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This is the report of the excavation of an enigmatic site in South Gloucestershire, which contained a decorated cellar with a cruciform setting of channels beneath its floor, almost certainly of 'ritual' significance, and a very large bath-house which included a swimming pool some fourteen metres long. Both the cellar and the bath-house had painted wall plaster and the bath-house contained a small area of tessellated floor. No other rooms were decorated in any way. The site dates from the late 1st Century AD and there was no evidence of any earlier activity apart from a number of randomly distributed flints, mainly Mesolithic.With contributions from Michael J. Allen, Rosemary Braithwaite, Blue Circle Technical Centre, Tony Boxall, Janet Cooper, Hugh Corrie, Martin Henig, Mark Maltby, Fiona Roe, Erica Utsi, Bruce Waddell, Jenny Waring, John Peter Wild, David Williams and Kay Wood.

It has been variously considered that churches faced east for liturgical reasons or reasons of Christian religious belief; that they faced Jerusalem; that they faced sunrise on the day that building work started; or that they faced sunrise on their patronal-saint's feast day, and, in the cases where nave and chancel were aligned differently, that this represented religious symbolism; etc. This study investigates the many reasons for alignment variances in medieval English churches and explores whether the differing alignments have any specific meaning and the scope of the survey allows statistically significant conclusions to be drawn from the results. A further element of the study considers the location of rural churches. In the past it has always been assumed that a church was built in, or close to, the village or estate that it served, but as a secondary action. This work explores the timing of the adoption of the sites that now contain village churches, particularly in relation to the processes of settlements fixing their position in the Saxon period, and settlement nucleation. This offers the possibility that some church sites may have determined the location of the settlement that they now serve rather than vice versa.

The 21 articles collected in this commemorative volume centre on animals in relation to men and gods. Many articles deal with iconographical issues, but epigraphy, ceramics and animal bones are subject of research as well. Although topics range from East to West and from pre-historic to modern times, the focus is on Near Eastern Archaeology (16 articles), in particular with respect to the Hellenistic, Parthian and Sasanian periods. In this volume material from Nimrud, Nineveh, Ulug depe, Selinus, Termez, Veh Ardashir and Hatra is published for the first time.

Edited by Gocha R. Tsetskhladze, Sümer Atasoy, Alexandru Avram, Sevket Dönmez and James Hargrave.The book consists of 49 papers and two Appendices. The themes covered are: Greeks around the Hellespont, the Sea of Marmara, the Bosporus, and the Western, Northern and Eastern Black Sea, and Relations with the Mediterranean World; Romans around the Hellespont, the Sea of Marmara, the Bosporus, and the Western, Northern and Eastern Black Sea, and Relations with the Mediterranean World; The Black Sea and Surrounding Regions in Late Antiquity and the Early Byzantine Period; and New Excavations and Projects. With a short introduction by John Boardman.

This monograph examines the mosaic floors of the Early Christian basilicas of Kos island brought to light by the Italian Archaeological School of Athens during the military occupation. The documentation consisted of mostly unpublished archive material - watercolours, blueprints, photographs of the mosaics taken at the time of the findings. Work on the synthesis of the mosaics' different aspects was completed to better define the aspects of the Late Antiquity Koan decorative repertoire and its ties with the production of Imperial times; to understand the artisans working methodology and to distinguish the workshops; to find areas of diffusion of the decorative repertoire.

A collection of 16 papers to honour Arthur MacGregor and his work.

An investigation of the iconography and inscriptions in over 800 tombs and objects with provenances, from Old Kingdom Egypt throws light on the roles of women, marriage and inheritance amongst the elite class. The institution of marriage, including instances of divorce and polygamy are explored. This includes the roles of wives, mothers and sisters and the role of the 'eldest' child in inheritance. Instances of more than one eldest child are explored to try to determine the family situation. Changes overtime to the family structure including divorce and polygamy are revealed.

