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Industrial hazards are conditions associated with industrial processes that can potentially cause injury to personnel and can even be life-threatening. These can also cause loss of property or product. Industrial safety is a set of countermeasures against the occupational hazards in an industrial plant such as nuclear plant, oil and gas plant, etc. These countermeasures are aimed at protecting humans, the physical infrastructure and the environment from harm due to the process going beyond the permitted control margins. The use of various safety devices such as flame arresters, safety valves, blowout preventers, chemical protective clothing and insulation monitoring devices can ensure safety in industries. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts in the field of industrial hazards and safety. Different approaches, evaluations and methodologies have been included herein. For someone with an interest and eye for detail, this textbook covers the most significant topics in this field.

Electronics is a branch of physics and engineering. It is concerned with the development and application of devices and systems that involve the flow and control of electrons. The movement of electrons can occur in matter and vacuum or in semiconductors. Electrical circuits that are designed from different active and passive electrical components are studied in this field. Active components include transistors, diodes, etc. Passive components are resistors, inductors, capacitors, etc. Most electronic devices use semiconductors today. Some of the branches of electronics are analog electronics, digital electronics, microelectronics, optoelectronics, integrated circuits, etc. Circuits and components used in electronics can be analog or digital. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of electronics. Most of the topics introduced herein cover new techniques and applications of this field. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Telecommunication refers to the transmission of signals, images, sounds or information by using radio, optical or other electromagnetic systems. The transmission is achieved either electrically through the use of cables or via electromagnetic radiation. Such transmission paths are divided into communication channels, which allow multiplexing. Telecommunication technologies may be divided into wired and wireless methods. A basic telecommunication system consists of a transmitter, a medium of transmission and a receiver. Radio, television, Internet, telephone, etc. are some modern telecommunication media.This book provides comprehensive insights into the field of telecommunications. It outlines the processes and applications of telecommunications in extensive detail. It aims to serve as a resource guide for students and experts alike and contribute to the growth of the discipline.

Culture is a complex integration of human beliefs, customs, habits, knowledge, morals and art. Humans acquire culture due to the processes of socialization and enculturation. Cultural variations are observed with change in region and circumstances. Cultural anthropology is a sub-discipline of anthropology that is concerned with the study of the cultural variation among humans. The critique of evolutionism and cultural relativism are the theoretical foundations of cultural anthropology. Besides these, cultural materialism, feminism, structuralism, functionalism, etc. are other theoretical approaches to this field. Some of the methods used in this discipline are participant observation, cross-cultural comparison, ethnography and multi-sited ethnography. This book provides comprehensive insights into the field of cultural anthropology. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. It is a vital tool for all researching or studying cultural anthropology as it gives incredible insights into emerging trends and concepts.

The branch of sociology that studies human life and interaction in metropolitan areas is known as urban sociology. It uses the methods of observation, interviews, statistical analysis and social theory, to study a wide range of topics such as migration, demographic trends, race relations, poverty and economic trends, among many others. The theoretical foundations of urban sociology lie in the study of the socioeconomic and cultural processes of urbanization, and its subsequent impact on social alienation and in the formation of a class-based society. It also delves into the structures, problems and environmental processes of urban areas by integrating necessary principles of urban planning and policy making. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts in the field of urban sociology. It unfolds the innovative aspects of this field, which will be crucial for the holistic understanding of the subject matter. It aims to serve as a resource guide for students and experts alike and contribute to the growth of the discipline.

A programming language is a set of instructions that are used to develop programs that use algorithms. Some common examples are Java, C, C++, COBOL, etc. The description of a programming language can be divided into syntax and semantics. The description of data and processes in a language occurs through certain primitive building blocks, which are defined by syntactic and semantic rules. The development of a programming language occurs through the construction of artifacts, chief among which is language specification and implementation. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to programming languages. Most of the topics introduced in this book cover the principles and practices of developing programming languages. The textbook is appropriate for those seeking detailed information in this area.

Total quality management (TQM) is a framework of organization-wide efforts aimed at the installation and development of a climate in which employees consistently improve their performance. The fundamental tools and techniques of quality control lay the foundations of this discipline. All departments including production, sales and marketing, engineering and design, accounting and finance, etc. are involved in this process. It is achieved by management of quality through training, staffing, funding and goal setting. Total quality management if executed in an effective manner can be instrumental in achieving organizational excellence and creating a brand in the market. This book provides comprehensive insights into the field of total quality management. It elucidates new techniques and applications in a multidisciplinary manner. This book is an essential guide for both academicians and those who wish to pursue this discipline further.

Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the intelligence that is demonstrated by machines. Devices that perceive the environment and act in a way that aids in the deliverance of its objectives and tasks, are called intelligent agents. Such agents execute tasks by mimicking the cognitive functions of the human brain such as learning and problem solving. Understanding human speech, intelligent routing in content delivery network, competing in strategic game systems such as chess and Go, etc. are all capabilities of artificial intelligence. The ultimate objective of AI is to achieve general intelligence. Artificial intelligence uses varied tools such as search algorithms, mathematical optimization, logic programming, Bayesian networks, etc. in order to solve the most complex problems related to computer science. This book presents the complex subject of artificial intelligence in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. Most of the topics introduced in this book cover new techniques and the applications of AI. It is a complete source of knowledge on the present status of this important field.

Reconfigurable computing is the computer architecture that combines the flexibility of software with high performing hardware by processing with high speed, flexible computing fabrics such as field-programming gate arrays (FPGAs). The central theories of reconfigurable computing are Tredennick's Classification and Hartenstein's Xputer. Modern reconfigurable computing systems include COPACOBANA, Intel, Xilinx, Mitrionics, etc. The classification of reconfigurable architectures is continuously being developed and redefined with the development of new architectures. The current classification is based on granularity, host coupling, rate of reconfiguration and routing interconnects. This book unravels the recent studies in the field of reconfigurable computing. Also included herein is a detailed explanation of the architecture, logic and applications of reconfigurable computing. This book, with its detailed analyses and data, will prove immensely beneficial to professionals and students involved in this area at various levels.

Microeconomics is a branch of economics. It studies the behavior of individuals and firms for the purpose of making decisions with regards to the allocation of scarce resources and interactions among individuals and firms. Analyzing market mechanisms to establish relative prices among goods and services is a primary goal of microeconomics. It is also involved in market failure analyses. The fundamental concepts of microeconomics are demand, supply, equilibrium, measurement of elasticities, theory of production, consumer demand theory and costs of production, among many others. Some of the specialized areas of applied microeconomics are labor economics, financial economics, public economics, health economics, etc. The topics covered in this extensive textbook deal with the core concepts of microeconomics. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on microeconomics have been included in this book. For someone with an interest and eye for detail, this book covers the most significant topics in this field.

Social science is an academic discipline that is concerned with the study of the society and the different associations and relationships among individuals in a society. It is a vast subject with numerous sub-domains such as archaeology, anthropology, history, human geography, political science and sociology, among many others. Research in social science is conducted by employing a range of methods for analyzing social phenomena, such as census survey data and in-depth analysis of social experiences of a single subject, investigation of historical documents, etc. Research methods can be divided into the two categories of quantitative designs and qualitative designs that approach social phenomena from the opposing spectrums of quantifiable evidence and statistical analyses, and participant communication and direct observation respectively. The study of social phenomena is guided by certain social theories, such as critical theory, Marxist theories, feminist theory, dialectical materialism, social constructionism, structural functionalism, etc. This book unravels the recent studies in the field of social science. There has been rapid progress in this field and its applications are finding their way across multiple fields. It is a vital tool for all researching or studying social science as it gives incredible insights into emerging trends and concepts.

Social rehabilitation can refer to the provision and facilitation of support to people experiencing trauma or disabilities, therapies for children with special needs, developmental disorders and adaptation issues, recovery for drug addicts and alcoholics, and corrective actions for felons including juveniles for their eventual reintroduction into society. Social rehabilitation builds on various studies such as correctional psychology, which applies psychology in correctional settings such as jails and prisons, to ensure standards of care for offenders and mentally ill individuals. Alternatives to imprisonment of offenders can be adopted such as community service, guidance and counsel, and probation. Local support groups, counseling, dedicated care centers and behavioral therapies can be instrumental in providing care to individuals with addiction to psychoactive substances. A nation's government can undertake various welfare services for people with such special needs and make structural reforms in the judicial and administrative policies for their proper inclusion in the society. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in the field of social rehabilitation. The topics included herein are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. The extensive content of this book will provide the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Sociology is the study of the society, culture, social relationships and social interactions. It uses various methods of critical analysis and empirical investigation for developing an understanding of social order, social change and evolution. This field ranges from the level of individual agency to macro levels of social structure. The focus areas of sociology are social class, secularization, social stratification, gender and sexuality, among others. The theories of sociology fall within the categories of classical and 20th century social theory. The former includes functionalism, conflict theory and utilitarianism, while the latter encompasses structuralism and post-structuralism, besides others. Research methods in sociology are archival research, content analysis, experimental research, survey research, observation and longitudinal study, etc. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to sociology. While understanding the long-term perspectives of the topics, the book makes an effort in highlighting their impact as a modern tool for the growth of the discipline. It attempts to assist those with a goal of delving into this field.

