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Livestock refers to the domesticated animals in an agricultural setting which are raised by humans to produce commodities such as leather, fur, dairy products, wool, etc. Some common examples of livestock are cows, goats, sheep, buffaloes and pigs. The field which involves breeding, maintenance and slaughtering of livestock is known as animal husbandry. It is one of the major components of modern agriculture. There are many diseases and health issues that affect the livestock such as classical swine fever, scrapie, foot mouth disease, etc. Many measures are taken to avoid such diseases. Vaccines and antibiotics are widely used when required. Good husbandry practices, proper feeding, and hygiene are incorporated which contribute to good livestock health. This book unravels the recent studies in the field of modern livestock and animal health. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on modern livestock and animal health have been included in this book. It will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

The field of study that focuses on the interactions among organisms and their environment is called ecology. It is a branch of biology that overlaps with the disciplines of genetics, ethology and evolutionary biology. The applications of ecology are prevalent in the fields of conservation biology, city planning, wetland management, community health, natural resource management and human social interaction. The understanding of evolution, biodiversity and the need for conservation is vital for a complete understanding of ecology. Adaptation, natural selection, inheritance, populations and life history are some of the concepts intrinsic to both evolutionary biology and ecology. Biodiversity is the variety of life and life's processes. It encompasses the genetic differences among living organisms, the ecosystems and communities they inhabit and the evolutionary and ecological processes required for their subsistence. The conservation and management of biodiversity requires innovative approaches to address the ecological scope of biodiversity. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of ecology. It is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex theories and insights in evolution, biodiversity and conservation. It is an essential guide for both academicians and those who wish to pursue this discipline further.

The science of crop breeding delves into the study of genetics of crops to develop desirable characteristics for agriculture and horticulture. Breeding crops is essential for ensuring food security in the context of a growing economy. This is done by developing new crop types that have higher yield, disease resistance, abiotic stress tolerance and also higher adaptability to different environments. Classical plant breeding methods have mostly been replaced by modern methodologies of marker-assisted selection, double haploids and genetic modification. The research in the frontiers of genetic modification and transgenic plants is rapidly progressing with the development of innovative biotechnological tools. This book studies, analyses and upholds the pillars of crop breeding and its utmost significance in modern times. The various advancements in this field are glanced at and their applications as well as ramifications are looked at in detail. This book targets geneticists, food scientists, agronomists, molecular biologists, researchers and students associated with this domain.

Earthquakes are disasters caused by seismic waves which are formed due to a sudden release of energy from the Earth's lithosphere. This can develop into disturbances of massive magnitude resulting in substantial damage to life and property. Seismology is the study of earthquakes. It encompasses the study of diverse aspects related to earthquakes including seismicity analysis, frequency, wave nature, rupture dynamics, wave propagation, etc. It also involves evaluating earthquake aftershocks and effects using principles of subfields like paleoseismology. This book provides significant information of this discipline to help develop a good understanding of seismology and wave propagation. It also unravels the recent studies in this field and highlights the modern tools of earthquake prediction, evaluation and analysis. The book will be helpful to a broad spectrum of readers such as seismologists, geologists, engineers, researchers, academicians, experts and students associated with this discipline.

Irrigation involves the use and application of water resources to facilitate crop production. The conventional techniques of agriculture required excessive water for irrigation which resulted in wastage. This has necessitated an economic usage of water and implementation of innovative techniques for an economic irrigation water management framework. Research is being conducted to develop practices for sustainable agricultural production and water management. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in the field of irrigation water management. It also explores the principles and practices of irrigation water management with an emphasis on the issue of environmental sustainability. This book will be useful to agronomists, agriculture scientists, ecologists, experts and students as it offers innovative insights into this field.

The organisms whose genetic traits are changed using the genetic engineering techniques are known as genetically modified organisms. These organisms are better known as 'transgenic organisms' because using other genetic systems from different organisms alters their genetic system. The most commonly modified organisms are viruses, microbes, bacteria, cisgenic plants, transgenic plants, genetically modified crops, etc. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to genetically modified organisms. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by it. Through this textbook, we attempt to further enlighten the readers about the new concepts in this field.

