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As a sub-field of photonics, optoelectronics refers to the practice of using and studying electronic devices and systems, which control, source and detect light. Optoelectronics is based on the fundamentals of quantum mechanical effects of light. It focuses on light's effect on semiconductors, and other electronic materials. The different optoelectronic devices are optoisolators, photoresistors, phototransistors, quantum cascade lasers, OLEDs, photomultipliers, light-emitting diodes, etc. Research in this field has enabled scientists to apply principles of optoelectronics in optocoupler and optical fiber communications. This book presents the complex subject of optoelectronics in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. Such selected concepts that redefine the subject have been presented in it. This extensive book is a vital tool for all researching and studying this field.

Urban development is also known as regional, town and city planning. It is the process of developing, planning and designing the land use in an urban setting. It also involves the development of transportation, distribution networks and communication channels in the urban area. The physical layout of human settlements is constructed, with emphasis on public welfare, sanitation and protection of the environment. Other significant considerations of this domain are sustainability, economic development, social equity, land value, etc. Sustainability refers to the process of using resources in a responsible manner in order to ensure their availability for potential needs of future generations. The judicious use of resources through urban planning is a major goal of sustainable development. This book explores all the important aspects of urban development and sustainability in the present day scenario. It is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the theory and practices of this area. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this text.

Semiotics refers to the study of sign processes, meaning-making and meaningful communication. It also studies allegory, analogy, symbolism, metaphor, etc. The different branches of semiotics include cognitive semiotics, film semiotics, biosemiotics, nuclear semiotics, visual semiotics, social semiotics, structuralism and post-structuralism, etc. Semiotic analysis is employed to understand the meaning behind symbols and how such meanings are created. Semiotics provides the methodology for the analysis of texts and improvement of ergonomic design in situations that require the effective interaction of humans with their environments. This book discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches of semiotics. The objective of this book is to give a general view of the different areas of semiotics, and its applications. It is a vital tool for all researching or studying this field as it gives incredible insights into emerging trends and concepts.

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are computing systems that are motivated by the design and functioning of biological neural networks. Its design is driven by the goal of solving problems in a manner that mimics the working of the human brain. To achieve this, a system of artificial neurons is constructed, which transmits signals through connections. ANN can be programmed to deliver on the functionalities of data processing, classification, function approximation, robotics and control. Its use, however, requires an understanding of the learning algorithm, choice of model and robustness. Due to its diverse capabilities, ANN has potential applications in medical diagnosis, finance, ocean modeling, vehicle control, face identification, among many others. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of artificial neural networks. The ever-growing need of advanced technology is the reason that has fueled the research in the field of artificial neural networks in recent times. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

E-learning refers to the practice of improving learning by using, managing and creating technological processes and resources in order to enhance performance. The subject includes various different aspects such as online learning, learning theory, m-learning, computer-based training, etc. There are three fundamental schools of thought included in e-learning namely, behaviorism, constructivism and cognitivism. The different media tools used in e-learning are computers, mobile devices, tablets, webcams, social networks, virtual classrooms, etc. E-learning helps in facilitating the access to education for all, especially non-full-time students. This book provides significant information on this discipline to help develop a good understanding of e-learning and related fields. The various advancements in this field are glanced at and their applications as well as ramifications are looked at in detail. It will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in this area.

Technological innovation system explains the nature and rate of technological change. It can be applied to three levels of analysis namely, to technology as a field of knowledge, to a product or artifact, or to a set of related products and artifacts developed with the aim to satisfy a specific purpose. The structures in a technological innovation system represent the static aspect of the system and are distinguished into three categories- actors, institutions and technological factors. The organizations that contribute to a technology are actors. These may also be developers, financiers, regulators, etc. The institutional structures form the core of the innovation system. These are the institutional rules and constraints that shape human interaction. Technological factors are essential for understanding the feedback mechanisms between technological and institutional change. The book studies, analyzes and upholds the pillars of technological innovation management with respect to business organizations and its utmost significance in modern times. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

