski and Andrzej Michalowski.This study sums up the research carried out so far and our current knowledge on Jastorf culture populations in northwest Poland with a special focus on the distinctive traits of the Jastorf settlements in two regions: Pomerania and Wielkopolska. It aims to depict a particular qualitative breakthrough that was witnessed in Polish research into this cultural formation in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. The findings presented, and above all the pool of sources, are aimed at providing a basis for discussing the cultural situation in northwest Poland in the early younger Pre-Roman period. The sources amount to a signpost towards the moment when the cultural picture of the central European Barbaricum was taking its dramatic shape over the last few centuries BC.

Human bone in archaeological context is the product of natural processes and cultural patterns; the deposits can seal several things: the vital aspects of one skeleton, the intentions that led to the burial, and natural and accidental processes. This in turn becomes part of the history of these remains and the way they are arranged, their environmental changes and rituals can all influence the recovery procedure. The synchronic and diachronic bio-cultural environments involve new requirements and present further limitations. Taking the geographical framework of the southwestern Iberian Peninsula, the author addresses the methodological issues involved in the recovery of archaeological skeletal remains: cremation and inhumation, primary and secondary burials, individual and collective deposits.

Researches in Stone Age prehistory from Bihar (NE India) have been reported from as early as the end of the nineteenth century. Despite these reports a sharp picture of the cultural transformation in this area has not emerged clearly. This study attempts to shed light on the various aspects of the cultural transformation processes from all the districts of Bihar.

This work comprises several studies dealing with the society, economy, ideology and power among the mainly tribal, semi-pastoral communities living and moving around the southern arid margins of the southern Levant, particularly the Negev desert, southern Transjordan (ancient Edom) and north-eastern Sinai during the first millennium BCE. All studies revolve around a central concept: the phenomenon of tribalism. In few words, tribalism constituted the framework around which were structured the local groups' social institutions, economy, politics and ideology. Key topics such as the manufacture and circulation of local ceramics, the exploitation and trade of copper and incense, the local socio-political fluctuations and emergence of local chiefdoms, and the ideology of kinship and segmentation are studied under this light.

Approaching precolumbian art in all of its various forms as the material expression of interlocking systems of visual communication opens a rich terrain upon which to further our insights into the cultural and symbolic lives of Andean peoples. For archaeologists, ethnohistorians, and anthropologists interested in such studies, however, it is no simple matter to determine how the varied graphic, artifactual, architectural, and spatial systems of visual communication found in the precolumbian world can or should be interpreted. This volume focuses specifically on the various systems of visual communication created by, or associated, with the imperial Inca state. This collection of papers advances understanding of Inca forms of representation, as well Andean systems more generally, by attending to the formal, contextual, functional, and ideological processes through which they are constructed and within which they are embedded. In essence, the volume constitutes a joint reflection on the important themes of representation and material systems of communication in the Andean context.

The western and southern Roman extramural settlements: A Roman community on the edge of the world. Excavations 1964-1989 and other investigations.Chester Archaeological Excavation & Survey Report 15This is the first detailed, wide-ranging report to be published on excavations in the extramural settlement of the Roman legionary fortress at Chester (north-western England), specifically those around the western side of the fortress. This publication concentrates on ten interventions carried out over twenty-five years in the area to the west and south of the fortress and attempts to summarise in more detail than has been done hitherto discoveries elsewhere around its perimeter. Discussions attempt to characterise the townscape, its development and population, and also to explore the role of the Chester extramural settlement generally. It is hoped that this publication will be useful in providing a context for future fieldwork and analysis. '[This] volume represents an important addition, not only to the literature of Roman Chester, but also to the wider topics of military supply, the nature of extra-mural settlement in the major military sites of the north-western Empire and military/civilian interaction. The authors are to be congratulated on a job exceptionally well done.' The Archaeological Journal (Vol. 169, 2012)Excavations directed by Simon Ward, David Mason, John McPeake, Sybil Rutland and Tim Strickland.Site reports compiled by Simon Ward, David Mason and John McPeake.Volume editors, Peter Carrington with Catrina Appleby and Alison Heke.With other contributions by †Peter Alebon, Justine Bayley, Peter Carrington, H.E.M. Cool, Brenda Dickinson, Gillian Dunn, James Greig, Lesley Harrison, Alison Heke, David Heke, Glenys Lloyd-Morgan, Yannick Minvielle-Debat, Tim Morgan, Gaenor Morris, Quita Mould, Cheryl Quinn, Sharon Roberts, Dan Robinson, Ian Smith, Julie Vint, Margaret Ward and Barbara West