Gender studies is an interdisciplinary field, which studies gender identity and gender representation. It includes fields like women studies, men's studies and queer studies. This vast subject encompasses the study and analysis of gender and sexuality and their representation, interactions and presence in diverse fields such as literature, cinema, history, language, law, human development, etc. It also takes into consideration how disability, ethnicity, race, class, nationality and location affect gender and sexuality. Modern approach towards gender studies includes discussions on gay marriage, gay rights and adoption. The field also delves into an in-depth study of femininity and masculinity along with the numerous constraints surrounding it. This book presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe in the varied aspects of gender studies. It presents this complex subject in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. As this field is emerging at a rapid pace, the contents of this book will help the readers understand the modern concepts of the subject.

Business refers to the practice of buying and selling goods and services with the objective of making money or earning a living. Business transcends across diverse fields of entertainment, industrial manufacturing, finance, agriculture, transportation, etc. Understanding of economics is vital to the study of business. It is the social science that studies distribution, production and consumption of goods and services. Economics is majorly divided into two primary branches, namely microeconomics and macroeconomics. The former refers to the study of individual agents, such as household, firms, buyers and sellers, their interactions and outcomes of those interactions. Macroeconomics is the study and analysis of the entire economy, taking into consideration issues like inflation, capital, economic growth, etc. This book traces the progress in the fields of business and economics and their relationship with each other. It highlights some of the emerging trends and applications. In this book, using case studies and examples, constant effort has been made to make the understanding of the difficult concepts of business and economics as easy and informative as possible, for the readers.

Scholarly communication is the system of creation, evaluation, dissemination and preservation of scholarly writings. Most of the scholarly communication is generally published in scholarly books, journals, reviews, discussion forums, blogs, etc. Other scholarly publications, particularly in the fields of arts and the humanities, may involve video and sound recordings. Libraries are crucial for the facilitation, dissemination and evaluation of scholarly information. These provide access to journals and other resources to help researchers, patrons and readers to gain information for conducting their own research. High pricing of research journals, proliferation of new journals, emergence of electronic journals as well as the internationalization and commercialization of scholarly publishing calls for a modern approach to scholarly communication. Modern research libraries have developed outreach programs to propagate information about open access, copyright and other communication issues. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to library science. It also discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches of scholarly communication. Students, libraries, researchers, experts and all associated with these fields will benefit alike from this book.

Political psychology is a bi-directional academic discipline, in which psychology is used to understand politics and the behavior of politicians and simultaneously, politics is used to understand human psychology. The aim of this discipline is to study the interdependent relationship that individuals share and how it is influenced by different beliefs, learning, perception, motivation, socialization, etc. The three main personality driven approaches to the study of political psychology are trait-based approach, psychoanalytical approach and motive-based approach. Foreign policy making, war, voting attitude, leadership role, racist behavior and the role of media in influencing voting are some of the significant areas where the theories of political psychology are extensively applied. This book studies, analyzes and upholds the pillars of political psychology and its utmost significance in modern times. It elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective development with respect to this area of study. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed experts of this field, this book targets students and professionals.