The book represents the results of four years excavations and investigations in the Bitnah Valley, United Arab Emirates, carried out by the French Mission. The result is a comprehensive study of the Iron Age of the region. Travaux de la Mission Archéologique Française aux Emirats Arabes UnisWith contributions from A. Benoist, V. Bernard. C. Le Carlier, A. Hamel, M. Mashkour, S. Pillaut, A. Ploquin, A. Rougeulle, F. Saint-Genez, J.F. Saliège, J. Schiettecatte, M. Skorupka and A. Zazzo

In this volume the author presents a full study of the topography and landscape of Roman Dacia (roughly present-day north-central and western Romania). The work begins with investigations of the Roman road network and a discussion of the Roman geographical perception of Dacia before and after the conquest, which entailed the construction of the first roads. The author then examines the ancient sources concerning the roads of Roman Dacia, using the 'Tabula Peutingeriana', itineraries and other literary sources, the archaeological remains, and the 'Tabula Traiana', to reconstruct the main roads of Roman Dacia. Further chapters widen the topic by discussing roads and rural settlements, focussing on Potaissa and its surroundings, and on Napoca and beyond, with an excursus on Roman bridges. These detailed studies enable the author to suggest a recreation of the landscape of Roman Dacia, using a combination of historical 19th-century cartography, digital data and GIS.

In this extensive research, the author's petrographical, technological, typological and use-wear studies of arm rings/bands from the early Neolithic of northern France and Belgium provide many insights into the Paris Basin Bandkeramik and the Villeneuve-Saint-Germain/Blicquy cultures by reconstructing chaînes opératoires and through the analyses of over 10,000 objects from 45 domestic, acquisition, and production sites. The rings examined include examples of the iconic spondylus ring of the Paris Basin Bandkeramik, a powerful symbol that occurs throughout the Bandkeramik culture. Emphasis is also directed to clay rings that indicate relations with Alsace and assert regional styles, and the varieties of limestone artefacts that were probably linked to the origins of the first Danubian productions.

Volume 3, Sessions 36 and 37This book is the result of two symposia from the 16th World Congress of the IUPPS (Florianópolis, Brazil, 4-10 September 2011): 'The image in portable art and cave art in the European Palaeolithic Age' (session 36), and the 'Analysis of human behaviour in relation to fire in prehistory. From laboratory results to palethnographic interpretation' (session 37).

Proceedings of the International Workshop on the Black Sea in Antiquity held in Thessaloniki, 21-23 September 2012.This volume presents the proceedings of an international workshop hosted by the School of Humanities of the International Hellenic University, Thessaloniki (September 2012) on the theme of 'The Black Sea in Antiquity', aiming at bringing together young scholars from all over the world who specialize in research in this field. The contributions cover the whole Black Sea region and provide insights into several aspects of its historical periods (Antiquity, Late Antiquity, Byzantine): colonisation, religion, local tribes and their relations with the Greeks, geography, written sources, inscriptions, and archaeological research generally.

This book is a study of the settlement patterns of the Middle to Later stages of the Paleolithic period in the natural landscapes of the Iranian Plateau. By analyzing different environmental settings, stone artifacts, faunal remains and finally the game behavioral movements, this book evaluates the previous models and theories of 'site location', 'game management' and 'Middle and Upper Paleolithic groups' land use' that were employed for Iran. As a major result, it demonstrates that, the ecological approach of 'structural landscape analysis' is a strong methodology for understanding the mechanisms behind settlement patterns, land use and mobility strategies of early humans.

This volume is the result of five years of research about the juridical Latinization policy developed by Rome in the West, focusing on the integration -under the protection of the Latinity- of a set of Hispanian communities, promoted -in the Republican era- to colonial status and -during the Roman Empire- to the municipal. This research aims to raise the plausibility, from the existence in Augustan age of fifty 'oppida of ancient Latium', and many literary, archaeological, epigraphic and numismatic evidences scattered in the preserved documentation, that Rome had introduced in Hispania a Latin colonization policy similar to the one established in Italy and Gallia Cisalpina, amended in constitutional aspects but similar in their goals and results. The author posits that this fact would explain a set of historical phenomena and behaviours related to the existence of privileged communities in the field: that is, the involvement of the Iberian provinces in the Roman military and political conflicts, the force of military recruitment, the intensity of the italic migration flow, the socioeconomic integration of Hispanian communities in the western Mediterranean trade routes, and the widespread dissemination of the institutions, forms and cultural goods of the Roman-italic koiné. Therefore, this volume is intended to enrich and encourage the present historiographic debate, and setting the guidelines of what might have been the diffusion process of the Latium in Hispania Citerior in the Republican era.