Source coding refers to the process of encoding information using fewer bits compared to the original data. It can be lossy or lossless. Lossless compression is characterized by the elimination of loss of information and statistical redundancy. In lossy compression, bits are reduced by removing unnecessary information. In both these compressions, using the techniques of linear prediction, coding and pattern recognition, there is a reduction in information redundancy. Such compression of data is useful for storing and transmission of data. Some of the video coding formats are MPEG-2 Part 2, MPEG-4 Part 2, AV1, Theora, etc. Some vastly popular and commonly used image coding formats are JPEG, PNG and GIF. This book traces the progress in the field of image and video coding and highlights some of its key concepts. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to coding standards, tools and techniques. It is a resource guide for experts as well as students.

A computer based system which consists of multiple intelligent agents interacting with each other is called a multi-agent system. It is very advanced when compared to an individual agent or monolithic system and can solve problems. The three fundamental characteristics of multi-agent systems are autonomy, local views and decentralization. Multi-agent systems have applications in computer games, films, defense systems, logistics, transportation, graphics, GIS, etc. The objective of this book is to give a general view of the different areas of multi-agent systems, and their applications. The topics covered herein offer the readers new insights in the design, synthesis and analysis of multi-agent systems. As this field is emerging at a fast pace, this book will help the readers to better understand multi-agent systems.

The efficient and effective management of funds in order to accomplish the goals and objectives of an organization is referred to as financial management. Raising and allocation of capital, for long and short-term budgeting, forms an important focus of this discipline. The most important goal of financial management is the maximization of profit. There are several kinds of profits, such as profits before interest, depreciation and taxes, cash profit, etc. The other objectives of financial management are ensuring the survival of the company, maximizing the shareholders' wealth, maintaining the cash flow and minimizing capital cost. Financial management also encompasses the estimation of the requirement of funds, determination of the capital structure, deliverance of significant returns for the business using a good investment plan, etc. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to financial management. It unfolds the innovative aspects of financial management, which will be crucial for the progress of this field in the future. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Business administration refers to the management of a business. It involves overseeing and supervising business operations, decision-making, organization of people and resources to achieve targeted goals. It comprises of a number of important branches such as human resource management, financial management, marketing management, strategic management, etc. This book attempts to understand the multiple branches that fall under the discipline of business administration and how such concepts have practical applications. The topics included in this book are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. For all those who are interested in business administration, this book can prove to be an essential guide.

Acoustics is a branch of physics that is concerned with the study of mechanical waves in different media such as solids, liquids and gases. The study covers the generation, propagation and reception of mechanical waves and vibrations. The subdisciplines of acoustics are archaeoacoustics, aeroacoustics, acoustic signal processing, architectural acoustics, musical acoustics, etc. An understanding of different mechanical waves such as pressure waves, surface waves, transverse and longitudinal waves is crucial for a comprehensive understanding of acoustics. The applications of acoustics are in medicine, audio and noise control, climate change monitoring, sonar for submarine detection, etc. The book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of acoustics and the recent researches in this field. The various sub-fields of acoustics along with technological progress that have future implications are glanced at in this book. It aims to equip students and experts with the advanced topics and upcoming concepts in this area of study.

The practice of preventing unauthorized access, disruption, disclosure and destruction of information in order to ensure the protection of confidentiality and integrity of data is known as information security. Some of the threats to information security include theft of intellectual property, identity theft, software attacks, information extortion and sabotage. Such risks can be managed by identification of assets, threat and vulnerability assessment, impact calculation and implementing appropriate control measures. The management of such threats and risks is done through security controls, access controls, defense in depth and cryptography. There has been rapid progress in the domain of information security and its applications are finding their way across multiple industries. Most of the topics introduced in this book cover new techniques and applications of information security. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