Rail transport refers to the transfer of goods and passengers from one place to another on wheeled vehicles, which run on tracks or rails. Urban rail transit includes providing transit services to passengers and goods in and around urban and sub-urban areas. The planning and management of urban rail transit includes the maintenance, safety and financial planning of the rail transport. Regular inspections done via track geometry cars and walking inspections are a part of rail maintenance. The socio-economic benefits and energy efficiency are some of the primary concerns while planning an urban rail system. This book discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches of urban rail transportation. It explores all the important aspects of urban rail transportation in the present day scenario. The book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

The sub-field of sociology that utilizes computationally intensive methods for analyzing and modeling of social phenomena is called computational sociology. It uses the techniques of computer simulations, complex statistical methods, and social network analysis to develop and analyze complex social processes. This discipline includes the understanding of social agents, interaction between these agents and the effect of such interactions on the social aggregate. Computational sociology deals with varied challenges pertaining to the determination of the levels of society and their interactions, culture modeling, design of informative simulations for large scale data, model choice, etc. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on computational sociology have been included in this book. From theories to research to practical applications, case studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to this field have been included herein. Students, researchers, experts and all associated with computational sociology will benefit alike from this book.

The field concerned with the collection, classification, analysis, storage, retrieval and dissemination of information is referred to as information science. Some of the focus areas in this field are information access, information architecture, information society, information seeking, and knowledge representation and reasoning. The integration of library science and information science is known as library and information science. The digitization of information has impacted the approach towards libraries. Libraries nowadays have the contents of catalogs searchable online and varied search engines facilitating the search for academic resources in an easy manner. Bibliographic databases and citation indexes are the most prominent examples of information dissemination. Interactive information retrieval, digital repositories, scholarly communication and library management are some of the focus areas of this field. All these innovations have reshaped information exchange through libraries. This book provides comprehensive insights into the 21st century library, and how they facilitate information exchange. It will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in this field.

Economics refers to the social science, which studies the distribution, consumption, as well as the production of goods and services. The subject is broadly divided into two sections namely microeconomics and macroeconomics. Microeconomics is concerned with the study and analysis of the markets and individual agents like, sellers, firms and buyers. Macroeconomics deals with the aggregated investment, production, consumption and savings in the entire economy and the issues affecting them. Business environment is the ability of a firm or company to maintain and build its customer relations. This subject involves analysis of the micro, macro and the internal environment. The purchasing power of consumers is affected by the economic factors such as interest rate, recession, inflation rate, etc. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the diverse areas of economics and their relation with business environment. It presents these complex subjects in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. It aims to serve as a resource guide for students and experts alike and contribute to the growth of the disciplines.

The measure of development on a global scale is referred to as international development. The Millennium Development Goals of the United Nations are a set of targets and objectives to achieve long-term social, economic and political development. This is achieved with a focus on healthcare, education, gender equality, human rights, poverty reduction, infrastructure, etc. International aid to alleviate the issues surrounding a lack of development is generally a temporary measure. The long-term strategies focus on more culturally sensitive and economically and politically relevant projects that aim to empower women, care for the environment and strengthen local economies. Developing a sustainable and rights-based approach to development with an emphasis on capacity building is the fundamental step towards achieving international development. Human development is measured using a variety of indices such as life expectancy, national GDP, literacy rate, human development index, etc. This book discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches of international development. It brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of this field. This book includes contributions of experts and scientists, which will provide important insights into the domain of international development.

The academic discipline that delves into the implementation of government policies and prepares civil servants to work in the public service is called public administration. The public administrators include heads of county, states, city, regional and federal departments like human resource administrators, census managers and cabinet secretaries, among many others. Public administration plays a crucial role in international development. It formulates policies concerning immigration services, national defense, foreign affairs, etc. which directly impact the international affairs and assistance. International development is focused on improving the social, economic and political scenario of a country. The objective of this book is to give a general view of the different areas of public administration and international development and their applications. It brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of these fields. For all those who are interested in public administration and international development, this book can prove to be an essential guide.

Occupational therapy is an allied health profession, which is concerned with the use of interventions and assessments to recover, maintain, and develop meaningful activities for individuals, groups or communities. It has developed owing to the philosophical ideals of humanism, pragmatism and romanticism. It primarily works with people who suffer from injuries, disabilities, health problems or impairments. Support for adults experiencing physical and cognitive impairment, injury rehabilitation and assistance to children with disabilities are under the scope of this field. Some common models which form the framework of practice of this field include person environment occupation performance model, cognitive-behavioral frame of reference, model of human occupation, the recovery model, etc. The objective of this book is to give a general view of the different areas and practices of occupational therapy. It elucidates the modern trends and techniques of this healthcare profession. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this text.