Medicinal herbs or medicinal plants have been used therapeutically for centuries. They have the chemicals which have pharmaceutical values and can been used to treat many ailments like skin diseases, cold, cough, body aches, fever, etc. The most common materials that are derived from medicinal plants are glycosides, terpenes, alkaloids, polyphenols, etc. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the usage of medicinal plants. It elucidates new techniques and their applications in a multidisciplinary approach. For someone with an interest and eye for detail, this textbook covers the most significant topics in the field of medicinal plants. It will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

Petrology studies rocks and the conditions leading to their formation. Together with sedimentology, which studies layers of compressed materials such as clay, sand and silt; these disciplines help in the interpretation of the composition of the Earth's surface. Research in this field helps to identify and extract various minerals found in the Earth's crust and mantle. Tectonic and seismic activity occurring inside the Earth can also be studied by researchers in these fields. This book attempts to understand the multiple branches that fall under the discipline of petrology and sedimentology and how such concepts have practical applications. Students, researchers, experts and all associated with these fields will benefit alike from this book.

Biogeography is the study of the distribution of plant and animal species on Earth over a period of time. It has two branches, which are phytogeography and zoogeography. This field contributes essential knowledge about the composition of various ecosystems as well as the evolutionary processes and migratory patterns occurring within species over time. Habitat adaptation is an important phenomenon that all living organisms exhibit. Conservation and protection of vulnerable regions is vital for the survival of the various species found on our planet. This book is meant for students who are looking for an elaborate reference text on biogeography. For all readers who are interested in this subject, the case studies included in this book will serve as an excellent guide to develop a comprehensive understanding.

Microbial engineering is the study of microorganisms and microbial ecology. Microbial engineering has applications in varied areas such as industrial fermentation, microbial degradation, medicine, etc. The study of microbial cultures helps in understanding bacterial and viral resistance against antibiotics and antimicrobials. This book traces the progress of this field and highlights some of its key concepts. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to microbial engineering. Scientists and students actively engaged in this field will find this book full of crucial and unexplored concepts. This book attempts to assist those with a goal of delving into the field of microbial engineering.

Soil science studies the texture, classification and formation of soil. The two main branches of this subject are edaphology and pedology. Recent research done in the field of soil science focuses on climate change and resource degradation. Soil quality and fertility play a significant role in agriculture. This book elucidates the role of soil in practicing sustainable agriculture. It aims to serve as a resource guide for students and experts alike and contribute to the growth of the discipline. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make it an invaluable source of knowledge.

DNA damage is termed as the damage that is caused to DNA by naturally occurring processes such as hydrolysis and metabolism and ultraviolet radiation. DNA repair is the process by which the body rebuilds damaged DNA. The symptoms of DNA damage is the development of lesions which cause breaks in the strands of DNA or remove base pairs from the DNA backbone. Aging, cancer, and apoptosis are long-term symptoms of DNA damage. This book provides significant information of this discipline to help develop a good understanding of DNA damage and repair. It aims to serve as a resource guide for students and experts alike and contribute to the growth of the discipline.

Sports science studies the importance of exercise and the response of the human body to physical training. It incorporates areas such as anatomy, physiology and biokinetics. Sports science has four disciplines namely physiology of sports performance, biomechanics of sporting movement, sports psychology and sociology of sports. This book covers in detail some existent theories and innovative concepts revolving around sports science. It is an essential guide for both academicians and those who wish to pursue this discipline further.

The introduction of harmful pollutants into water bodies is known as water pollution. Sources of water pollution include point sources such as factories, non-point sources such as pollution through runoff and groundwater pollution through aquifers, etc. Contaminants include organic substances like detergents, pesticides and insecticides, petroleum, etc. and inorganic pollutants like ammonia, heavy metals, fertilizers, etc. The topics included in this book on water pollution are of utmost significance and are bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It is a complete source of knowledge on the present status of this important field.

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) use satellites to gather relevant data and information for accurate representations of the Earth and its geographic features. It provides a simple solution so as to sort, classify and monitor the various environmental and geographical (natural and human) processes that are occurring in the world. GIS often rely on maps of various scales to interpret new information. Precise GIS models have diverse industrial applications. This book on GIS approaches for remote sensing and photogrammetry will help new researchers by foregrounding their knowledge in this branch. It aims to serve as a resource guide for students and experts alike and contribute to the growth of the discipline.

Soil ecosystems are rich in biodiverse elements that contribute greatly to the sustenance of life on Earth. This book on soil ecosystems management discusses techniques and methods related to the restoration of soil health and vitality and the appearance of essential nutrients such as oxygen and hydrogen in soil. Soil also plays a crucial role in the decomposition of waste materials that could otherwise enter natural water sources. Maintaining soil ecological balance for the growth of plants and crops is crucial in this field. This book on soil ecosystems management includes contributions of experts and scientists that will provide innovative insights into this field. Students, researchers, and experts associated with this field will benefit alike from this book.