The Camp David Peace Accords between Egypt and Israel initiated an archaeological salvage project in portions of the central and southern Negev (Israel). As a participant in the Negev Emergency Survey, Mordechai Haiman's field crew surveyed, from 1979-1989, 450 kilometers in the western Negev Highlands, and identified 1,500 sites. He also directed excavations at 33 sites. Funded by a grant from the Shelby White and Leon Levy Program for Archaeological Publications, this fieldwork was reanalyzed for publication. The contents of this final report touch upon various aspects of Haiman's excavations and surveys including methodologies, lithic material, pottery, fauna remains, petrographic analysis and more.

Bizat Ruhama is an Early Pleistocene site located on the fringe of the Negev Desert, Israel, in the southern coastal plain of the southern Levant. This book presents the results of recent excavations carried out at the site and technological analysis of its lithic industry. The excavations (2004-5) had three major goals: firstly to reconstruct the paleoenvironmental context of the site; secondly to provide large lithic assemblages for detailed technological and behavioral studies; and finally to verify the primary context of the lithic and faunal assemblages. The results of the new excavations suggest that Bizat Ruhama is a site complex containing a number of roughly contemporaneous occupations. The analysis of the lithic assemblages from different occupation areas are presented in this study.

This volume contains a selection of articles based on papers presented at an international workshop held at Frankfurt am Main, Germany from the 27th to the 28th of October, 2012. The workshop was organized by members of the Research Training Group 1576.

This volume celebrates and reveals the critical role of Charles C. Kolb in creating and sustaining the knowledge of ceramic studies through his work in writing, reviewing, and fostering an international and interdisciplinary climate of interaction for more than 25 years at the annual meetings of the American Anthropological Association (AAA). The contributions in this volume testify to the enduring influence and value of Kolb's holistic vision to ceramic studies. As has so often been the case in these symposia on ceramics at the AAA, cross-cutting themes emerge from these contributions and unite them into a collection that is greater than the sum of its parts. Particularly prominent themes in the chapters of this volume include (1) the exploration of production and distribution patterns using a variety of physico- chemical techniques, (2) investigations of political economy as revealed in exchange patterns and decorative modes, and (3) the social dimensions of pottery production and ceramic traditions.

All the sources categories, epigraphy, literature and archaeology, together with the contributions of contemporary scientific methods form a solid foundation for the purpose of this paper: the study of the military hierarchy in Dacia. The most complex aspect is by far the hierarchy of soldiers. Epigraphic sources provide a rich source of data for Dacia but a less documented aspect is that of promotions and careers. Thus, the understanding of military hierarchy across the Empire is very valuable. Following the obvious hypothesis, that one cannot understand the history of Roman Dacia, unless in the wider context of the Roman Empire, the author attempts to decrypt the multitude of ranks and functions in the career of the solider. Thus, the research has moved from general to particular, starting from literary sources and contemporary monographic studies and reaching the individual epigraphic sources and studies concerned with a certain category of officers or a particular phenomenon found in an inscription. It was necessary to study each category of Roman units because the connections between them are very strong, especially as far as it involves soldiers, personnel and officers as elements of the whole functional entity in the Mediterranean space. For the purpose of systematization, the author chose the classification proposed by Domaszewski, more than 100 years ago, dividing the military ranks into several categories: soldier ranks - immunes and principales, centurions and primipili.

This volume is based on a session from the 2012 TAG conference (Liverpool University) and includes papers delivered at the conference and others submitted subsequently. Contributors are drawn from both academic and commercial archaeology and the diverse range of subjects is intended to help to bridge the unfortunate gap between some of the sub-disciplines which constitute archaeology in its broadest sense. Papers include: Pots as Things: Value, meaning and medieval pottery (Ben Jervis), Vehicles for Thought: Terrets in the British Iron Age (Anna Lewis), Addressing the Body: Corporeal meanings and artefacts in early England (Toby Martin), All form one and one form all: The relationship between pre-burial function and the form of early Anglo-Saxon cremation urns (Gareth Perry), Plates and other vessels from early modern and recent graves (Beth Richardson), Not so much a pot, more an expensive luxury: Commercial archaeology and the decline of pottery analysis (Paul Blinkhorn), Tradition and Change: The production and consumption of late post-medieval and early modern pottery in southern Yorkshire (Chris Cumberpatch), The organisation of late Bronze Age to early Iron Age society in the Peak District National Park (Kevin Cootes).