A photonic sensor is a device that is made of a p-n junction, which converts photons into current. Some examples of photosensors are photodiodes and phototransistors. Polarization, photoelectric effect, photochemical changes and weak interaction effects are the mechanisms fundamental to the working of photonic sensors. A number of performance characteristics are important for the characterization of photonic sensors. These include response time, spectral response, detectivity, responsivity and quantum efficiency, among others. Depending on the mechanisms or the technology involved in the detection of light, photosensors can be classified into semiconductor, photoelectric, photovoltaic, photochemical and thermal photosensors. Some photoelectric photosensors are phototubes and photomultiplier tubes. Active-pixel sensors, charge-coupled devices, etc. are some of the semiconductor photosensors. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to photonic sensors. The various advancements in this field are glanced at and their applications as well as ramifications are looked at in detail in the book. It will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this field.

The planning and development of cities is under the scope of urban planning. It is a technical and political process, which is concerned with the design of the physical layout of settlements in an urban setting. This involves the strategic planning of land and water use, as well as communication, transportation and distribution networks. Its chief objective is public welfare. A layout is developed with focus on the issues of sustainability, current and potential pollution, crime, economic development, congestion and social equity. City development is achieved by using the techniques of zoning, geographic mapping and analysis, prediction of population growth, survey of the water supply, allocation of healthcare and other social services, etc. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the theory and practice of city planning and development. Its aim is to present researches that have transformed this discipline and aided its advancement. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for urban planners, city managers, policy makers, experts and students involved in this area at various levels.

The processes, mechanisms and relations employed to control and direct corporates is known as corporate governance. It includes designing the policies, practices, actions and plans used to monitor the functions of a corporation. The power of decision-making and key responsibilities are divided amongst the members of the corporate such as, managers, directors, auditors, stakeholders, etc. Strategic decision-making is an essential part of corporate governance. It refers to the formulation and implementation of initiatives and goals taken by the top management. It includes formulating plans after analyzing the resources and the environment for the company. This book presents the complex subject of corporate governance and strategic decision-making in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. Some of the diverse topics covered in this book address the varied branches that fall under this category. This book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in these areas as well as for experts.

Finite element method refers to the numerical method, which is used to solve problems in mathematical physics and engineering. The areas where finite element method is mostly applied are fluid flow, structural analysis, mass transport, heat transfer and electromagnetic potential problems. This method divides the problem into simpler and smaller parts called finite elements, in order to solve it. Algebraic equations are formulated for each element, which are then assembled into a larger set of equations that models the whole problem. Variational methods are then applied to find an approximate solution by minimizing the associated error function. The different finite element methods are applied element method (AEM), extended finite element method (XFEM), meshfree methods, Loubignac iteration, finite element limit analysis, spectral element method, etc. This book outlines the concepts and applications of finite element method in detail. It strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this area of mathematics. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Higher education or tertiary education is the highest but optional stage of formal education. Generally, it is delivered at universities, colleges, academies, conservatories and technological institutes. It is also delivered at some trade schools, vocational schools, etc. Higher education is divided into several broad categories such as general higher education, vocational education and professional higher education, among others. General higher education includes advanced training in the liberal arts, engineering, plastic or visual arts and performing arts. The academic areas within the broad domain of liberal arts are linguistics, mathematics, history, psychology, sociology, etc. Some of the professional higher education fields include law, journalism, human medicine, business and scientific dentistry, besides many others. This book provides comprehensive insights into the field of higher education. Some of the diverse topics covered in this book address the varied branches that fall under this category. It is meant for students who are looking for an elaborate reference text on this domain.

Learning disabilities refer to the conditions that hinder the conventional learning processes in individuals. Some of the causes of neurological impairments are heredity and genetics, problems during pregnancy and birth, and accidents after birth. Exposure of the fetus to drugs or alcohol, oxygen deprivation during childbirth, etc. are some of the factors contributing to the incidence of learning disabilities. Depending on the information processing affected by a disability, learning difficulties can be categorized into reading disorder, disorder of written expression, dyscalculia, nonverbal learning disability, etc. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to the assessment and prevention of learning disabilities. It consists of contributions made by international experts in the area of diagnosis and management of learning disabilities. Students, researchers, experts and all associated with this domain will benefit alike from this book.