Aircraft is a machine that counters the gravitational pull of the earth by using either static lift, dynamic lift or downward thrust. Common aircraft include airplanes, helicopters, gliders, etc. Different aircraft have different methods of lift. Aerostats use buoyancy for floating in the air, while airplanes produce dynamic upthrust through aerodynamic lift or powered lift in the form of engine thrust. Aircraft can be classified as unpowered and powered aircraft. Unpowered aircraft include gliders, balloons and kites. Powered aircraft include propeller aircraft, jet aircraft and rotorcraft. The study of aircraft and their engineering is studied under the domain of aerospace engineering. It integrates the technological and engineering principles of aerodynamics, propulsion, avionics, structural analysis and manufacturing. This book traces the progress of aircraft engineering and highlights some of its key concepts and applications. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to this discipline. This book aims to equip students and experts with the advanced topics and upcoming trends in this area of study.

Leadership is a significant attribute in the work place that enables an individual or organization to guide other individuals, teams and organizations. Leaders are often placed as managers in organizational set-ups. Their role is to manage groups of individuals or entire teams. Employee development is a crucial area of human resource development. It strives to improve job performance of individuals and groups in a professional space. It is concerned with the training of individuals in terms of skill development, changing attitude and knowledge enhancement. Various approaches to employee development can be adopted such as on-the-job training, web-based learning, mentoring, apprenticeship, etc. Training is facilitated in the broad areas of new-employee orientation, professional-skills training, sales and marketing training, etc. This book unfolds the innovative aspects of organizational leadership and employee development. It outlines the processes and applications of these areas in detail. It is a vital tool for all researching and studying these fields.

English is a West Germanic language that has evolved as the third most widely spoken language in the world today. It is widely used in newspaper publishing, scientific publishing, international trade, mass entertainment, book publishing and diplomacy. A working knowledge of English is nowadays considered vital in the professional space, especially in medicine and computing. The teaching methodologies are different for the training of English as a foreign language, second language or primary language. When taught as a second or foreign language, instructions may be delivered both in English and in the learners' native languages. Errors of syntax, vocabulary and pronunciation are common in new learners. This book unravels the recent studies in the field of English education. Also included herein is a detailed explanation of the various techniques of English language teaching and learning. This book will serve as a source of reference to English language trainers, experts and students.

Sustainable development refers to the organizing principle on which human development goals and the sustainment of natural systems, human society and economy are built. It is a state of society where the exploitation of natural resources for humans occurs in a balanced way without undermining the stability of the environment. The focus areas of sustainable development are economic development, social development and environmental protection. The sustainable development goals of the United Nations cover a broad spectrum of social and economic development issues, which include poverty, hunger, education, gender equality, climate change, urbanization, environment, etc. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in the field of sustainable development. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies have been included in this book. For all those who are interested in sustainable development strategies and processes, this book can prove to be an essential guide.

The discipline of pedagogy is concerned with the theories and practices of teaching and how different teaching methods influence learning. An understanding of a student's requirements, background, skills and interests is crucial for the development of effective teaching strategies. Some of the major pedagogical considerations are curricula, learning spaces and learning theories. Education can be delivered depending on specific approaches of critical pedagogy, dialogic pedagogy and student-centered learning. Education research draws upon the fundamental principles of psychology, sociology, anthropology and philosophy to explore improved teaching methods and classroom dynamics. This book provides comprehensive insights into the field of pedagogy. It also unravels the recent studies in the areas of teaching and learning. Educationists, researchers and students actively engaged in this field will find this book full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

Pedagogy is the field that is concerned with the theory and practice of teaching and an analysis of how these practices influence student learning. It ideally takes into consideration the backgrounds, interests and needs of students to develop teaching strategies. Some of the pedagogical considerations are hidden curriculum, learning space and learning theories. Learning for students is facilitated from the pedagogical approaches of critical pedagogy, dialogic learning and student-centered learning. This book studies, analyses and upholds the pillars of pedagogy and its utmost significance in modern times. The chapters compiled herein provide in-depth knowledge about the advanced theories and concepts of this subject. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge for students and researchers alike.