Although the beginning of archaeological studies dates back to very old times, the use and applications of disciplines such as physics, chemistry, geology, and biology in archaeology have rapidly increased during the last sixty years worldwide. Papers that apply methods and techniques of the so-called "hard sciences" to solve diverse problems in Argentine archaeology have become more popular during the last two decades. These studies involve the participation of professionals coming from several fields such as physics, chemistry, geology and biology, as well as archaeologists technically trained in those disciplines. Papers that apply this kind of approach can only be found as isolated contributions in Argentine archaeological meetings, symposia, and in non-specific publications, because there are no local technical journals such as those internationally available. For this reason we organized a Symposium at the XVII National Congress of Argentine Archaeology (October 2010, Mendoza, Argentina) seeking to offer a specialist-oriented arena to share new information and discuss methodological and technical issues regarding the application of physical, chemical, and biological tools in archaeology. This book includes some of the papers presented at that symposium, and partially illustrates the state of the art in the utilization of these analytical markers in Argentina. This book aims at presenting the local research to non-Spanish speaking audiences and at promoting a dialogue between archaeologists trained in chemical, earth and natural sciences who use these methods and techniques around the world.

The notion of a "crescent-shaped cultural-communication belt" stretching from Northeast China and Korea along the Tibetan borderlands all the way to Yunnan stands as the late Tong Enzheng's most-cited contribution to the Chinese archaeological discourse (Tong Enzheng 1987). In the 1980s, suggesting such long-distance contact was a bold move. At the time, Chinese and Western scholars alike were afraid of being accused of diffusionistic tendencies in their work, and they thus mostly decided to concentrate on local developments. Only in recent years has it again become acceptable and even desirable to discuss far-reaching exchange networks. Interestingly, the emerging scholarship on such topics has some noticeable lacunae. Discussions on China's long distance contacts, for instance, focus mostly on steppe connections and Western influences on the cultures of the Central Plains. By contrast, material from Southwest China has received much less attention and has but rarely been mentioned in connection with Northeast China; neither have Tong Enzheng's considerable theoretical contributions to the understanding of culture contact and cultural exchange received the consideration they deserve. While Tong Enzheng remains a household name to anyone working in the Southwest, in other parts of China his work is less well known, and even though Tong still carries some name recognition outside of China, few scholars are fully aware of his important contributions. This volume stems from the session "Reconsidering the Crescent-Shaped Exchange Belt - Methodological, Theoretical and Material Concerns of Long-Distance Interactions in East Asia Thirty Years after Tong Enzheng" held at the Fifth World Conference of the Society for East Asian Archaeology (SEAA), held in Fukuoka (Japan) in 2012. The papers collected in the present volume touch on four main topics: Tong Enzheng's life and research, and his place within the development of modern Chinese archaeology; recent developments in the archaeology of Southwest China; material traces and geographic, cultural, and historical preconditions of possible movements and inter-group contacts along Tong's crescent shaped cultural-communication belt; and theoretical and methodological issues in the study of culture contacts and cultural exchange, and of their reflections in the material record.

The book sheds light on the cultural sequence of the Neolithic pottery in the Anatolian plateau with the help of original evidence from the settlements of Çatalhöyük in the Konya plain and Süberde and Erbaba in the Bey¿ehir-Süla basin, all of which are located in the Çar¿amba river basin within central Anatolia's broader Konya endoreic (closed) basin. Other zones from the basin and other parts of the Anatolian plateau have also been investigated and have provided data relevant to the issues addressed in this work; those discussed here are primarily the Lake District outside the basin to the west, the Karaman region and Ni¿de-Aksaray region within the Konya basin, western and northwestern Anatolia, and last of all, though only in general terms, the Cilicia and Amuq plains in southern Anatolia and the Rouj basin in northwestern Syria (northern Levant). The ceramic classification provided here is also used to define and compare contemporary pottery traditions from the Anatolian plateau and the Near East and to place them accurately within a single chronology. The study, at the same time, attempts to understand and define the regional pottery cultures of Anatolia and to assess the level of communication and interaction between them.