Proceedings of the First Arheoinvest Congress, 10-11 June 2011, Iäi, Romania

This study combines archaeological material from Romano-British forts located in northern Britain with concepts and methods from the New and Processual schools of archaeological theory in order to learn more about the lives of the inhabitants of those forts. The primary goal of the study was the discovery of activity areas within the forts. Secondary goals included the discovery of possible artifact toolkits used in and around the forts and the utilization of information from older excavation reports; it was hoped that computerizing this data would make it more accessible and useful to modern scholars. History and chronology, much of which is based solely upon archaeology, is discussed in Chapter 2 to remind readers of the background information necessary to understand the results of this study. Chapter 3 contains a brief chronological overview of the development of archaeological method and theory concerning northern Roman Britain and corresponding schools of archaeological theory in Britain and the United States. The limitations of the excavation reports used in this study are explained more fully in Chapter 4 and the solutions which were used to circumvent at least partially these limitations are found in Chapters 5 and 6. Chapter 7 shows some aspects of the utility of the database developed for this study by examining the possibility of women living within the forts and the status of those using the various buildings of the forts. Chapter 8 presents the author's conclusions.

This book outlines the discovery and investigation of a Roman fort, enclosing an area of c. 2.1 ha, which overlooks the River Tamar, at Calstock in south-east Cornwall. Extensive geophysical survey has taken place, alongside campaigns of evaluation trenching and area excavation between 2007 and 2010. The fort was established c. AD50/55, and continued in use until c. AD 75/85. The presence of an earlier marching camp is also proposed. The whole site appears to be surrounded by a large polygonal hilltop enclosure that may have Iron Age origins, though may alternatively be of Roman military construction. Activity during the medieval period recommences by the eighth century, with two major phases of timber building in the eleventh / twelfth and twelfth / thirteenth centuries. The parish church of St Andrew sits within the footprint of the fort, and associated burial grounds overlay the northern half of the site. The contexts of Roman military and medieval occupation are discussed within the regional and national context.With contributions by John Allan, Michael J. Allen, Paul Bidwell, Christopher B. Ramsey, Dana Challinor, Hilary Cool, Gordon T. Cook, Alex Croom, Jenny Durrant, Charles French, W. Derek Hamilton, Lorrain Higbee, Michael J. Hughes, Julie Jones, John Meadows, Jo Mills, Henrietta Quinnell, Rob Scaife, Norman Shiel, Roger T. Taylor, Jane Timby, Susan Watts, and Tim Young

Paris Monographs in American Archaeology 33A study of private and public space in Mayan cities.

The aim of this study is to explore the rock-art of the Central Eastern Desert and has three objectives: to outline the petroglyphs' distribution, to date them, and to explain who created them and for what purpose. It focuses in detail on the animal, human and boat images within the geographical and chronological context in which they were created; the landscape of what is now the Central Eastern Desert, and the Naqada, Pharaonic and Greco-Roman Egyptian cultures.

This study outlines the history of the art of ironwork in Italy during the Middle Ages, examining the principal personalities involved, documents and significant episodes. Scientific studies that examine artistic ironwork in Italy are scarce and yet there are ample collections of documents on the arts, in the form of photographic portfolios and manuals, compiled in the late nineteenth century and the first three decades of the twentieth. The first part of this study examines the background, quantifying the legacy of still extant ironwork, and analysing its future in terms of protection, study, imitation, reproduction, reuse and dispersal. Understanding the technical similarities between the processes generally used in the workshops of jewellery-makers and blacksmiths, and attempting to distinguish between original mediaeval works and copies has meant dealing with the problem of techniques, a subject that is examined in some notes on the installation, assembly, decoration, colouring and interpretation of the precepts expounded in the treatises. The main area of focus is on those types of works which are dealt with in greater depth in archive documents, which essentially means monumental ironwork and thus primarily gates and railings. Light is then shed on another series of works - caskets and chests - which appear in large quantities in collections and museums and on those that are still in situ, such as locks and door bolts. The chronological limits of this study are not clear-cut, but the focus is mainly on the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. The initial date has had to be pushed back to include Romanesque works

This book includes papers from the session 'Understanding Landscapes, from Land Discovery to their Spatial Organization' from the IUPPS 16th World Congress in Florianopolis, Brazil, 4th-10th September 2011.

The book unveils documents and museum collections related to research and excavations conducted on the Red Sea coast and at Adulis in the 19th and 20th centuries. In examining these materials the author takes the opportunity to discuss the place of Adulis and of the Eritrean coast in the cultural, social and political background of the Northern Horn of Africa from the latest centuries BC to the 7th century AD, so as their place in the Red Sea maritime trade network linking the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean.

This volume contains papers presented at the international conference 'Networks in the Hellenistic world - according to the pottery in the Eastern Mediterranean and beyond' which took place at the universities of Cologne and Bonn 23rd-26th February 2011.The organizers, all specialists in Hellenistic pottery of different regions in the Eastern Mediterranean, invited participants working from the Adriatic Sea to Asia Minor and up to Central Asia to consider their material according to the common platform of networks and exchange systems.