Computer vision is the field of science that is concerned with the development of computers to achieve high-level understanding using digital images or videos. It includes the processes of acquiring, processing and understanding of digital images. It also involves the extraction of data from the real world for the purpose of producing numerical or symbolic information. Some of the areas of interest in computer vision include scene reconstruction, object recognition, 3D pose interpretation, motion estimation, image restoration, etc. The applications of computer vision are in the development of artificial intelligence, surveillance, medical imaging, topographical modeling, navigation, among many others. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of this discipline. From theories to research to practical applications, studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to this field have also been included. This book attempts to assist those with a goal of delving into the field of computer vision.

Language is a system that comprises of the development and use of complex systems of communication. The scientific study of language is called linguistics. It is concerned with the analysis of language form, meaning and context. Grammar and stylistics are the pillars of linguistics that are crucial to the understanding and development of language. Phonetics, semantics, pragmatics, phonology, morphology, etc. are sub-fields that approach the study of languages from a grammatical framework. Stylistics explores linguistic and tonal style of texts. The development and evolution of languages undergo several stages. These stages are pidgin, creole, dialect, discourse, standard language, lexicon and relativity. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of language development and linguistics. It contains some path-breaking studies in this field. This book, with its detailed analyses and data, will prove immensely beneficial to professionals and students involved in this area at various levels.

A supply chain refers to a system of people, organizations, resources, activities and information that involves the movement of a product or service from a supplier to a customer. It involves transforming raw materials into a finished product that can be delivered to the end customer. Aspects of distribution, inventory, outsourcing, procurement, production, etc. are crucial to the sustenance of a supply chain. Logistics is a significant aspect of supply chain management. It plans, implements and controls the flow and storage of goods and services. This book outlines the processes and applications of supply chain management in detail. It also unfolds the innovative aspects of this field, which will be crucial for the progress of this field in the future. For someone with an interest and eye for detail, this book covers the most significant topics in the area of supply chain management.

Computational intelligence (CI) refers to computational methodologies and approaches that facilitate the solution of complex real-world problems. These problems are generally too complex to be solved by the classical methods of mathematics or traditional modeling. It operates using the principles of fuzzy logic, artificial neural networks, evolutionary computing, learning theory and probabilistic methods. Computational intelligence uses soft computing techniques which help it function like a human brain. Applications of computer intelligence are diverse. It extends from the fields of computers science and engineering to areas of data analysis and biomedicine. This book aims to provide a fair idea of this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. It attempts to understand the multiple branches that fall under the discipline and how such concepts have practical applications. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Marketing management is the allocation of the resources of an organization to develop a strategy that targets potential customers with the goal of maximizing the sale of a product or service. The diverse aspects of this field include market analysis, developing strategies, forecasting sales, setting goals, planning, coordination, etc. Marketing management implements the tools of economics and competitive strategy for an understanding of the industry in which the firm's production falls. This book covers in detail some existing theories and innovative concepts revolving around marketing management. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies revolving around marketing management have been presented in this book. It aims to serve as a resource guide for students and experts alike and contribute to the growth of the discipline.

Supply chain management is concerned with the management of the flow of goods and services. It also deals with the storage of raw materials as well as transfer of finished products from the point of production to the point of consumption. Various networks, channels and node businesses in combination are required for the provision of products and services to the customers. Supply chain management integrates studies from the fields of industrial engineering, systems engineering, logistics, information technology, operations management, etc. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in this field. It attempts to understand the multiple branches that fall under this discipline and how such concepts have practical applications. Coherent flow of topics, student friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

The reporting, summarizing and analysis of financial transactions through the production of financial statements, pertaining to an organization, is effectively under the field of financial accounting. These financial statements could be in the form of income statement, balance sheet, cash flow statement, etc. Capital maintenance and provision of financial information are the central objectives of financial reporting and accounting. This book on financial accounting, strives to present the advanced concepts and theories in extensive detail for a thorough understanding of the field. The topics covered herein offer the readers new insights in this field. In this book, using case studies and examples, constant effort has been made to make the understanding of the difficult concepts of financial accounting as easy and informative as possible, for the readers.