Studies in Contemporary and Historical Archaeology 5The shape of this collection of essays has emerged over time from an original session from the Theoretical Archaeology Group conference held at Cardiff in 1999. A few years later the original theme evolved through the then fledgling Contemporary and Historical Archaeology in Theory organisation, with its own series of books and conferences. This seemed an obvious home for 'Defining Moments' and the present volume appears after a decade-long gestation.

This book is about fish and fish-eating in Greece from the Classical period to the Late Roman period (5th c. B.C.-7th c. A.D.). In Classics fish-eating appears to be one of the most prominent and ideologically charged activities related to food. This work is an investigation of the way in which fish and its consumption was incorporated in the economic, social and ideological life of Greeks. It is also an exercise in the integration of different classes of data in dealing with questions about ancient societies. Although the focus of this work is archaeological, it takes advantage of historical, philological, anthropological and ichthyological data and methodologies.

Mosaic pavements are typically analysed by their representational decoration to ascertain the meaning of individual scenes and how these relate to allegory, mythology, or symbolism. The approach in this work differs in that it views the technique, decoration and inscriptions on Late Roman floor mosaics in Phoenicia and Northern Palestine to identify micro and economic trends, their dynamic social role in private and religious buildings, and individual patterns of patronage.

The purpose of this Viking-Age Icelandic study is to look beyond the catalogues of data already in the record and put the information in its social context. This study shows that the internal and external aspects of any grave reveal not only information about the deceased, but also about his or her family, society and, most importantly, the ideological realms of the people burying the dead, which was, relatively recently, not considered accessible from material remains. In so doing, the catalogues of internal data were anthropologically interpreted with the help of external information to provide an image of the society, showing differences based on age and gender and the role cosmology played in burial placement. In addition, this study shows that using Geographical Information Systems does not limit research to statements of quantity. GIS can be used to explore a range of subjects including qualitative analysis and cognitive choices. This is achieved by integrating Cognitive, Landscape and Mortuary theory; and Gender and Age approaches to the burial sites of pre-Christian Viking period Iceland. The approach of this study, therefore, is to analyse the internal grave structures and artefact inclusions and the external surroundings to draw out the meanings, symbols and behaviours behind those materials that define the culture.

Taxing systems, conceived as institutionalized means of extraction of goods and services from the population, are a key part in the analysis of the social and territorial fabrics of our history. This volume analyses those tax mechanisms that were imposed following the Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula (al-Andalus) from the 8th Century AD, which can only be properly understood by 'looking to the East'. It also deals with aspects of those same systems that are related to archaeology and place-names, considering that the palatium and qa?r-bal?? must have played a fundamental role both in the levying of taxes and in the exploitation of the 'fay'.

This research considers sites of continental Greece and the Cycladic islands where, with the exception of contexts tied to the large Pan-Hellenic sanctuaries, the presence of at least one gymnasium has been identified. The field of investigation spans from the 6th to the 1st century BC. Each site is documented in detail and close critical examination made of the relative literary, epigraphic and archaeological sources, in order to reconstruct the setting, the relationship between buildings and the urban landscape, and the cultic systems.

The extent, nature and causes of settlement change in the rural Peloponnese (Greece) in the last centuries of the Hellenistic period and the early centuries of Roman rule (c.200 BC to c.AD 200) are the focus of this study. Understanding the rural landscape has implications for our readings of certain aspects of cultural change and land use, and can help bridge the gap between necessarily elite-driven historiographical studies and related stratified deposits. This study is not meant to be either an historical narrative on the 'decline and depopulation' of Greece or a treatise on survey archaeology. Rather, it is meant to elucidate the complex nature of the rural landscape of the Peloponnese in these periods, and to identify some of the behaviours of the inhabitants of that landscape.