This work examines the public archives and libraries of the Greek world from the late Archaic period to the beginning of Trajan's rule. This study, including a catalogue, focuses on the buildings that housed the archives and libraries, their organisation, and their place in the Greek cities and the Hellenistic kingdoms. The work is aimed both at classicists and at historians of libraries, books and archives, and covers a gap in our knowledge of institutions that were important despite a relative lack of visibility in the literature and the archaeological record, in an ancient civilization that is known for having given birth to one of the most celebrated institutions of knowledge and book preservation in the world: the Great Library of Alexandria.

For more than 50 years, international organizations have been recommending diffusion policies and strategies based on the idea of democratising society's physical and intellectual access to archaeological heritage. A vast array of initiatives, resources,activities and materials has been developed to get archaeological heritage (its message, its goals, its everyday tasks, its agents, etc.) closer to the public and vice versa. This book analyses the Spanish case in the European context, showing all the aspects that show today the on-site presentation and interpretation of archaeological heritage.

This monograph examines the settlement history of a small island off the coast of southeast Crete and its exploitation by the settlements in the southern part of the Ierapetra Isthmus. Recent archaeological discoveries by the 24th Ephorea on Chryssi Island led to an intensive survey that uncovered numerous sites, dating from the Final Neolithic to the Ottoman period. The results from this study provided significant evidence for the exploitation of this small island (i.e. purple dye) through the centuries, and in turn the broader changes in settlement patterns that occurred along the south coast of Crete. Further, the archaeological investigation on Chryssi Island helped better our understanding of the 'colonization' of such marginal landscapes, the insular character of their communities, and their ties with the nearby coastal towns.

This work addresses the question of inter- and intra-site variability and its behavioral significance through a techno-economic analysis of lithic industries and an experimental procedure. For nine lithic assemblages from three sites in South-West of France, Cantalouette 1, Combre Brune 2 and Combe Brune 3, each of the production methods was analyzed based on a quantitative evaluation of all the operational phases present from the procurement of lithic raw materials to the use of the products. The role of experimentation in this procedure is to create specific reference bases that can be compared with the lithic assemblages in order to obtain a better estimation of their techno-economic representation.

Polis-Pyrgos Archaeological Project IThe material presented here is derived from an extensive survey conducted by the Polis-Pyrgos Archaeological Project (PAP) in 1992-1994, 1996-1997, and 1999 in the area between the western bank of the Chrysochou River and Kato Pyrgos in northwestern Cyprus. This is the first comprehensive publication of ceramics and ground stone artefacts from the neighbouring area of Polis tis Chrysochous (Polis), formerly ancient Marion and Arsinoe. The pottery constitutes the bulk of the material. Because of the number of artefacts the material will be presented in two volumes. The main task of each contribution is to present the artefacts recorded in its local, regional and whole island context, as far as possible. The second volume will contain post-prehistoric ceramics, Chalcolithic to Iron Age ground stone artefacts, as well as contribution on the environment and resources.

This research deals with all "skeletal material" finds (bone, ivory and antler) from the work of the three teams excavating at Caesarea Maritima, Israel, over recent years: the Israel Antiquities Authority team; the combined expedition team of the Rekanati Center for Maritime Studies, University of Haifa, and the Department of History, University of Maryland in the United States; and the expedition of the Zienman Institute of Archaeology, University of Haifa. The assemblage includes around 4,000 finds and fragments - a multi-period collection that serves as a solid basis for a thorough discussion and comparison with similar finds from Israel and abroad. To these items were added the bone objects displayed in the Caesarea Museum at Sdot-Yam - surface finds that include some items with no typological parallels within the main assemblage. All the finds are illustrated and catalogued.

This study examines female representation in British Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age (2500 - 1500 BC) funerary practices. Chronology relating to the burial practices is studied, from large scale change over time through to small scale individual chronologies; looking at age representation. In contrast to previous approaches, this study moves beyond purely looking at the grave goods and instead places greater emphasis upon other features of the burials, such as location, form and method. As a result, the methodology used in this study examines the varied forms of this period's burials, yet still considers them as a unit.

The aim of this study is to interpret the scale and nature of the economy of the Eastern Mediterranean in the latter period of the LBA. It does this by using a quantitative approach that estimates the size of the workforce required to meet basic needs (food, clothing, and shelter) and state needs. The quantitative findings are used to assess the proportion of the workforce dedicated to basic and non-basic activities of LBA Cyprus and NK Egypt, based on the food required to support a worker and his dependants. This allows the assessment of the relative economic strengths of each region, the extent to which their economies were embedded within their culture, and their economic interactions with other LBA Eastern Mediterranean states.