Public administration strives to implement government policy for the adequate management of public services. It also sets a code of conduct for public servants at all levels including cabinet secretaries, senators, mayors, census managers, etc. Varied matters related to public order, foreign affairs, legislative frameworks, taxation and many others fall under this domain. The principles of public administration are developed on the basis of organizational theory, policy analysis, human resource management, policy budgeting and ethics. This book unravels the recent studies in the field of public administration. It traces the progress of this field and highlights some of its key concepts and applications. This book is a vital tool for all researching or studying public administration as it gives incredible insights into emerging trends.

The term public affairs is a broad term that includes diverse aspects of public service, public policy and public administration. Public service refers to the service provided by the government. It is based on a consensus that certain services should be a privilege of all people regardless of income, intelligence or physical ability. Examples of such public services are police, air force, fire brigade, etc. The implementation of government policy through varied tasks of management of public programs, analysis of policies, study of government decisions, etc. are within the scope of public administration. Public policy is a framework of regulatory measures, laws and strategies that guides the administrative executive branches of the state regarding different issues. The objective of this book is to give a general view of the different areas of public affairs and their applications. This book covers in detail some existing theories and innovative concepts revolving around this field. It is meant for students and researchers who are looking for an elaborate reference text on public affairs.

Education can occur both in a formal or informal setting and has a formative effect on the development of mental and psychological processes in a human being. Besides learning, education also entails the facilitation of skills, values, habits and beliefs. The use of technology especially with the rise of the internet has transformed and advanced the approach to education in the modern world. A good education practice ideally combines a psychology of teaching, adoption of effective teaching practices, and sensitivity towards learning disabilities. Education should be imparted in a manner that all three modalities- visual, auditory and kinesthetic, are effectively combined to facilitate learning in a way that is effective for all. Pedagogical methods are ideally based on students' background, knowledge, environment and learning objectives. This book picks up individual branches relevant to this area and explains their need and contribution in the context of successful education and teaching practices. Chapters included herein provide detailed information about the advanced concepts and theories related to the field of teaching and education. This book will serve as an ideal text of reference to a broad spectrum of readers including teachers, educational psychologists, curricula developers, researchers and students.

Organizational culture refers to a collective set of values and behaviors that are essential for developing a unique work culture in an organization. It guides the interactions between different people and groups in a professional working space. It also affects how employees identify with an organization. A good culture can develop employee motivation, efficiency, consistency, coordination and better alignment of the company with targeted visions and goals. Various factors that affect the culture of an organization include product, market, strategy, organizational vision, language, environment, etc. Organizational culture is highly dependent on leadership. A good cultural leadership can lead to problem solving through cultural innovation. This book elucidates concepts and factors that are crucial in the development of organizational culture and leadership. The chapters compiled herein provide extensive information about a number of related topics. This book, with its detailed analyses and data, will prove immensely beneficial to professionals and students involved in these areas at various levels.

Radio engineering refers to the study and development of devices which have been designed to operate in the radio frequency spectrum between 3 kHz to 300 GHz. This includes all devices that transmit or receive a radio wave, like two-way radios, mobile phones and Wi-Fi. Wireless technology is associated with the transmission of information between two remote points without the presence of any electrical conductor. Radio waves are the primarily used wireless technology in GPS units, satellite television, wireless headphones, etc. The application of radio engineering and wireless technology are present in diverse industries. This book aims to provide detailed information about the modern concepts and theories related to this field. It elucidates the innovative models around prospective developments with respect to radio engineering and wireless technology. The various studies that are constantly contributing towards advancing technologies and evolution of these fields have also been included herein. This book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.