Microbial physiology studies the cell structure, metabolism and genetic structure of microorganisms. The fundamental concern of this subject is to understand the characteristics of complex organisms by studying single-celled organisms. Microorganisms are vital in many environmental and industrial processes such as digestion, bioremediation, decomposition, fermentation, etc. This book explores all the important aspects of microbial physiology in the present day scenario. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Horticulture is the study of plant production techniques that are aimed at intensive cultivation, high-yielding variety crops and plant propagation. Plant breeding concentrates on the growing of plants that have favorable characteristics for longevity and improved yields. Horticulture and plant breeding are important sectors of the food industry. Modern plant breeding creates transgenic plants through genetic modification. High standards are kept in selecting the right species for genetic modification. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to plant breeding and horticulture. The various studies that are constantly contributing towards advancing technologies and evolution of this field are examined in detail. Students, researchers, experts and all associated with this field will benefit alike from this book.

Soil fertility is the capability of soil to supply essential plant nutrients. Soil fertility has a direct impact on crop yield. Some of the aspects which affect soil fertility are soil depth, internal drainage, soil pH, presence of microorganisms, etc. Fertilizers are either natural or synthetic substances which are added to soil to enhance its fertility. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to soil fertility and fertilizers. As this field is emerging at a rapid pace, the contents of this book will help the readers understand the modern concepts and applications of the subject.

The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject of agriculture and food economics. It is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the theory and practice of these subjects. Agriculture refers to the cultivation and breeding of plants, animals, fungi, etc. It has various branches like animal husbandry, horticulture, organic farming, extensive farming, and nomadic farming, etc. Food economics is an important part of agriculture because it provides information about the different agribusinesses and their profitability. It also plays a crucial role in the formulation of policies concerning food and agriculture. Most of the topics introduced in this book cover new techniques and their applications in the area of agriculture and food economics. Students, researchers, experts and all associated with this field, will benefit alike from the book.

Botany is a branch of biology which studies plants. Some of the topics included in this subject are reproduction, plant diseases, plant taxonomy, structure and growth of plant and biochemistry. New techniques that have been developed in this field include live cell imaging, electron microscopy, optical microscopy, etc. While understanding the long-term perspectives of the topics, the book makes an effort in highlighting their impact as a modern tool for the growth of the discipline. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed experts of this field, this book targets students and professionals.

Alternative medicine refers to the medical practices that are regarded as unorthodox by the doctors as they are unproven with respect to their effect in treating diseases. Some examples for these medical practices are naturopathy, homeopathy, traditional Chinese medicine, etc. This book traces the progress of the field of alternative medicine and highlights some of its key concepts and applications. The text presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. It aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of complementary and alternative medicine and the recent advancements in this field. The book will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers and researchers.

The branch of science which helps in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases in animals is known as veterinary science. Different species of domesticated as well as wild animals are treated under this field. Veterinary science also helps in monitoring animals to prevent zoonotic diseases such as anthrax, cat-scratch disease, Chagas disease, Ebola virus disease, etc. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to veterinary science. With its detailed analyses and data, it will prove immensely beneficial to professionals and students involved in this area at various levels.

Exercise and sports are important aspects of human life. Exercise science studies the impact of exercise and diet on the physical fitness of an individual and helps in developing a better understanding of human health. Physical education and exercise play a significant role in sports. They help in enhancing athletic performance. Some of the areas which overlap with the subject of physical education, sports and exercise science are physiology, anatomy and biokinetics. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on physical education, exercise science and sports, have been included in this book. It will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this field.

Gene manipulation is the modification of genetic elements in plants and animals for commercial purposes. This book on gene manipulation strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. Technological development that has greatly affected this field has also been presented. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe that are related to the genome. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of this field. The readers would gain knowledge that would broaden their perspective about gene manipulation.

Molecular biology studies those activities of cellular molecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids, which are essential for cell maintenance and cell functioning. The mapping of transfer of biological sequential information is the central concern of this field. Molecular cloning, DNA copying through polymerase chain reaction (PCR), molecular blotting and probing, the preparation of microarrays are some of the modern applications of molecular biology. Some of the diverse topics covered in this book address the varied branches that fall under this category. Most of the topics introduced herein cover new techniques and applications of this field. For all those who are interested in molecular biology, this book can prove to be an essential guide.