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The majority of PhDs trained in biomedical sciences do not remain in academia. They are now presented with a broad variety of career options, including science journalism, publishing, science policy, patent law, and many more. This book examines the numerous different careers that scientists leaving the bench can pursue, from the perspectives of individuals who have successfully made the transition. In each case, the book sets out what the job involves and describes the qualifications and skills sets required.

Bacterial pathogens cause numerous human diseases. This collection from Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine surveys the spectrum of bacterial pathogens from Salmonella and Shigella to Heliobacter pylori. It examines the basic biology of these parasites, their virulence mechanisms and the host's response to infection. The effectiveness of antibiotics and vaccine strategies are also covered, along with the novel antimicrobial therapies that are being developed.

During endocytosis, extracellular molecules and plasma membrane components are selectively internalized by cells. This fundamental process of "cellular ingestion" is required for diverse activities such as nutrient uptake, cell adhesion and migration, signal transduction, cytokinesis, neurotransmission, and antigen presentation. Pathogens (e.g., HIV) exploit endocytic pathways to gain entry into cells, and defects in the endocytic machinery can lead to diseases such as cancer. Written and edited by experts in the field, this collection from Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology covers all of the major pathways of endocytosis and post-endocytic trafficking, and how they regulate cellular and organismal physiology. Contributors describe how cargo enters the cell via clathrin-mediated and clathrin-independent pathways, including caveolar endocytosis, micropinocytosis, cholesterol-sensitive endocytosis, phagocytosis, and the CLIC/GEEC pathway. They review the numerous machineries (e.g., Rab GTPases, tethering factors, and retromer) that transport cargo through endosomes and deliver it to lysosomes or recycle it back to the cell surface, and the signals and mechanisms governing these sorting decisions. Topics such as lysosomal dynamics, the biophysical challenges of bending membranes, and the evolution of endocytic systems are also covered. This volume also includes substantial discussion of the roles of endocytic trafficking in organismal development, physiology, and disease. It is thus an indispensable reference for cell biologists, but also neuroscientists, immunologists, developmental biologists, microbiologists, and others concerned with the physiological and therapeutic implications of this key cellular process.

Cell death plays a critical role in development, normal physiology and many diseases, including cancer. Research in this area is rapidly advancing and involves a variety of specific techniques. This manual provides a step-by-step guide to these techniques, along with background information informing researchers when they should be used.

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an extensive network of membranes that folds, modifies, and transports proteins in eukaryotic cells. It also manufactures lipids and interacts extensively with other organelles, playing essential roles in cell growth and homeostasis. Written and edited by experts in the field, this collection from Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology covers all aspects of ER morphology and function, as well as its interactions with the nucleus, Golgi, and mitochondria. Contributors examine how proteins translocate across the ER membrane, the processes that occur inside the ER lumen (e.g., folding, glycosylation, and disulfide bond formation), and how the proteins are packaged into vesicles and transported to the Golgi. They also review quality-control mechanisms that are employed by the ER to detect and eliminate misfolded or unassembled proteins. Lipid synthesis and transport are also discussed. This volume covers not only the biochemistry and cell biology of the ER, but also ER stress, metabolism, and the role of the ER in viral replication. Thus, it is an essential reference for cell biologists, physiologists, and pathologists interested in understanding the numerous functions of the ER.

In the 1920s, the groundwork was laid for a uniquely Russian approach to medical genetics and (the foundation of) the world's leading center for the study of human genetics and susceptibility to disease. The immense success of the movement, which is little known even to Russians, is brought to life in V.V. Babkov's The Dawn of Human Genetics, as is its dramatic and violent end, which resulted in the purge of many of the country's finest biologists and a major setback to the development of science internationally.

Parkinson's Disease is an incurable neurodegenerative disease characterized by a progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons that leads to slowness of movement, muscle rigidity, and tremors. Insoluble aggregates of proteins such as alpha-synuclein accumulate in the affected neurons, which also appear to be subject to oxidative stress. This collection from Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine discusses recent work that has begun to uncover the molecular mechanisms that underlie the condition, including studies that implicate dysfunction of mitochondrial proteins such as parkin and pink1.

Type 1 diabetes, also known as juvenile-onset or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), is caused by destruction of insulin-producing cells in the pancreas by the body's immune system. It affects hundreds of thousands of individuals worldwide, requiring regular insulin injections to control blood glucose levels and avoid severe consequences of

Many human diseases--including Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, cancer, and cardiovascular disease--show complex inheritance that requires sophisticated analysis. Genetics of Complex Human Diseases: A Laboratory Manual brings together the tools that geneticists use to find disease genes with the genetic concepts and statistical theories that underpin these research approaches. Topics covered include basic genetics and Mendelian inheritance, statistical methods, genetic epidemiology, linkage studies, transmission disequilibrium test analysis, variance components analysis, genome-wide association studies, copy-number variation, methods for high-throughput genotyping, the complexity of RNA editing, and genetic computer programs. The book's chapters, written by leading investigators in the field, blend practical information and reviews of each topic, providing both the how and the why of complex disease analysis. Genetics of Complex Human Diseases is an important guide for anyone with an interest in human genetics or who uses genetic techniques in the study of diseases with complex inheritance.

Signaling by diffusible morphogens, such as Hedgehog, Wingless, TGF-, and various growth factors, is vital for developmental patterning, ensuring that distinct differentiated cell types appear in the right place and at the right time in forming tissues. The expert contributors to this volume discuss the roles of morphogen gradients in organisms from yeast to humans. They examine the regulation of morphogen synthesis, trafficking, and diffusion, as well as the complex webs of signaling mechanisms and transcriptional responses in recipient cells. The book is a vital reference for developmental biologists and cell biologists wishing to know how cell fate is determined during embryogenesis.

This is the first book to provide a detailed and thoroughly up-to-date review of the complexity of DNA replication in eukaryotic cells. It is organized into three parts: Concepts, a distillation of underlying principles; Enzymes, a description of each protein class involved; and Systems, a review of events over a wide range of organisms. The book is therefore invaluable for teachers who want a current survey of a topic central to the biology syllabus: investigators of replication who will appreciate a remarkably concise, central source of knowledge in their specialty; and scientists studying other biological functions on which DNA replication has an impact.

Highly illustrated and based heavily on early 20th century original sources, the book traces the roots of genetics in breeding analysis and studies of cytology, evolution, and reproductive biology that began in Europe but were synthesized in the United States through new Ph.D. programs and expanded academic funding. Readable and original, this narrative will interest historians and science educators as well as today's practitioners of genetics.

Ageless Quest is a personal, sometimes controversial, account of the pursuit of a genetic 'cure' for aging by an expert in the field. The author is the Novartis Professor of Biology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Aging has always been regarded as a highly complex process with many degenerative changes leading to the cessation of life. But recent research has identified a relatively simple mechanism that governs the pace of aging. Lenny Guarente's Ageless Quest is a scientific detective story for the baby boom generation. It offers an insider's view of an area of potentially astonishing high reward--and equally high risk.

Reilly discusses over 90 common conditions, diseases, and disorders, arranged from conception to old age. In frank, non-technical terms, he makes clear what is known and not known about the genetic factors and, if your risk is elevated, what you might be able to do about it. This book is a uniquely valuable resource for anyone seeking more information about a family's disease heritage.

Selected by his daughter Vivien, these letters chronicle Perutz's life through his own vivid, erudite, and humorous pen. With a spontaneity and directness no autobiography can match, this volume captures the hopes, roadblocks, and moments of elation throughout his 60-year quest to understand the molecular biology of hemoglobin.